Kvalitatívne premeny bývania v Košiciach v období moderny a funkcionalizmu

Author(s): Zuzana Varechová / Language(s): Slovak Issue: 2/2016

In its introduction, the study highlights the renewed interest about Modern and Functionalism movement in the 1980s. This renewed interest was bolstered by the fact that Modern and Functionalism movement buildings began to be listed in the Central Register of Protected Buildings Fund, as well as the Documentation and Conservation of Buildings, Sites and Neighborhoods of the Modern Movement (DOCOMOMO), an international organization founded in 1990. It was the demolition of Kosice's old city walls in 19th century that enabled city planners to link the old town center with what was then considered the suburbs, which led to the creation of entire new streets and areas. Modern movement and Functionalism was an architectural expression of the demand for higher standards of housing in the interwar period Czechoslovak republic (1918 – 1939).In the latter parts of the study, the author analyses specific cases, such as House No.3 Rooseveltova Street, No.8 Krmanova Street, Nos.11, 13 and 15 Štúrova Street, No.6 Mojmírova Street, and No.11 on Hlavná Street, to demonstrate the changes in planning solutions as well as the building materials used. All of the selected buildings are blocks of rented flats for the middle- and upper-middle classes situated in the City Council's Protected Buildings Area. They all share the same architectural solutions. The bedrooms face the street, while the ‘core' section of the flat (i.e. the kitchen, toilet and bathroom) faces the courtyard. The flats contain separate rooms with toilets for servants. Within the block itself, there is also a laundry room, a boiler room (the flats were already equipped with central heating), a flat for maintenance personnel on the ground floor, and laundry drying facilities in the attic. The aforementioned examples, as recorded in architectural plans, show that Modern movement and Functionalism architecture in Košice clearly followed the upcoming European trends in that its emphasis was on hygiene and humanization of accommodation. At the same time, the fact that Košice's Modern movement and Functionalism buildings were typically built on irregular parcels of land and were often forced to adopt older construction designs, made them unique within the European Modern movement and Functionalism. In conclusion, Modern movement and Functionalism, to this day, represents the highest standard of housing in central Košice.

"Zelené kádry" jako radikální alternativa pro venkov na západním Slovensku a ve středovýchodní Evropě 1917 - 1920

Author(s): Jakub Beneš / Language(s): Czech Issue: 2/2015

This article explores the phenomenon of the ‘Green Cadres' at the end of the First World War in Austria-Hungary, with a focus on events in western Slovakia 1918-1920. The Green Cadres were bands of army deserters and radicalized peasants who hid in the forests and mountains of the monarchy during the last year of the war and then violently attempted to topple the social-political order in many localities as the state collapsed. The article suggests that they represented both the last major episode of peasant unrest in the region and a radical new attempt by the rural common people to influence the character of national and social politics in the interwar period. The nationalist dimension of this loose social movement appears to have been particularly strong in western Slovakia and may indicate some affiliation with the leaders of Slovak Catholic populism. On the other hand, the inability of nationalist elites to coopt the Green Cadres was in part responsible for their marginalization in narratives of Czechoslovak liberation as well as in contemporary historiography. On the basis of sources in Slovak, Czech, Slovenian, Serbo-Croatian, and German, this study argues that the Slovak case of the Green Cadres fits into a broader transnational phenomenon, which sheds new light on the history of East Central Europe in the twentieth century.

Legislatívne riešenia bytovej krízy počas 1. ČSR a realizácia zákonov v praxi na príklade Bratislavy

Author(s): Linda Osyková / Language(s): Slovak Issue: 2/2015

After the establishment of the First Czechoslovak Republic the housing for the socially disadvantaged population became a complex problem, especially for the cities with a lot of industry and therefore a large population. Grim living conditions in the cities were a trend even before 1914. After the First World War, however, the housing crisis peaked. Some marginalized groups had no housing available or lived in a totally unsuitable environment. State authorities tried to resolve the housing crisis via numerous legislative measures. The first law concerning building activity was signed as early as 1921, followed by another six years later, and after just three years, there was another law, with the final one in the interwar period being passed in 1936. Laws relating to housing, for example the Tenants Protection Act, the Law on Construction concessions and the Construction Industry Act, were amended during the period of the First Czechoslovak Republic, and the legislation concerning housing was continually reformed. Construction activity increased thanks to the legislation and also partly due to tax benefits, which builders found enticing. From 1930 the state housing policy was to seek mass construction. Despite the efforts of state authorities all the funds were not exhausted, even though some residents could not contribute, even by a small amount, towards the construction or pay the rent for an apartment. Some projects were not finished until the 40's of the 20th century, which was often beyond the control of the state apparatus. The situation was caused by the economic crisis and a failure to comply with deadlines set by law in for the construction of residential buildings.

Sociálna štruktúra bratislavskej umeleckej bohémy v rokoch 1920 – 1945

Author(s): Martin Vašš / Language(s): Slovak Issue: 1/2018

The study provides an analysis of the authentic modernist cultural and social phenomenon of Bratislava‘s artistic bohemians in the years 1920–1945 in terms of its social structure. This group consisted of writers and painters, in what amounted to a special social microcosm, in the midst of which a particular social structure spontaneously formed, consisting of a leading integrating personality encircled by a wider group of acquaintances, patrons, female muses, devotees and fans stemming from bourgeois circles. . An important issue in the context of the social structure of Bratislava‘s artistic bohemians is the antagonism between bohemian artists, who possessed cultural capital, and the bourgeoisie, who possessed economic capital.

HUNGARIAN ESPIONAGE IN ROMANIA 1918–1940

Author(s): Alin Bulumac / Language(s): English Issue: 1/2024

The book represents the fruit of a concern, which derives from the sense of duty and conscience towards the homeland, of a Romanian who will remain anonymous in the ranks of written history. Also in the unknown logic of destiny is the fact that a relative of this officer kept this manuscript hidden until December 21, 1990, a moment he considered to be an opportune moment for publication and through the kindness of Mr. Ioan Dumitru, the pages of the manuscript knew the ink of the Concordia publishing house in Timișoara. The wish of the counter-intelligence officer from the Romanian espionage service, to leave a manuscript to the next generations, which consists in clearly mentioning the dangers and the gaps of the organization of the Romanian administration, with the specific purpose of eliminating them as well as the risk of creating new territorial seizures, the fear rising to the level of the disappearance of Romania as an independent and sovereign state. The fate of the author will remain unknown but taking into account the fact that he wrote the lines of this book in 1942, in the middle of the Second World War, when Romania was directly under the military pressure of Nazi Germany, after significant territorial losses, directly underlines the importance of the moment of the beginning and organization of the Hungarian espionage service, whose infrastructure was created with the support of Germany, from before the First World War. The author himself confesses at the very beginning of the book that he bled from the young age of 18 for the integration of the country he loves “more than anything in this world”, a fact that indirectly indicates to us that the author of the manuscript is one of the heroes who have fought in the war of national reunification and put the national ideal of Greater Romania before everything else. The novelty that this book presents lies in the fact that regardless of the size of Budapest’s effort, both internally and externally, to consider itself wronged in the face of history and the Trianon treaty, the Hungarianization process continues with even more intense force compared to the dualistic period. The territorial rapture dictated from Vienna represents nothing more than the consequence of a whole series of activities in the field of cultural diplomacy of Budapest, regarding the historical revenge directed against the Trianon treaty. It is true that the level of hardness is not as high, but the increasing subtlety of the Hungarianization phenomenon demonstrates Budapest’s active and continuous concern to regain lost territory.

Bistrița în apărarea Belgradului. Cheltuielile orașului pentru luptele împotriva turcilor (sec. XVI)

Author(s): Maria Frînc / Language(s): English,Romanian Issue: 38/2024

Since the early days of their settlement in Transylvania, the Saxons have played an importantrole in defending the southeastern and northwestern borders of the Kingdom of Hungary.This study examines the military efforts undertaken by the city of Bistrița in 1521 in the context of Belgrad crusade. The city’s expenses for paying mercenaries and covering various services necessary for preparing for the battle are discussed based on a 1521 register preserved at the National Archives– Cluj, within the archive of the city of Bistrița, in the “Accounts” series.

Percepții diplomatice confuze în relațiile dintre Croația și România. Constantin Tăutu, românul ucis pe teritoriul statului croat fără condamnare în anul 1942

Author(s): Mihail-Gabriel Chiricheș / Language(s): English,Romanian Issue: 38/2024

The Romanian - Croatian relations in the period of 1941–1944 had an importantcentral segment that of co-operation against the Hungarian interests. Although bilateral politicalrelations existed, they did not reach a solid bond, as Croatia was not a very “independent” state and the Romanian community in Croatia was non-existent. The number of Romanians in Croatia between 1941–1944 has often been associated with the number of members of the Romanian Legation in Croatia and their family members while the Croatian community in Romania contained not necessary a large, but at least a significant number of declared ethnic Croats or Croatian citizens settled on the territory of the Romanian state. Thus, the case of Constantin Tăutu becomes relevantby illustrating the Croatia’s ‘diplomatic’ approach in an attempt to justify its actions in its relations with Romania, in the tragic context of the violent death of the Romanian author, who was accusedwithout access to defense, trial or conviction, actions that are often confused and difficult to understand.

Cutume maritale la diferite subgrupuri de rromi. Unitate în diversitate

Author(s): Delia GRIGORE / Language(s): English,Romanian,Romany Issue: 38/2024

The fruit of the author’s ethnographic research, carried out between 1997 and 2001, in order to obtain the doctorate in ethnography-ethnology, the present work is a part, still unpublished and revised, of the doctoral thesis “Rromanipen – Family as an Identity value. Customs from the Family Cycle in the Roma Traditional Culture”. Beyond the common cultural model and the similar customary stem, different Roma subgroups have specific approaches to marriage rituals, depending on their own priorities of the symbolizing language. The research presents and interprets various cultural practices from the customary area of marriage in Roma communities from different geographical areas of Romania, the studied subgroups being Coppersmiths, Bear-Tamers, Hungarian Roma, Tinsmiths, Roma from Tismana, Horses-Sellers, Turkish Roma and more.The research demonstrates the cultural unity of the Roma ethnic identity, its foundations beingcommon to all subgroups. Overcoming the differences in ritual practice found at different Romasubgroups, some of which disappeared or being on the verge of extinction, the essential elementsrelated to the purity of the bride at marriage and the absolute need for harmony, balance and durability of marriage are preserved at the level of all Roma communities, so that the basic values related to family and marriage remain intact.

Sługa Boży ks. Stanisław Szulmiński SAC: duszpasterz, wychowawca, wykładowca, ekumenista

Author(s): Przemysław Krakowczyk SAC / Language(s): Polish Issue: 25/2024

This article presents the person and life of the Servant of God Fr Stanislaus Szulmiński (1894–1941), a Pallottine. He is a figure little known in the Church in Poland. His life and heroic attitude in the Soviet gulag Uchta deserve to be reminded especially to the new generations of priests. From his youth, Fr Szulmiński was regarded as a holy man. He devoted his entire priestly life to working with young people, as an educator, teacher and spiritual father. His great desire was to work for Christian unity (ecumenism). To this end, he founded the Apostolate of Reconciliation in 1937. Members of this association included Blessed Elizabeth Czacka, Blessed Joseph Jankowski and the Servant of God Ignacy Posadzy. Almost 100 people were involved in this work, in small circles of a few people in various parts of Poland. The main aim of the Apostolate’s activities was self-education through the formation of a spirit of unity. Father Szulmiński understood Christian unity as a process of reconciliation that begins in the heart of every believer. In this spirit and as an act of love to save the inhabitants of the former eastern borderlands of the Republic (who were sent to the gulag in Uchta), he probably suffered martyrdom in 1941, sacrificing his life. He was accompanied by an intention to ask for freedom and salvation, and in particular to ask for the conversion of Bolshevik Russia and religious freedom for the Christians living in that country.

Bp Andrzej F. Dziuba, Kardynał Stefan Wyszyński Prymas Polski a Skierniewice i Ziemia Skierniewicka, Miejska Biblioteka Publiczna im. Władysław Reymonta w Skierniewicach: Skierniewice 2022, ss. 396

Author(s): Dennis Kolinski / Language(s): Polish Issue: 25/2024

THE PUBLISHING PRODUCTION OF THE BULGARIANS FROM BANAT REFLECTED IN THE COLLECTIONS OF THE CENTRAL UNIVERSITY LIBRARY ”EUGEN TODORAN” FROM TIMIŞOARA

Author(s): Kalinca-Andreea Velcsov / Language(s): Romanian Issue: 39/2024

The Romanian Banat is a multicultural space, with great ethnic diversity. In order to meet the multi-ethnic cultural diversity of the Banat region, the libraries represented a promoter of multiculturalism, so that the cultural wealth specific to the place is as well represented through the collections made available. They contain both documents that study and name the local ethnic culture, but also editorial production. The mirroring of the culture through the existing editorial production in the Central University Library "Eugen Todoran" in Timişoara of the community of Bulgarians in Banat is proof of the longevity of this minority in the region, which with the passage of time, through the accumulated cultural wealth and outstanding personalities constitutes a source of knowledge of history local.

BISHOP CHESARIE OF RÂMNIC – A PROMINENT HIERARCH AND SCHOLAR OF THE 18TH CENTURY

Author(s): Nicolae Nucă / Language(s): Romanian Issue: 39/2024

This study examines the life and work of Bishop Chesarie of Râmnic (1773-1780), a prominent figure of the Wallachian Church, highlighting his contributions to religious and cultural life. Chesarie's tenure as bishop coincided with a period of intellectual and political ferment. His multifaceted activities included church administration, publishing religious books, and translating important texts. Chesarie's prefaces to the Romanian edition of the Mineie, a collection of twelve liturgical books, reveal a profound historical vision, innovative for its time, and showcase his erudite, elegant style. This research delves into Chesarie's intellectual formation, influenced by both Byzantine tradition and Western Enlightenment ideas. His writings reflect a keen understanding of European intellectual currents. They integrate classical and contemporary sources, demonstrating independent judgment and a commitment to the Romanian language and national identity. Chesarie's historical perspective, evident in his periodization of Wallachian history, marks a departure from traditional chronicle writing. His dynamic, analytical approach underscores the importance of internal factors in societal development, emphasizing the role of culture and literacy in shaping collective memory.

ROMANIAN TELEVISION IN DECEMBER 1989

Author(s): Adrian-Claudiu Stoica / Language(s): Romanian Issue: 39/2024

The revolution of December 1989 represented a crucial event in the history of Romania, the communist dictatorship being removed. The most important institution tasked with maintaining the regime was the Securitate. His role was also that of returning Nicolae Ceaușescu to power, in case it was lost. Consequently, from December 22, elements of the Security launched the "disguised counter-revolution".

Supliki z diecezji przemyskiej do Penitencjarii Apostolskiej z XV wieku na tle porównawczym

Author(s): Monika Saczyńska-Vercamer / Language(s): Polish Issue: 20/2024

The subject of the article is a group of about 30 supplications from the Przemyśl diocese from the 15th century, which have been preserved in the archives of the Apostolic Penitentiary. The Przemyśl diocese is a particularly interesting research area due to the diverse religious population living in its area, the coexistence of the Orthodox church organization, as well as close ties (geographical, personal) with Małopolska. It was also a missionary area of the Catholic Church. The number of supplications from the Przemyśl diocese, the smallest among the dioceses of the Lviv archbishopric – less than 30 – is very small compared to the dioceses of the Gniezno archbishopric, but significant (the largest) on the scale of the local metropolis. This should be seen as the result of close ties with the Gniezno metropolis, but the influence (cultural transfer, preaching, care for the cathedral school) of the cathedral chapter environment, which included many outstanding people, such as Mikołaj Wigand, was also significant. The supplications from the Przemyśl diocese illustrate almost the full scale of the authority of the office serving papal reserves. Both broader phenomena (e.g. elite papal privileges) and local specifics (e.g. irregularities in the performance of worship, a specific understanding of marital impediments) are visible. At the same time, they allow us to observe the functioning of canon law in an area that is not only on the periphery of the Western Church.

Jana Peroutková, „Chrám Matky Boží před Týnem v období středověku”, NLN, s.r.o., Praha 2020 (Opera Facultatis theologiae catholicae Universitatis Carolinae Pragensis. Historia et historia artium, 36), ss. 272, fot. i rys. kolor. i cz.-b. nlb.; ...

Author(s): Bogusław Czechowicz / Language(s): Polish Issue: 20/2024

An extensive and polemical review concerns two books devoted to the main parish church of the Old Town in Prague. One of their features is Bohemocentrism. It is expressed in the perception of this church and its furnishings almost exclusively in the context of political and artistic phenomena taking place in the Bohemian Kingdom, and not in the context of the entire Crown of the Kingdom of Bohemia. This is all the more striking because this building actively participated in the political life of the capital of the state and as such came into coincidence with phenomena taking place in the second largest city of the Bohemian Crown – in Wrocław. The scholarly nature of both studies is also undermined by the peculiar patriotic tone stigmatized in the review, taken from the nineteenth- and twentieth-century publications, now anachronistic and certainly completely unnecessary.

„Kiedy rozpoczęła się wojna (…) byłem jeszcze mały (…)”. Wypracowania szkolne pisane w roku 1946 jako źródło do badania dziecięcych autobiografii

Author(s): Marcin Gołąb / Language(s): Polish Issue: 2/2024

In this article, using the example of a collection of source materials – school essays relating to World War II, written in various parts of Poland in 1946 and collected by the Ministry of Education in Warsaw, some of which are now stored at the Archives of New Records in Warsaw – I try to show their autobiographical potential, and why it is necessary to make a distinction between autobiography and testimony in the case of the sources discussed. I draw attention to the connection between the genre of verbal creativity, which is the school essay, and children’s writing practices, as well as the impact of these practices on the autobiographical nature of essays. Using selected examples taken from school texts, I demonstrate the possibility of using them to analyze the ways in which children construct their autobiography.

Din istoria mănăstirii Slobozia lui Enache de la întemeiere până la mijlocul secolului al XIX-lea

Author(s): Petronel Zahariuc / Language(s): Romanian Issue: XLII/2024

This study is based on the documentary treasure of the monastery Slobozia lui Enache (Ialomița county), preserved in the Docheiariou monastery on Mount Athos. The author co-edited a volume comprising the Romanian documents from the Docheiariou archives, published in 2019. In addition to the Athonite sources, he also considered the documents from the Romanian National Historical Archives in Bucharest, found in the archival fond of Slobozia lui Enache monastery and Apostolache skete. Based on this corpus of sources, the author investigates the history of the Slobozia lui Enache monastery, starting from its foundation and continuing until the mid-nineteenth century. The studythrows new lights on the early history of both Slobozia lui Enache monastery and Apostolache skete, with respect to their foundation and architecture. Incidentally, the study also invalidates a series of false historiographical assumptions and hypotheses.

Lidija Barišić Bogišić, O neslavenskom stanovništvu na vukovarskom području

Author(s): Filip Škiljan / Language(s): Croatian Issue: 18/2024

Review of: Lidija Barišić Bogišić, O neslavenskom stanovništvu na vukovarskom području, Zagreb: Hrvatska sveučilišna naklada, 2022., 330 str.

Sugrįžusi atmintis: Kauno bernardinių istorija ir vienuolyno ansamblis XVI a. pab. – XIX a.

Author(s): Mindaugas Paknys / Language(s): Lithuanian Issue: 22/2024

Review of: Vaida Kamuntavičienė, Aušra Vasiliauskienė. Sugrįžusi atmintis: Kauno bernardinių istorija ir vienuolyno ansamblis XVI a. pab. – XIX a. Kaunas: Vytauto Didžiojo universitetas, 2023, p. 432 p

Милан Гулић, Југословенска држава 1918–2006: од Прводецембарског акта до Мајског референдума

Author(s): Ilija Kukobat / Language(s): Serbian Issue: 1/2025

Milan Gulić, Jugoslovenska država 1918–2006: od Prvodecembarskog akta do Majskog referenduma, Beograd: Institut za savremenu istoriju, 2023, 1034. (270–273)