OZBROJENÉ KONFLIKTY PO KONCI STUDENÉ VÁLKY A PROMĚNY MEZINÁRODNÍHO PRÁVA

Author(s): Ivo Pospíšil,Lukáš Hoder / Language(s): Czech Publication Year: 0

Ukončení studené války a změny v globální politice po roce 1989 přinesly též proměny mezinárodního normativního systému, nenaplnila se však očekávání spojená s šířením myšlenek liberální demokracie, univerzalismu norem a posilování globálního vládnutí v čele s Organizací spojených národů (OSN).

TRESTÁNÍ VÁLEČNÝCH ZLOČINŮ PO KONCI STUDENÉ VÁLKY

Author(s): L'ubomír Majerčík / Language(s): Czech Publication Year: 0

Uplynulo 70 let od doby, kdy začaly krystalizovat myšlenky na stíhání německých válečných zločinců. Tyto úvahy předznamenaly velký zlom, který měl v nejbližších letech otřást dosavadními představami o roli jednotlivce v mezinárodním společenství a mezinárodním právu. Přestože regulace ozbrojených konfliktů nabývala své kontury už od druhé poloviny 19. století, je to teprve odkaz Norimberského tribunálu, dle něhož osoby porušující zásady vedení války nejsou jenom nemorální barbaři, ale také zločinci.

THE NEVER ENDING INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS STORY: THEORIES DEALING WITH THE CAUSES OF WARS

Author(s): Zdeněk Kříž / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

International relations (IR) as an autonomous academic discipline was eventually formed in the interwar era and it set quite an explicit goal– to contribute to the studies of wars and especially to prevent their re-occurrence. Hence the new discipline responded to the existing demandin a society recovering from the horrors of World War I. It had a purely practical task that could hardly be questioned in the social atmosphere of that time. Then as well as nowadays, to fulfill this ambition, it is necessary to pay attention to the study of the causes of wars. Therefore, theories dealing with the studies of the causes of wars are an essential part of the tradition of international relations.

Rat u Mostaru (1992–1995) na stranicama bosanskohercegovačke i uže regionalne historiografije u periodu od 2001. do 2017. godine

Author(s): Zilha Mastalić Košuta / Language(s): Bosnian,Croatian,Serbian Publication Year: 0

Papers on the topic of the 1992-1995 war in Mostar, published in the period from 2001 to 2017, were primarily represented in works of memoir character, in which the authors write from the perspective of their own point of view on events, or they were directly involved in them. Certain works are of high quality and very useful from a scientific and professional perspective, and there are also those which are solely of classic memoir character, written from a purely personal perspective, which represent some contribution to looking at events, but which necessitate caution. From the scope of military-historiographical literature, the volume of the written works is modest and highlights the works of former commanders, which represents an important complement to reviewing military activities in the area of Mostar municipality, along with a mandatory critical approach to these works because of the author’s efforts to emphasize their role in the war. This topic was also addressed by individuals from different non-history professions, attributing themselves the right to be called experts in this field. In one part of such research and published works, erroneous methodological, unscientific and subjective approach was observed. Although a small number of historians have written on this subject, a large number of them still choose to remain silent, which on the one hand was justifiable in the initial years after the war, because of the lack of clarity and inaccessibility of archival material, but also because they were waiting for the necessary historical distance. The historical distance is already considerable, and it is time for objective and professional historians to tackle the topics related to the war period in Bosnia and Herzegovina. Some historians are also waiting for better political circumstances in the country. Any silence on the part of expert and objective historians is no longer justifiable, and thus poses a problem for historiography, which has been dealing with a number of problems lately. While some are silent, historical topics are being taken up by individuals from other professions, but also by historians who write commissioned texts, and thus bring historiography lasting and incomprehensible consequences and harm.

Istorijat i struktura NATO-a Evroatlanske integracije

Author(s): Radovan Vukadinović / Language(s): Montenegrine Publication Year: 0

NATO (North Atlantic Treaty Organization), Ugovor o sjevernoatlantskoj zajednici, po mnogo čemu je poznat i značajan, po dobru ili po zlu, kako hoćete. To je organizacija koja je u prošlom vijeku profilirala međunarodne odnose, i za koju svakako možemo reći da je i danas jedan od važnijih aktera međunarodnih odnosa.

Priče iz rata

Author(s): Ljubica Vučinić,Violeta Stojkanović / Language(s): Montenegrine Publication Year: 0

Na osnovu završetka mape uma može se zaključiti da je ishod postignut. Na osnovu rada u grupama i donošenja njihovog zaključaka, može se zaključiti da su učenici usvojili novo znanje. Time je dokazano da je ovaj način rada primamljiv za djecu.

Ekonomija Jugoslavije u periodu građanskog rata (1992-2000)

Author(s): Vesna Kovačević,Zvezdana Lakić / Language(s): Montenegrine Publication Year: 0

Učenici/e unose procjenu kvaliteta časa i postignuća u krugu evaluacije, koji je podijeljen na četiri dijela, ocjenjuje se predavanje, tema, atmosfera na času i angažovanost učenika/ca, primjenjena metoda.

USTAVNO-PRAVNI POLOŽAJ GRADA SARAJEVA U POSTDEJTONSKOM PERIODU SA UKLONOM NA MOGUĆNOST REFORME NADLEŽNOSTI I TERITORIJALNE ORGANIZACIJE

Author(s): Mirko Pejanović / Language(s): Bosnian Publication Year: 0

During the five centuries from the 15th to the end of the 20th century, the City of Sarajevo developed into a historical, social and urban entity. In the second half of the 20th century, the City of Sarajevo, as the capital of the Socialist Republic of Bosnia and Herzegovina, established and developed its self-governing autonomy in the management of urban, economic and cultural development. The city of Sarajevo reached new heights of urban and economic development during the realization of the project of holding the XIV Winter Olympic Games in 1984. After the announcement of the results of the citizens’ referendum on the sovereign and independent status of the state of Bosnia and Herzegovina in 1992, the city of Sarajevo was exposed to a military siege from 1992 to 1995. The Dayton Peace Agreement established peace in Bosnia and Herzegovina, and the City of Sarajevo was constitutionally designated as the capital of Bosnia and Herzegovina. With the establishment of the Sarajevo Canton in 1996, the property and jurisdiction of the City of Sarajevo was transferred to the Sarajevo Canton. Amendment I to the Constitution of the Canton of Sarajevo established the City of Sarajevo without specific responsibilities and with a reduced territorial organization. Based on the conducted research, published in the study “Sarajevo city and region in time and space-study” (Pejanović et al., 2020), the paper provides a complete elaboration of the constitutional and legal position of the City of Sarajevo, within the basics of the concept of full jurisdiction of the City of Sarajevo and its new territorial organizations.

RATNI GRADONAČELNIK SARAJEVA (1994-1996): ESEJ O SARAJEVU U VREMENU OPSADE

Author(s): Tarik Kupusović / Language(s): Bosnian Publication Year: 0

Građani Sarajeva su kroz historiju prošli svašta, sve što se može proći u 560 godina. Većina nas živo pamti prve višestranačke izbore nakon doba socijalizma, koji se održavaju po tadašnjim socijalističkim republikama, u Bosni i Hercegovini 18. 11. 1990.

SARAJLIĆEV ANTIRATNI LJUBAVNI ROMAN U STIHOVIMA

Author(s): Josip Osti / Language(s): Bosnian Publication Year: 0

Mada je pripadao prvoj generaciji pjesnika poslije Drugog svjetskog rata, koje je obilježilo ratno i poratno vrijeme, zajednički ideali, posebno u periodu obnove i izgradnje razrušene zemlje, Izet Sarajlić je, kako istinskom pjesniku i priliči, bio i ostao sam. Prve pjesme napisao je 1947., a objavio 1948. prvu knjigu, U susretu, 1949. godine. Uspomene na rat bile su najjači razlog što je u svojoj poeziji, sa željom da se rat ne ponovi, neprestano zagovarao mir. Onako kao što se, naglašenim intimizmom, pedesetih godina prošlog stoljeća, odupirao socrealističkoj, horukaškoj, udarničkoj i prekomjerno optimističkoj poeziji, isto tako se, potom, odupirao bezličnosti, hermetičnosti, nekomunikativnosti i uniformnosti modernističke poezije. A sve vrijeme je, samosvojnim senzibilitetom, branio čovjekovu osjećajnost, koja je bila izložena svakojakom nasilju, grubostima i otuđenosti, branio potrebu za iskrenošću, toplinom, ljubavlju, druženjem i prijateljevanjem. Umjesto vedre i vesele akcijske ili, kasnije, jezički eksperimentalne i hladne poezije, pisao je tankoćutnu, sivovikendaški sjetnu i elegičnu poeziju, te od pjesničkih početaka nadalje branio pjesnikovo pravo na tugu, kao što je, u tako naslovljenom tekstu, koji je preusmjerio poslijeratnu bosansko-hercegovačku kritiku, zapisao Ivan Fogl. Upravo njegove elegične i baladične pjesme, melanholične i sjetne tugovanke, kako među ranim tako i među kasnijim pjesmama, potvrđuju da ga je, usprkos podsticajnim uticajima Jesenjinove harmonično oblikovane duševnosti, Whitmanove lavine dugih, vitalističkih i čovjekoljubivih stihova, Prévertove anegdotične ljubavne lirike i Brechtove, jednostavnim riječima izricane, društvene kritike, trajno obilježila lirska atmosfera stražilovske linije pjesništva, od Branka Radičevića, preko Miloša Crnjanskog i Milana Dedinca do Stevana Raičkovića.

ULOGA ZAVNOBIH-A U STVARANJU NOVOG PRAVNOG PORETKA U BOSNI I HERCEGOVINI TOKOM NOR-A

Author(s): Dženana Čaušević / Language(s): Bosnian Publication Year: 0

U svom radu autorica prati zakonodavnu aktivnost ZAVNOBiH-a i vlade koja je nastala u okviru njega i prati proces stvaranja nukleusa kasnijeg bosanskohercegovačkog pravnog sistema, ukazujući na njegova načela, postepeni rast i preciziranje pravnih odnosa, vrsta i sadržaja zakona koji su donošeni, te daje ukupnu sliku koju je takva aktivnost ZAVNOBiH-a proizvela u oblasti o pravnog poretka u zemlji.

HISTORIČKA PODLOGA DRŽAVNIH I VOJNIH OBILJEŽJA BOSNE I HERCEGOVINE SA ZNAKOM LJILJANA

Author(s): Enver Imamović / Language(s): Bosnian Publication Year: 0

U svom prilogu autor obrazlaže historijsku utemeljenost nove bosanske heraldike i upotrebe heraldičkih znakova i simbola koji su se pojavili sa pojavom državne samostalnosti Bosne i Hercegovine kao države, a koji se temelje na ljiljanu kao heraldičkom znaku. On ukazuje na utemeljenost i prirodu te nove heraldičke prakse do koje je došlo nakon osamostaljivanja bosanske države 1992. godine.

OBNOVA DRŽAVNOSTI - NAJZNAČAJNIJA TEKOVINA NARODNOOSLOBODILAČKOG RATA U BOSNI I HERCEGOVINI

Author(s): Muharem Kreso / Language(s): Bosnian Publication Year: 0

Autor u svom prilogu obrazlaže sve bitne razloge i izlaže argumente na temelju kojih se odluka o obnovi državnosti Bosne i Hercegovine donijeta na Prvom zasjedanju ZAVNOBiH-a mora smatrati za najvažniju i najdalekosežniju odluku tog zasjedanja, kao što ukazuje i na njeno značenje u današnje vrijeme njenog ponovnog osporavanja.

AGRESIJA NA BIH – NEGACIJA ZAVNOBIH-A

Author(s): Bećir Macić / Language(s): Bosnian Publication Year: 0

U radu “Agresija na BiH – negacija ZAVNOBiH-a” se kroz više aspekata sagledava u kojoj mjeri je agresija na BiH, u periodu 1991-1995., doprinijela destrukciji odluka i duha ZAVNOBiH-a. Ovo polazno stanovište je testirano na pojavi velikodržavnih projekata, krizi jugoslovenskog društva u kontekstu opšte svjetske krize socijalizma, stvaranju nacionalnih država na tlu bivše Jugoslavije, pojavnim oblicima nacionalizma i drugih retrogradnih ideologija, te pojavi neofašizma. Posebno su negirane odredbe Rezolucije ZAVNOBiH-a od 26. novembra 1943. i Deklaracije ZAVNOBiH-a o pravima građana Bosne i Hercegovine, od 1. jula 1944. S tim u vezi, naročito je u koincidenciju dovedena agresija i negiranje odluka pomenutih dokumenata da narodi BiH ne žele više povratak starog stanja, ravnopravnost Srba, Muslimana i Hrvata BiH, koja je njihova zajednička i nedjeljiva domovina; sloboda vjeroispovjesti, savjesti, zbora, dogovora, udruživanja i štampe, i dr. Agresija je značila i negaciju svih tekovina ZAVNOBiH-a, koje su se manifestovale u multietničnosti, multikonfesionalnosti i multikulturalnosti. Izvršen je atak na državu BiH, ravnopravnost njenih naroda, toleranciju i suživot. Na djelu su različiti oblici zločina, kršenje ljudskih prava i sloboda, te destrukcija ustavnopravnog poretka BiH, svojevrsni urbicid i stvaranje etnički čistih teritorija, sa neviđenom propagandom i populizmom.

TEMELJNI KONSTITUTIVNI PRINCIPI U STAVOVIMA PREDSJEDNIŠTVA REPUBLIKE BOSNE I HERCEGOVINE TOKOM PREGOVORA O MIRU 1992-1995.

Author(s): Mesud Šadinlija / Language(s): Bosnian Publication Year: 0

The fundamental principles of the renewed statehood of Bosnia and Herzegovina were defined by the decisions of ZAVNOBIH (The State Antifascist Council for the National Liberation of Bosnia and Herzegovina) and improved within the constitutional-legal and political construction of the Republic as an equal member of the Yugoslav Federation from the First Session of ZAVNOBIH in Mrkonjić-Grad on 25 November 1943 to the constitutional amendments adopted in 1990 according to which it is defined as “a democratic sovereign state of equal citizens, the people of Bosnia and Herzegovina – Muslims, Serbs, Croats and other people and nations who live in it”. The author is engaged in how these principles were represented and articulated in the attitudes of the Presidency of Bosnia and Herzegovina during the peace negotiations conducted in various formats of the International Conference on the Former Yugoslavia in the period from February 1992 to November 1995, by negotiators and international peacekeepers, as well as their compatibility with the constitutional-legal basis of individual peace plans for Bosnia and Herzegovina.

The Soviet Black Sea Fleet (1943) – Organisation, Dispersal, Command –

Author(s): Alin Spânu / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

In 1943, the Soviet fleet in the Black Sea was clearly superior to its opponents (Germans, Italians, Romanians, Bulgarians), but there were no major naval confrontations in this theatre of war. In most confrontations, starting in 1941, the Soviet naval forces suffered losses and were forced to retreat. The Romanian intelligence services had data on the organisation of the Soviet fleet, the dispersal, the commanders, the naval constructions and the ways of action. At the end of 1943, when the Red Army was on the offensive and had begun the landing in Crimea, the Romanian-German naval forces started an operation to supply the defenders, and later, in 1944, an evacuation of their own troops. Despite the vulnerabilities, the Soviet fleet did not attack decisively, so the withdrawal by sea was relatively organised and saved more than 120,000 soldiers and civilians.

Romové jsou Poruba - Andrej Červeňák (1947)

Author(s): Andrej Červeňák / Language(s): Czech Publication Year: 0

Když mi byly tři roky, rodiče odešli do Ostravy za prací. Neměli podnájem, bydleli tady u jedné známé, a tak jsme s babičkou, dědou a sestrou odjeli zpát ky do Staré Ľubovně. Byt rodiče dostali až v roce 1958, takže jsme se za nimi potom vrátili. To mi bylo deset let. A od té doby jsme tu, bydlíme tu. Jako děcko jsem ale ještě chvíli bydlel i v Praze a Karlových Varech, naši totiž dělali silnice, takže cestovali.

Do Ostravy mě vezli s mámou hned z porodnice - Jolana Bandyová (1950)

Author(s): Jolana Bandyová / Language(s): Czech Publication Year: 0

Já jsem se narodila tam, ale tu jsem vyrostla. V Porubě, prakticky v tom čísle, kde bydlím teď. Maminka mě porodila v nemocnici ve Staré Ľubovni, odtamtud ji odvezli na nádraží, jela vlakem do Ostravy a ze Svinova ji sanitka převezla domů. Tata už tady v té době tři roky byl, někdy sem bral i kluky. Prostě přišel do Ostravy, jestli by si tady nenašel práci, přišlo více chlapů ze Slovenska a práci si tady našli. On tady dělal pod Obloukem podloubí. Pak, jak už tady práce nebyla, tak dělal ve Vítkovicích. Když jsem byla malá holka, tak tady kousek byl obchod, tady pod náma masna a taky obchod s látkami. A jak mi bylo šest sedm roků, tak jsem se doma pouštěla do uklízení, nádobí jsem umývala, mámě jsem pomáhala. Máma mě učila i vařit, měla jsem tady takovou lavičku pod nohy a už jsem dělala těsto, všechno jsem jí pomáhala. Dokud jsem nechodila do práce, to už jsem jí potom nepomáhala.

Sociální konstrukce paměti

Author(s): Author Not Specified / Language(s): Czech Publication Year: 0

V moderním světě plyne čas vpřed, linearita nahradila tradiční cykličnost. My, lidé moderního světa, vnímáme uplynulé události jako děje jednou provždy minulé. To, co se již stalo, nelze změnit ani zopakovat. Na události, které pominuly, můžeme už jen vzpomínat a tyto vzpomínky konzervovat, glorifikovat nebo tabuizovat. Vzpomínka ale není nic samo o sobě existujícího, musí nejprve vzniknout v procesu vzpomínání, který potřebuje kromě vypravěče postavu posluchače a alespoň základní shodu na hodnotě vzpomínání pro všechny přítomné. Každá privátní vzpomínka má také potenciál stát se pamětí jako pochopitelnou a významnou kulturní formou. Pro pochopení toho, jakým způsobem a za jakých okolností se z před paměťové podoby vzpomínek paměť vytváří, nebo také nevytvoří, je dobrou ilustrací výrok manželky jednoho ze zde představených pamětníků. Když se náhodou ocitla v situaci vypravěčky, protože její muž se opozdil v pří chodu domů, odvětila: „Můj příběh není zajímavý.“ Jiní lidé naopak automaticky v určitém momentu svého života začnou s vědomím toho, že jejich příběh zajímavý je, sepisovat paměti. Některé „osobnosti“ jsou dokonce přímo osloveny spisovateli a nakladateli, kteří se začnou předhánět, kdo první vydá jejich pravé, autorizované paměti. Neustále tak probíhá konstrukce významných osobností a protěžovaných společenských hodnot skrze paměťovou práci, nebo naopak marginalizace paměti (Sidiropulu Janků 2013).

Literatura

Author(s): Author Not Specified / Language(s): Czech Publication Year: 0