Zaštita civila i civilnog stanovništva u oružanom sukobu – s posebnim osvrtom na njihovu zaštitu u Srebrenici 1995. godine

Author(s): Zijad Hasić / Language(s): Bosnian Publication Year: 0

In all wars that were fought up to now, beside soldiers of the combative sides and those serving in the employ of the combatants, a constant follower were also civilians and the civilian populace. That category of participants of every war, participating with no volition of their own, is often the greatest victim of each actual armed conflict. The makers of first international documents, the first humanitarians knew that, and so they tried to humanize armed conflict, putting forth and adopting important humanitarian law conventions and acts, of which most notable are the Geneva and Hague conventions governing these issues. Civilians and civilian populations that, howsoever, is found on the occupied territory or is in and was found in the field of fire of an armed conflict, these international documents provide from protection. There are many kinds of protection, starting with the protection of the greatest values of human kind – protection of human life, and many other human values. In this paper, which I intend to present at the international scientific conference I will be espousing on the numerous rights of civilians and civilian populations in armed conflict, on the norms of international humanitarian law intended to protect civilian populace in armed conflict as governed by the Geneva and Hague conventions and other relevant international instruments, those applying on civilians present in the times of armed conflict, as well as to those interned. Normative determination of the position of protected persons, domiciled populace, foreigners, interned persons and others, through the insurance of their nourishment, accommodation, hygiene, medical care, enactment of religious rites, intellectual and physical activities, protection of personal property and financial instruments, ensuring legal representation, reallocation in times of armed conflict, and in particular in regards to civilian deaths – all of this will be the focus of my work. Special attention I will dedicate to the position of civilians and civilian population in the year 1995 during armed operations by the Army of Republic of Srpska in the United Nations protected enclave Srebrenica, as well as the consequences of violating the norms of international humanitarian law at that time. IN the end, I will give a certain overview of the normative protection of civilians and civilian populations today, the messages that are sent by the deaths of civilians and civilian populations of Srebrenica during war in July of 1995.

Zločin genocida u Srebrenici u rezolucijama Evropskog parlamenta i drugim međunarodnim aktima

Author(s): Hoda Dedić / Language(s): Bosnian Publication Year: 0

The Srebrenica genocide committed in July 1995 by the Army of the Republika Srpska is the largest mass crime committed in Europe since the Holocaust in World War II. In their verdicts, the Srebrenica massacre was condemned as a crime of genocide by both the International Criminal Tribunal for the Former Yugoslavia and the International Court of Justice in a case concerning the application of the Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide. During the few days of the massacre after the fall of Srebrenica, which the United Nations Security Council, by its Resolution no. 819 of 16 April 1993 declared a protected zone, more than 8,000 Muslim men and boys were executed, while almost 30,000 women, children and elderly were forcibly expelled in a huge-scale ethnic cleansing campaign. Radovan Karadžić, a former politician who served as the President of Republika Srpska was in March 2019 convicted of genocide, crimes against humanity and war crimes. Earlier, in November 2017, the International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia found the wartime commander of the Republika Srpska Army, Ratko Mladić, guilty and sentenced him to life in prison for genocide and crimes against humanity. The European Parliament has adopted several resolutions on Srebrenica. On the occasion of the 20th anniversary of the genocide in Srebrenica, the House of Representatives of the United States Congress unanimously adopted the Resolution on Srebrenica. On the occasion of the 25th anniversary of the Srebrenica genocide, the Unied States Congress adopted a Resolution condemning the genocide and other crimes against Bosniaks committed by Serb forces in Srebrenica in July 1995, and in May 2020 the European Parliament adopted a Resolution on the importance of European remembrance for the future of Europe. This paper will analyze the resolutions of the European Parliament on the Srebrenica commemoration, as well as other international sources on the crime of genocide committed in the UN protected zone in Srebrenica.

Genocid nad Bošnjacima Srebrenice 1995. godine – pretpostavka za njen poseban društveno-razvojni status

Author(s): Mirko Pejanović / Language(s): Bosnian Publication Year: 0

A small town Srebrenica, located in the eastern part of Bosnia and Herzegovina became globally known after the genocide of 8372 Bosniaks in July 1995. Three months before the Dayton peace agreement was signed, in November of 1995, the Army of Republika Srpska troops led by General Ratko Mladić committed genocide. Other than killing over 8.000 Bosniak men, they persecuted thousands of Srebrenica inhabitants. The Hague tribunal handed down verdicts for the crime of genocide in Srebrenica in seven separate court proceedings. Radovan Karadzic was sentenced to life imprisonment before the International Residual Mechanism for Criminal Courts, while the Mladic case is on appeal. The attitude towards Srebrenica, as a place of genocide, in international institutions, then in the institutions of the European Union, is positive and proactive. The relationship between the Republic of Serbia and the Republika Srpska is contained in the social and political negation of the crime of genocide in Srebrenica. This is a fact that for the past 25 years has been an obstacle to restoring trust between the Serb and Bosniak people both in Bosnia and Herzegovina and in the Western Balkans region. The city of Srebrenica and the local settlements in the area exist in the absence of wider support: social and financial for the sustainability of the return of the displaced and refugee population from Srebrenica in 1995. Attempts by organizations from Srebrenica and the Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina to obtain a special administrative and developmental status within Bosnia and Herzegovina, due to the surviving crime of genocide and the devastation of the economic basis of life, failed in 2007. As part of the elaboration of the selected topic, this paper brings a critical analysis of the insight into the relationship of state institutions of Bosnia and Herzegovina, and then the relationship of neighboring countries, and the relationship of EU institutions and the international community towards the return of refugees to Srebrenica and economic and cultural development of Srebrenica from 1996 to 2020. An attempt will be made to initiate a special social and development status of the city of Srebrenica with the aim of development and sustainability of return in the city and municipality of Srebrenica. The adoption of a special law at the level of Bosnia and Herzegovina will be advocated, which would provide solidarity funds for the development of the city of Srebrenica.

Genocid u Srebrenici i njegova (zlo)upotreba u sportskom životu Bosne i Hercegovine i okruženja

Author(s): Alen Borić / Language(s): Bosnian Publication Year: 0

The subject of this paper is the denial and glorification of genocide in Srebrenica on sports fields in Bosnia and Herzegovina and surrounding countries, following the behavior of members of the fan subculture. In this paper, we will present and analyze their views, which they send to the public through slogans, banners, songs designed just for the occasion. We also asked about the place and role of criminals on sports fields and what kind of popularity they enjoy among fans. How fans in Serbia see Ratko Mladic will be presented on the examples of two fan groups of the biggest Serbian clubs “Partizan” and “Red Star”. Graffiti is a frequent occurrence on the streets of our cities, and we will also look at the messages that decorate the walls and buildings in places with a majority Bosniak population. The characteristic of the sport is reflected in its massiveness. Sports actors are divided into two categories, observers and active participants. In the past decade, some athletes, those who should be an example of behavior in society, have “shaken” the public with their attitudes, and we will talk about them and the way the public and fans reacted to their statements about the Srebrenica genocide and glorification of war criminals.

Kako dalje u rememoriji genocida u Bosni i Hercegovini – komunikološki aspekti

Author(s): Fahira Fejzić Čengić / Language(s): Bosnian Publication Year: 0

After a quarter of a century, the past 25 years since the genocide of Srebrenica Bosniaks will be analyzed in this text through three aspects of observing Bosnian society, the state and its citizens, and especially like-minded people - who should continuously consider how to permanently heal the open wounds of postgenocidal the state of Bosnia and Herzegovina. The first aspect concerns the evident division in the international community - the so-called of the civilized world to those who condemn genocide and the so-called an insidious world that denies it even after the final judgments of the International Court of Justice in The Hague; the second aspect is the division within Bosniaks into those who, as survivors of genocide, suffer the terror of the usurpation of basic human rights and those non-Bosniaks for whom every remembrance of war suffering is a terror of remembrance. Finally, the third division arises on the ideas and practices of how to proceed in the entity of Republic of Srpska and Srebrenica and Bosnia and those who ruthlessly flee from any such thought. All three circles, all three envelopes are especially important how to place them in the educational system, in home education, in personal understanding and socialization. There is no doubt that all citizens of Bosnia and Herzegovina, and intellectuals in particular, are responsible and that some jobs are well done. But the year 2020 just showed how irresponsible and lost it is in this group of people.

Demografski gubici u općini Glamoč 1992‒1995.

Author(s): Nerminka Hadžić / Language(s): Bosnian Publication Year: 0

Glamoč je mjesto u jugozapadnom dijelu Bosne i Hercegovine. Okružen je općinama Drvar, Bosansko Grahovo, Livno, Kupres, Šipovo, Mrkonjić-Grad i Ribnik. Kroz historiju bio je važna strateška teritorija i područje sukobljavanja različitih vojski, te političkih, nacionalnih i vjerskih interesa. Prije agresije na Bosnu i Hercegovinu bio je solidno razvijen privredni grad poznat i u cijeloj Jugoslaviji posebno zbog prehrambene i drvne industrije, a danas je najnerazvijeniji grad u Kantonu 10 ili, poznatije, Livanjskom kantonu. Tome su uglavnom doprinijeli ratni događaji, pustošenja, razaranja, deportacije stanovništva te mnogi izvršeni zločini na ovom području. Danas glamočki poligoni koriste oružanim snagama Bosne i Hercegovine i NATO-u za vježbe i isprobavanje različitog naoružanja te za uništavanje neeksplodiranih ubojitih naprava i sredstava.

Genocid u Srebrenici kao najviši oblik terorizma nad Bošnjacima

Author(s): Vahid Karavelić / Language(s): Bosnian Publication Year: 0

Terrorism is one of the social phenomena that threaten the security of states and societies. It is one of the components of war (armed) conflicts. It is a common case that a certain terrorist act was the reason for war and war destruction. The consequences produced by terrorist acts and terrorism include, among others, the commission of numerous individual and mass forms of crimes against humanity and international law, including the crime of genocide. Bosnia and Herzegovina has experienced such fate. There are few places in the world with such a rich history of violence and acts of terror as that of Bosnia and Herzegovina. The latest aggression against the Republic of Bosnia and Herzegovina resulted in series of crimes against humanity and international law, including the crime of genocide, both in Srebrenica and in all occupied towns and cities under siege. In this context, the analysis of the content of relevant documentation will draw parallels, connections and relations between terrorism and genocide committed in the Republic of Bosnia and Herzegovina. It will be shown that terrorism (and terrorism) and genocide are phenomena that accompany each other and are an inseparable part of war conflicts, since terrorism has become one of the main features of modern ways and methods of warfare.

Genocid u Srebrenici – tri poruke Srebrenice

Author(s): Omer Ibrahimagić / Language(s): Bosnian Publication Year: 0

Nedavno sam u Oslobođenju od 5. juna ove godine polemizirao s dvojicom Pentagonovih analitičara za vanjska vojna pitanja. Naime, ova su gospoda u New York Timesu objavila svoj prijedlog da Ujedinjene nacije, da ne bi rat trajao unedogled, nagrade srpskog agresora predajom Srebrenice, Žepe i Goražda srpskim secesionistima, a u zamjenu da se Sarajevo u cjelini vrati pod kontrolu bosanske vlade. Kao što je poznato, ovaj prijedlog ranije je lansirala agresorska strana, a analitičari Pentagona to su uvrstili u tobožnje rezultate svojih istraživanja situacije u Bosni. Stavljanjem ovih, agresorovih, prijedloga kao svojih u njihovim analizama svakako dobija sasvim druge dimenzije i snagu vjerodostojnosti, kao da su zaista izišli iz laboratorija Pentagonove pameti, koji se potom distribuiraju pod šifrom “strogo pov” najbližim Clintonovim saradnicima i njihovim prijateljima u Kontakt-grupi, a potom šire preko UN-a Ghaliju, Akashiju, Janvieru, Smithu i da ne redam dalje, radi pripreme terena da se u najpovoljnijem trenutku to i realizira. [...]

Pregled institucionalizacije kulture sjećanja u Kanadi

Author(s): Emir Ramić / Language(s): Bosnian Publication Year: 0

Živimo u vremenu sve većeg kršenja ljudskih sloboda i prava, s težnjom da se ona urede i normiraju brojnim i raznovrsnim zakonima, a evidentno je i sve prisutnije njihovo kršenje na najbrutalniji način kroz počinjene brojne oblike zločina protiv čovječnosti i međunarodnog prava. Iz ovoga je više nego jasno da su izvori i subjekti, kako ugrožavanja tako i ugroženih, sve brojniji i raznovrsniji, što se vezuje za ostvarivanje osnovnih ljudskih, civilizacijskih i kulturnih potreba, kao što su potrebe za identifikacijom, pripadanjem i zaštitom od ugrožavanja. To se manifestira kao univerzalni ljudski i društveni problem, koji je i društveno i naučno značajan. [...]

Winterův román ůistr Kampanus a některé jeho významové souvislosti

Author(s): Jiří Kudrnáč / Language(s): Czech Publication Year: 0

The paper is devoted to the historical novel Master Kampanus (publ. in book form in 1909) by the Czech writer and historian Zikmund Winter (1846–1912), and to its comparison with some similar Czech and foreign books, namely, Darkness by Alois Jirásek, Salammbô by Gustave Flaubert, The Egyptian by Mika Waltari and some recent Czech historical novels. Master Kampanus is one of the books of fiction that belong to the debates on the sense of Czech history. It is characterized by a close relation between the protagonist and his milieu, thematization of the conflict between the great and small history, tragicomism, and the rich use of irony.

POČÁTKY ÚŘEDNÍHO ZAZNAMENÁVÁNÍ PŘÍČIN ÚMRTÍ NA PŘÍKLADU ROKYTNICE V ORLICKÝCH HORÁCH

Author(s): Kateřina Doležalová / Language(s): Czech Publication Year: 0

This interdisciplinary study focuses on death causes of citizens of the town of Rokytnice in the Eagle Mountains. It covers the period from the 20 th February 1784, when the Emperor Joseph II ordered local parsons to keep records regarding citizen ´ deaths. In order to put this research into a more detailed context, the study openswith an analysis of the situation of Rokytnice rectory and the level of healthcare in the second half of the 18th century. The key building stone of the study is an analysis of death records in Rokytnice between 1784–1812. Interestingly, the research shows that the record keeping was interrupted in several places due to missing pre-printed death register formulaires. The situation stabilized sometime between May and June 1784. Apparently, the parsons themselves began to manually prepare the formulaires which turned out to be the simplest solution. These manually completed formulaires existed in Rokytnice until 1812, indicating that the government probably had to resign on these pre-printed formulaires at the beginning of their existence. The next chapter, focusing on death causes of Rokytnice citizens with German origin between 1784–1793, reveals interesting observations. The study proves the quality of death diagnosis was rather low and unstable. Interestingly, parsons recorded symptoms rather than diagnosis in multiple cases. Clearly, this represents an obstacle for this research as it is almost impossible to consistently track the death causes due to missing or incomplete statistics..

Reliéfní dlaždice

Author(s): Martin Hložek,Petr Holub / Language(s): English,Czech Publication Year: 0

Seen from the perspective of analytical methods, the relief-decorated floor tiles exhibit both common and different technological traits when compared to the stove tile production. This finding can be best demonstrated on the sets of floor tiles from Brno. A surprising characteristic of medieval floor tiles is a very low proportion of temper in the clay body, which makes it completely different from the raw materials used in the stove-making workshop whose waste was found in the Veselá Street. In terms of technology, floor tiles resemble more the bricks. We can thus suppose that this commodity has been produced by brick makers. The location of brickworks in the territory of Brno is well known from written sources and archaeological excavations (Holub–Anton 2020). The results of analyses help us localise the two main places of clay extraction. The majority of floor tiles are probably made from raw materials acquired from terraces above the rivers Svitava or Ponávka (1st and 2nd material groups). These materials are characterised by a low temper content. Clay has been extracted in places adjacent to the southern edge of the town walls and in suburban areas north and northeast of the medieval town core – the different character of these locations might have caused small differences between groups 1 and 2. It can be generally said that fluvial sediments based on transported loess were historically considered a raw material suitable for the production of building ceramics. This statement was proved e. g. in a medieval brickworks uncovered by archaeological excavations in Brno-Královo Pole (Holub–Merta–Zůbek 2006, 45). These sediments cannot be macroscopically distinguished from primary loess deposits, so they can be generally confused with each other.

Doklady hrnčířské výroby v Brně

Author(s): Hana Jordánková,Antonín Zůbek,Lenka Sedláčková / Language(s): English,Czech Publication Year: 0

Archaeological contexts and finds which evidence the pottery-making and stove-making production are always welcome because they provide a great deal of new information on local production. Even though Brno counts among towns which have been archaeologically investigated over a long period of time, only two sites were detected, so far, that can be associated with the activity of potters and stove builders. In the 1960s, Vladimír Nekuda uncovered a workshop in the area of what is now the capuchin monastery in the south-western part of the town. The workshop was operated here in the last quarter of the 15th and at the beginning of the 16th century. The 2015–2016 excavations in the north-western part of the historical town core of Brno between the Veselá and Besední Streets have yielded relics of two pottery kilns and plenty of production waste, which can be associated with a workshop that was probably operated here in the last third of the 15th century.

ZA MENE JE MOJE SARAJEVO BILO OGROMNA PRIČA

Author(s): Rémy Ourdan / Language(s): Bosnian,Croatian,Serbian Publication Year: 0

Interview with Rémy Ourdan

Ханако: една кабуки актриса из България и Трансилвания в началото на XX в.

Author(s): Andronika Martonova / Language(s): English,Bulgarian Publication Year: 0

For the first time, this study analyses and export to the academic community the rare documents and archival materials proving that the Japanese Kabuki theatre actress Hanako realised a tour in Kingdom of Bulgaria and Transylvania (Austro-Hungarian Empire) in 1911. Referring to the information from Sawada Suketaro‘s book “Little Hanako. The Strange Story of Rodin’s Only Japanese Model” the research paper tracks down and focuses on the contracts, advertisements and the critical reception who introduced unknown aspects of Japanese culture to the territory of mentioned countries from present Eastern Europe. Hanako’s presence is also set in a broad European and research context because she had an important influence on the development of Western stage practices.For the first time, this study analyses and export to the academic community the rare documents and archival materials proving that the Japanese Kabuki theatre actress Hanako realised a tour in Kingdom of Bulgaria and Transylvania (Austro-Hungarian Empire) in 1911. Referring to the information from Sawada Suketaro‘s book “Little Hanako. The Strange Story of Rodin’s Only Japanese Model” the research paper tracks down and focuses on the contracts, advertisements and the critical reception who introduced unknown aspects of Japanese culture to the territory of mentioned countries from present Eastern Europe. Hanako’s presence is also set in a broad European and research context because she had an important influence on the development of Western stage practices.

От Херодот до християнските автори: за вдовиците на траките и ритуалната им смърт

Author(s): Dobriela Kotova / Language(s): English,Bulgarian Publication Year: 0

The paper summarises the evidence provided by ancient authors about the public ritual death of the widows of some Thracians, with which they followed their deceased husbands voluntarily to the World Beyond. Herodotus was the first to narrate about that, followed by the Roman authors Pomponius Mela and Solinus, and after them – the Christian lexicographer Stephanus Byzantinus. Traces of such information about the Thracians are seen in one of the letters of St. Hieronymus. That written tradition is definitely based on the text of Herodotus. The late evidence repeats his words to a great extent. The ritual death of the Thracian widows was clearly transformed into locus communis, but the analysis of the communications reveals both dependences and differences between them. Viewed together, they are mutually complementary and supportive Herodotus testifying to the existence of variants of the universal ritual phenomenon of following into death among the Thracians. The paper summarises the evidence provided by ancient authors about the public ritual death of the widows of some Thracians, with which they followed their deceased husbands voluntarily to the World Beyond. Herodotus was the first to narrate about that, followed by the Roman authors Pomponius Mela and Solinus, and after them – the Christian lexicographer Stephanus Byzantinus. Traces of such information about the Thracians are seen in one of the letters of St. Hieronymus. That written tradition is definitely based on the text of Herodotus. The late evidence repeats his words to a great extent. The ritual death of the Thracian widows was clearly transformed into locus communis, but the analysis of the communications reveals both dependences and differences between them. Viewed together, they are mutually complementary and supportive Herodotus testifying to the existence of variants of the universal ritual phenomenon of following into death among the Thracians.

За произхода на името Казанлък и местоположението на град Крън

Author(s): Mariana Minkova,Ivan T. Ivanov / Language(s): English,Bulgarian Publication Year: 0

The article shed light on the early history of the Ottoman city of Akça Kizinlik, the predecessor of the modern city of Kazanlak, in order to discover the meaning of this name and its possible relationship with the name of the former Bulgarian district town of Krun. Evidence is presented that the city of Krun was located within the territory of today’s town of Kazanlak, near the Kulenska mahala residential district. This conclusion is supported by the linguistic analysis of the semantic rout Kizin of Kizýnlik, which regularly conveys the name of the medieval Bulgarian town of Krun. The first part of the Ottoman name, Akça “spring, a place rich in potable water”, repeats the meaning of the old Greek name Krunoi “spring”, latter transformed into Bulgarian name Kran.The article shed light on the early history of the Ottoman city of Akça Kizinlik, the predecessor of the modern city of Kazanlak, in order to discover the meaning of this name and its possible relationship with the name of the former Bulgarian district town of Krun. Evidence is presented that the city of Krun was located within the territory of today’s town of Kazanlak, near the Kulenska mahala residential district. This conclusion is supported by the linguistic analysis of the semantic rout Kizin of Kizýnlik, which regularly conveys the name of the medieval Bulgarian town of Krun. The first part of the Ottoman name, Akça “spring, a place rich in potable water”, repeats the meaning of the old Greek name Krunoi “spring”, latter transformed into Bulgarian name Kran.

Търновски принцеси като иноземни владетелки

Author(s): Rumyana Komsalova / Language(s): English,Bulgarian Publication Year: 0

An important medium of diplomacy during the Middle Ages were the dynastic marriages and a number of Princesses of Tarnovo became foreign rulers. Have they faced the dilemma of acting in the interest of their homeland or to support the policies of their ruling spouses and how much did they have the opportunity to participate actively in the power structures?

Залезът на двете царства – татари и българи през втората половина на XIV век

Author(s): Aleksandar Uzelac / Language(s): English,Bulgarian Publication Year: 0

MIGRAČNÍ VZTAHY V BRNĚNSKÉ METROPOLITNÍ OBLASTI PO ROCE 1989

Author(s): Barbora DUTKOVÁ,Petr Tonev / Language(s): Czech Publication Year: 0

As the consequence of changes related to the fall of the Iron curtain and the shift from the centrally planned to the market economy the hinterlands of large cities in the Czech Republic have faced significant transformations. The population migration is one of the main processes, which plays role in these changes and thanks to the data availability is able to catch the extent and nature of these changes, at least partially. The objective of the contribution is to delineate the borders of the Brno metropolitan area using the data on the population movements and then to aim at the migration relationships and their changes in this region in three time periods after 1989 (1991 – 1993; 2000 – 2002; 2010 – 2012). The analysis and assessment focus on the changes in the volumes, structure and orientation of migration between the city and its hinterland, and also on the migration between the whole metropolitan area and the rest of the Czech Republic.