„Chicago Dalekiego Wschodu”, „Miasto Tysiąca i Jednej Nocy” czy „Babilon Wschodu” – Szanghaj i Polonia szanghajska w wybranej polskiej przedwojennej prasie w latach 30. XX wieku

Author(s): Katarzyna Michalewicz / Language(s): Polish Issue: 1/2023

The aim of this article is to discuss how selected Polish magazines in the years 1931–1939, in the time between the new phase of the conflict between China and Japan and the outbreak of World War II, presented Shanghai. It was discussed in the context of: the modernization of China, the Second Sino-Japanese War and the activities of the Shanghai Polish Diaspora. And also, as today, it was perceived as one of the symbols of the Middle Kingdom. In the first case, the editors of the magazines emphasized his special role in the political, economic, and cultural situation in the Middle Kingdom. Journalists usually judged the metropolis as a city of many cultures, opportunities, and social contrasts. In the case of the Sino-Japanese conflict, the fate of the bombed Shanghai and its inhabitants became a symbol of Japanese atrocities and war crimes in the Polish press. Journalists also praised the bravery of Chinese soldiers who generously defended the city. Polish magazines did not mention much about the Shanghai Polonia. Usually, these were the only short notes on the subject or individual mentions added when discussing other issues.

Középfokú iskolahálózat és városállomány Magyarországon 1910-ben: Az iskolai pályaválasztás szabadságfoka

Author(s): SASFI CSABA / Language(s): Hungarian Issue: 1/2022

The first part of this study summarizes the differentiation of the secondary education system starting from the education reform of 1949 until the turn of the century, explaining the new, modern school types. Then it examines the most common education paths of boys between 10 and 18 based on 1910 enrolment numbers and data about school choices after fourth grade. These paths had three potential goals: 1) getting into higher education by attending a gymnasium, 2) graduating from a modern high school and choosing a career requiring professional training, 3) acquiring a mostly practical education higher than primary school to meet the higher cultural standards of urban life. The second part of the text analyses the local variations of school types of the 1910 secondary education system, and the cases of multiple school type being available in the same area using a database created for this purpose. This analysis revealed a stratification in the old secondary school network where higher levels provided an increasing degree of freedom for parents and students in terms of education goals and school choices. We also discovered that the large, modernized cities had balanced education options, with both traditional and modern school types being available. In many other places, however, the old secondary school type called gymnasium was the only choice, forcing the youth of that city and the surrounding area onto one particular path. The database can be expanded, and can be used for planning coordinated, local analysis.

Össze-vissza kuszálva van ismét minden párt vezéreszme nélkül”. A budapesti ügyvédi kar szervezetei és belső konfliktusai a dualizmus derekán

Author(s): Viktor Papp / Language(s): Hungarian Issue: 1/2022

The primary goal of this study is to present the internal power struggles among the lawyers of Budapest in the late 19th and early 20th centuries through the relationship between the Budapest Bar Association (Budapesti Ügyvédi Kamara) established in 1875 and the Budapest Circle of Lawyers (Budapesti Ügyvédi Kör) created in 1881. While according to certain reports the Circle had total control over the leadership of the Bar Association, others believed that the latter, which had much more authority, should have its jurisdiction reviewed and modified instead. The fact that lawyers felt the need to form a new organisation only a few years after the creation of the bar system is evidence that Bar Association had significant professional shortcomings. The essay examines this internal conflict, and what lawyers thought of personnel issues. This can help us figure out what roles professional organizations played in addition to individuals in professionalisation and representation.

A kazár és a magyar törzsszervezet összevetése. A szakrális és a kettős uralmi rendszer kérdésének új megközelítése

Author(s): Attila KOVÁCS / Language(s): Hungarian Issue: 2/2022

Amerikai fogságelbeszélések a Magrebben. Kutatási irányok és lehetőségek

Author(s): PALOTÁS ZSOLT / Language(s): Hungarian Issue: 3/2022

The Indian Captivity Narrative is a well-known literary genre in Early American Literature. Works that presented the life of the natives, and the American pioneers’ interactions with them in the so-called Western Frontier overshadowed the captivity stories about the “North African Frontier of the U.S.” in many ways. It is a fact that the captivity of sailors, merchants, and soldiers in the Barbary was a central theme in several works not only in Western Europe but also in North America. The present essay describes the research possibilities inherent in the investigation of the Barbary Captivity Narrative. Through selected narratives and excerpts, it demonstrates the impact these accounts and diaries had on the early thinking and historical perspective of the United States. The focus is on the relationship between slavery or/and captivity and the so-called captivity narrative. The Barbary Captivity Narrative flourished in the United States in the 18–19th century, and it was a significant genre of Early American Literature. In addition, the narratives reveal some of the earliest impressions Americans had of Africa. Moreover, the genre not only presented American life in captivity, but also revealed the criticism of the institution of slavery in North America.

Visual History: a történettudományos képelemzés megújítása?

Author(s): Ágnes Tamás / Language(s): Hungarian Issue: 3/2022

A Visual History kutatási irányzatként körülbelül harmincéves múltra tekinthet vissza. Elterjedéséhez több tényező is hozzájárult. A 20. század eleje óta egyre növekvő számú, ma már szinte befogadhatatlan mennyiségű képi impulzus éri az átlagos médiafogyasztót, így a történészek képzelőerejét is egyre inkább megmozgatják a képek mint források. A képek egyre intenzívebb tudományos kutatását jelentősen ösztönözte az is, hogy az internet teljesen új képkeresési lehetőségeket nyitott meg: egyre több archívum és (fotó)gyűjtemény válik elérhetővé a kutatók számára a saját számítógépükről, s nem kell másolatokat rendelniük a kutatáshoz (esetleg a publikációhoz), ami jelentősen olcsóbbá és gyorsabbá tette a képek kutatását. A paradigmaváltás, a nyitás a képi források felé különösen vonzók az újabb történészgenerációk számára, akik már maguk is a modern médiumok világában szocializálódtak.

Honvédnők utóélete a dualizmus korában

Author(s): Adrienn Gulyás / Language(s): Hungarian Issue: 4/2022

While it is closely related to women’s history, military history, and cultural history, the legacy of female soldiers in the Revolution of 1848-49 is still an uncharted field of research. Only two general works have been published on the topic so far: Ilona Pálffy’s Women for Hungarian Independence (Nők a magyar függetlenségért) in 1952, and Rita Szilágyi’s Women in the War of Independence (Nők a szabadságharcban) in 2012. While there are only few analytical works, significantly more biographies are available. The largest number of biographies, autobiographies and works of fiction are about the three most famous female soldiers: Mária Lebstück from Zagreb, Júlia Bányai from Vizakna, and Paulina Pfiffner from Mezőhegyes. However, the works about these three women all strongly reflect the differences in the focus of historiography in the 19th century and today, as currently the primary goal is faithfulness and verifiability, but historiographers of that time also aimed for literary qualities. These works only include sporadic footnotes in parts deemed most significant by the author, and accurate biographical details are mixed with the expectations of contemporary literature. Therefore we can conclude that due to these conventions it is difficult to assess which elements of these sources are accurate, and where did the author’s imagination take over. Furthermore, the phenomenon of the “fake female soldiers” also has to be taken into consideration. Preserving the legacy of the Revolution was one of the pillars of the political system of the era, as a constant counterpoint to the respective government. This means that contemporary monographies about 1848-49 had a political motive to exalt the heroes and heroines, sometimes done by gathering data, and sometimes by creating it. For this reason, besides the women who really participated in the battles, others are also said to have done the same, like Kázmérné Inkey, who only indirectly helped the war effort, or Janka Szentpáli and Emília Hogl, who were not involved in the fighting. Another commonly appearing character is Polish–Hungarian heroine Apollonia Jagello, who used her - according to current consensus - fake military past to become one of the most influential members of the Hungarian emigration in America. All things considered, we can conclude that the legacy of female soldiers in the era of Dualism is a multifaceted topic that involves many layers of truth, fiction, and embellished half-truths that have to be unraveled to learn the real story of female soldiers in the Revolution.

Tudomány útikönyv formában

Author(s): Szilveszter Csernus-Lukács / Language(s): Hungarian Issue: 4/2022

Review of: Katona Tamás ‒ Ráday Mihály: Az 1848/1849-es forradalom és szabadságharc emlékhelyei II. A száműzöttek nyomában. Szerkesztette Csorba László. Budapest, 2016. 295 oldal Katona Tamás ‒ Ráday Mihály: Az 1848/1849-es forradalom és szabadságharc emlékhelyei III. Arcok és sorsok ‒ Hol sírjaik domborulnak. Szerkesztette Csorba László. Budapest, 2020. 442 oldal.

„Legyenek a mi gyarmataink: Dalmácia, Bosznia, Hercegovina!” A magyar birodalmi gondolat Havass Rezső munkáiban

Author(s): Mátyás Erdélyi / Language(s): Hungarian Issue: 1/2023

Hungarian imperial thought after the fall of the Habsburg Monarchy became a fantasy of past times, and thus the imperial propaganda of Rezső Havass was long irrelevant by the time of his death in 1927. In spite of this, Havass was called a “wholehearted devotee of Hungarian imperialism” in his obituary, a man who believed in further Hungarian expansion with the faith of prophets, and whose goal was to resurrect the imperium of Louis I of Hungary. Present study analyzes the works of Rezső Havass in order to uncover the specifics of Hungarian imperialism before the Great War. For Havass, the Hungarian Kingdom was undoubtedly a would-be colonial empire with well-defined political goals (the colonization of Dalmatia), and his texts mixed up and vulgarized scientific elements to serve political goals. Research questions concern the modalities of imperial thought before 1914. What did it consist of? How did it compare to other notions of imperialism and economic expansionism? How widespread was it in the public sphere in Hungary?

Flottalázadás a globalizáció és a kolonizáció összefüggéseiben: A brazil haditengerészet lázadása (1893–1894)

Author(s): Adam Tibor Balogh / Language(s): Hungarian Issue: 1/2023

The study aims to explore the history of the naval revolt that broke out in Rio de Janeiro, the capital of Brazil, in 1893, keeping in mind the aspects of globalization, immigration, and colonization. The six-month-long conflict was of international significance, some of its effects (for example, on world trade) could be felt in other parts of the world. The case was widely covered by the world press: the news reached England, France, Germany, Italy, and the Austro-Hungarian Monarchy, among others. Immigrants were also involved in the civil war, often unwittingly: they were present at the siege of Rio de Janeiro, they were included in military recruitment, and with the rise of Lusophobia, Portuguese immigrants became victims of violent atrocities. The civil war caused many diplomatic problems. The study aims to point out that in historical studies it is worth paying attention to the elements set in motion by the events of a civil war, because due to globalization we can get a momentary view of a country’s network of interests and relationships by looking at the external reactions.

Thomas Jefferson egyeteme. A University of Virginia megalapítása

Author(s): Csaba Lévai / Language(s): Hungarian Issue: 1/2023

Review of: Andrew Jackson O’Shaughnessy: The Illimitable Freedom of the Human Mind. Thomas Jefferson’s Idea of a University. Charlottesville – London, University of Virginia Press, 2021. 318 oldal.

Gyermekkorú elleni szexuális erőszak és reprezentációi a századelő Budapestjén Berthóti József „merénylete” Wolf Anna ellen

Author(s): Sándor Nagy / Language(s): Hungarian Issue: 2/2023

“Budapest police arrested József Berthóti, the foreman of the Budapest wire factory on Thursday. The 51 years old man lured an 11 years old girl to the laundry room of the house on 11 Mária Street, and assaulted her. The girl’s mother became aware of the situation, and called to police, who escorted Berthóti to the police headquarters, where he was arrested after interrogation.” – newspapers in Budapest published on 14th January 1910. Sexual assault against minors was of course heavily penalized by Hungarian law, however, this case also reveals the shortcomings of this legal protection. The penal code known as the Csemegi Code made it possible to avoid penalty, if the victim was willing to marry the perpetrator. This is what happened in this particular case, after the Ministry of Justice permitted the girl to marry. The study examines the background and representations of the case, as well as the press reactions in Budapest. Among these newspapers only the social democratic Népszava drew a parallel between societal and sexual exploitation initially, other publications later emphasized the comical nature of this marriage, but failed to identify a general social issue. Furthermore, the roles even got switched in certain reports: some journalists believed that it might have been Anna Wolf and her mother who “forced” József Berthóti into the marriage. One explanation of this indifference to child protection concerns could be that this turn of events did not fit the roles expected in melodrama. The wider social context of this case comes from the “dark side” of urban development.

Tolvaj cselédlányok, bűnöző házi cselédek

Author(s): Henrietta Trádler / Language(s): Hungarian Issue: 2/2023

The discourse surrounding domestic servants in the 19th and 20th centuries was remarkably negative, just like in the West, and considered servants to be second class, or inferior creatures. One of the primary issues was criminality. Domestic servants appeared in large numbers in crime statistics, they were most often convicted for theft and prostitution. Literature also reflected on the situation. Italian author Cesare Lombroso published his work L’uomo delinquente [The Criminal Man] in 1876, which had been translated to multiple languages, and inspired Raymond de Ryckert to write La servante criminelle [The Criminal Housemaid] in 1908. Ryckert classifies criminal servants, and examines the reasons behind crime and becoming a criminal. Regarding the criminality of servants, the figure of the good and the bad servant appear very distinctly in the opinions regarding servants, as well as in the analysis of these representations.

Felületes magyarosodás? A hitszónoklat nyelve a régi magyar statisztikában

Author(s): Dániel Bolgár / Language(s): Hungarian Issue: 2/2023

Hungarian censuses started surveying linguistic competences in 1880. Data showed that the rate of Hungarian-speakers had been increasing among the population. This process was by far the fastest in the Jewish community. The official and proper interpretation of the linguistic data before World War I was that the country is becoming more Hungarian, with special emphasis on the success story of the acculturation of the Jewish population. However, there were some who believed that the assimilation of the Jews was a failure: they perceived it to be facitious and superficial. After World War I, this interpretation became part of the mainstream. However, this narrative of failed assimilation was not supported by any substantial empirical data, except the accounts regarding the language of sermons, published by the Central Statistical Office between 1897 and 1912. These statistics revealed that the language of Christian churches is changing at a glacial pace, while that of the synagogues is becoming Hungarian really fast. However, the director of the Central Statistical Office, József Jekelfalussy, followed by many of his contemporaries, interpreted the data to mean the exact opposite. Jekelfalussy compared the data on sermons with the census statistics about native languages, to verify that the censuses could be believed, and the country was indeed becoming more Hungarian. Therefore he noticed that rate of Hungarian sermons in synagogues was much smaller than the percentage of Jews who declared their native language to be Hungarian. Jekelfalussy concluded that Jews lied en masse about their mother tongues, and their linguistic assimilation had been superficial. The study argues that Jekefalussy’s interpretation was based on a severe methodical error, and therefore false, but this was not identified by his contemporaries.

POLITICAL AND SOCIAL REFLECTIONS ON OTTOMAN PAINTING IN THE SECOND CONSTITUTIONAL MONARCHY PERIOD

Author(s): Murat Ateşli / Language(s): English Issue: 109/2023

This article examines the political, social, economic, artistic and cultural developments in the Ottoman Empire during the Second Constitutional Monarchy. In general, Ottoman artists did not focus much on social and political issues in their work during this period, but artists such as Osman Hamdi Bey, Prince Abdülmecid Efendi, Fausto Zonaro, Hüseyin Avni Lifij, İbrahim Çallı, and Mehmet Ruhi Arel were not indifferent to the changes experienced. Artists were interested in the cultural, political, economic and social modernization experiences of the Ottoman rulers and society, but they did not depict these issues with a critical approach in their work. The aim of this research is to identify and interpret the reflections of political and sociocultural developments on works of art during the last years of the reign of Abdülhamid II and the Second Constitutional Monarchy period between 1908 and 1918 when the Committee of Union and Progress was in power. The research is a qualitative study described according to the literature review model. The works of art analyzed in the research are limited to artists and their paintings related to the political, social and cultural developments during Abdülhamid II and the Second Constitutional Monarchy.

Parohia greco-catolică Bistrița Bârgăului (1811–1920)

Author(s): Iulius Liviu Ușeriu / Language(s): Romanian Issue: 43/2023

The Greek-Catholic (united) parish of Bistrița Bârgăului (Bórgo Bistrița) was one of the small parishes on Bârgăului Valley (Valea Bârgăului), located in a village with a majority Orthodox population. Based on parochial sources, the study analyzes all demographic aspects related to birth, marriage and mortality, both among children and adults. The analysis of mortality by age groups recorded similar developments with other communities of Transylvania. Illnesses, accidents, but also crimes disturbed the everyday life of the studied parish. The reconstruction of the demographic picture for the Greek-Catholic parish of Bistrița Bârgăului in the 19th century and the beginning of the 20th century can be broadly framed in the specific features of the other villages on the Bârgăului Valley.

Școala Țărănească în perioada interbelică

Author(s): Ildikó-Lucia Aszalos / Language(s): Romanian Issue: 43/2023

In the 19th century and the early 20th century, cultural, political, and ideological discourses addressed the rural issue, referring to the economic, hygienic, and cultural backwardness of rural areas. Illiteracy in rural environments reached alarming levels. In this context, the concept of the Peasants’ School, inspired by the Danish model, gained prominence. In 1931, at the initiative of Vasile Ilea, the director of the Sighet Branch of Astra, the first Peasants’ School was established to provide practical knowledge about agricultural work to peasants. Gradually, numerous peasant schools were founded in most Astra branches in Transylvania. The teaching staff of these peasant schools were recruited from specialists in the respective fields. The chosen instructors for agriculture, horticulture, viticulture, language, national history, geography, etc., were familiar with the peasants’ mentality. Student enrollment was voluntary. The courses lasted for several weeks each year and concluded with a genuine graduation diploma. The primary goal of these peasant schools was to train village leaders, elevate the level of civilization, and enhance national culture in the Romanian rural world.

DAMLANIN YOLCULUĞUNA FARKLI BAKIŞLAR: SEYR Ü SÜLÛK VE MONOMİT ÇERÇEVESİNDE ÂŞIK DÂİMÎ’NİN BİR ŞİİRİ

Author(s): Süleyman Fidan,Gülbeyaz AYDOĞAN / Language(s): Turkish Issue: 43/2023

The concepts of road and journey have been conceived in various ways by different branches of art. Despite this diversity, there are common motifs in many narratives about the journey. In this study, the concepts of the eternal journey of the hero, which developed within the framework of the monomyth theory put forward by the mysticism doctrine and Campbell, were chosen to be examined. By evaluating the similarities on the journey conceptions of these two concepts, Âşık Daimî's poem “I Belt on a Truth” is examined. The emergence of the Islamic faith has transformed the Sufi culture into a culture that directs the way of life, moral rules and personality of Muslims. In this process, sects began to emerge and however, Sufi rituals that differed from sect to sect were seen. The purpose of Sufism is to reach the truth by suffocating. Being a sulûk, under the leadership of a person called a murshid-i kamil, is expressed with the concept of seyr ü süluk, which is the set of rules that the Sufi volunteer, who is a Sufi volunteer, should apply on the way he aims to reach God. One of the other concepts that we come across when traveling is called Monomite theory. Campbell; Starting from the structure he called Monomite, he formulated the paths followed by the heroes and resolved the partnerships with this method. It is seen that the monomyth theory can be applied especially in the majority of works that adhere to the classical narrative. The aim of this study is to examine Âşık Dâimî's work I Believe in a Truth from two different perspectives, as a view of a devotee who navigates in Sufi culture and as a view of the hero's journey stages in Campbell's Monomyth theory. The first part of the study covers the examination of Âşık Dâimî's “I Belt on a Truth”, with the view of the devotee who watches in Sufi culture. According to this approach, the mixing of the drop with the river, finding the universe in the drop and returning to itself again shows the understanding of unity of existence. The next part covers the analysis of Âşık Dâimî's “I Belt on a Truth” from the perspective of the hero's endless journey in Campbell's Monomyth theory. According to this approach, it was considered as a devotee hero whose journey is described in the work and examined under the headings of departure-initiation-return. While preparing this study, the concepts of patrol type, understanding of Sufism and navigation in Sufism were examined. These concepts have been analyzed with the work studied. In the next stage, Campbell's Monomyth theory and its adaptation to various works were examined and combined with the work in question. As a result, there are common universal traces in the journey of initiation, whether it is a literary text hero or a dervish.

EFFECTIVE PERIODS IN THE FORMATION OF THE MUSICAL IDENTITY OF GREEK COMMUNITIES

Author(s): Hakan ARYOL,Elvan Karakoç / Language(s): English Issue: 43/2023

The Anatolian lands, which have hosted numerous civilizations, continue to embrace various traditions, cultures, and music despite the passage of centuries. It is an inevitable result that cultures living in the same region for many years leave traces of themselves and that other societies follow and adopt these traces. The issue of how interactions are embraced at common points and the clarity of the results when investigating their origins have not been fully confirmed. In order to better understand how the interaction between cultures unites at basic points, how it becomes an integral part of their lives, how it affects traditions and music, important points in history must be known. This study aims to examine the Anatolian influence on the formation of Greek music using periodical approaches. The research takes a descriptive approach and employs qualitative research methods, particularly document analysis, by reviewing relevant literature in the field. The study falls under the category of descriptive historical research. Sub-objectives have been set in line with the established goal, encompassing “Music of Ancient Greek and Hellenistic Era,” “Music of Roman Era,” “Music of Byzantine and Christian Era,” “Music of Ottoman Empire,” and “Music of Modern Greek Era.”

SHAIKH HAMDULLAH SCHOOL IN THE ART OF TURKISH CALLIGRAPHY: A CASE STUDY FROM THE METROPOLITAN MUSEUM OF ART

Author(s): Seçil Sever Demir / Language(s): English Issue: 43/2023

The art of calligraphy, also known as "hüsn-i hat" in Islamic culture, involves writing Islamic script in accordance with aesthetic principles. Executed using Arabic letters, this art form emphasizes the aesthetics and meaning of writing. The calligraphers, known as "hattat," adhere to rules to create Imagely pleasing scripts. The essence of calligraphy lies in expressing the aesthetics and essence of writing. Influenced by Islam's emphasis on writing and avoidance of imagery, calligraphy has become one of the most valued forms of Islamic art. This study aims to examine the contributions of the prominent Calligrapher Shaikh Hamdullah (1436-1520), a pioneer of Turkish Calligraphy, to the art through the example of a “thuluth and naskh hadith and poetry panel” Conducted through a literature review, this research delves into the Ottoman calligraphy, aklâm-ı sitte (six scripts), and the Shaikh Hamdullah school, focusing on his muraqqa at the Metropolitan Museum of Art. During the Ottoman era, aklâm-ı sitte styles like thuluth and naskh; muhaqqaq and rihani; tawqi and riq'a, evolved under Hamdullah's influence. His style of naskh calligraphy became the preferred method for transcribing the Quran across the Islamic world, giving rise to the Shaikh Hamdullah School. His contributions encompass Qur'an manuscripts, calligraphic panels, and muraqqas, held in prestigious collections worldwide. The tradition of granting, or certification, has preserved Shaikh's style, allowing his teachings to endure. The discussed artwork, a part of Shaikh's muraqqa album, features thuluth headings and naskh text lines drawn with ink and reed pen on marbled paper. In the work, which represents one of the most ideal example of the thuluth and naskh styles in calligraphy, onyl gold-painted mini flowers and rulers were observed as elements of illumanition.