Новата организационно-управленска структура на ,,Международен панаир“ АД – Пловдив, за периода 1997 – 2001 година

Author(s): Yordanka Krivoshieva / Language(s): Bulgarian Issue: 3/2023

The research aims to show the adaptation of “International Fair” JSC, Plovdiv to the changes in the national economy related to the integration of Bulgaria into the European Union. The new organizational and management structure of the company contributes to this. Based on newly received documents in the State Archives – Plovdiv, a period of its recent history is being studied for the first time. With the help of the descriptive and systematic method, the essence of the new organization and management, as well as the results achieved with it, have been revealed. The comparative method was applied in the comparison with foreign fair practices. The most important conclusion that emerges from the discussed topic is that the Plovdiv International Fair manages to adapt to the market specifics, to the rapidly changing economic situation in the country. It maintains its leading position in the country’s trade relations.

75 lat polskiej medycyny i farmacji we Wrocławiu (1945–2020). Wybrane elementy historii wrocławskich wyższych uczelni. Część druga (1950–2011)

Author(s): Bożena Płonka-Syroka / Language(s): Polish Issue: 2/2022

Professional training in medicine and pharmacy hat begun in Wrocław by the 1945. The Faculty of Medicine was created within the structure of Wrocław University and Wrocław Universite of Science and Technology. In 1950, a specialized medical school was developed from University, functioning briefl u under the name the Medical Academy (which was changed to the Academy of Medicine), with an independent Faculty of Pharmacy. In 1979, the Medical Analytics Department was established within the Faculty of Pharmacy. In 1978, the Faculty of Nursing was created which was transformed into the Faculty of Public Health in 2001 and into the Faculty of Health Sciences in 2008. Starting in 1989, the school was called the Academy of Medicine in Wrocław (Akademia Medyczna im. Piastów Śląskich). In 1992 the Post-Graduate Faculty of Medicine was distinquished from the Faculty of Medicine, In 2000 the Department of Dentistry was transformed into the Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry. As a part of the school, liberal arts and social studies connected with medicine were also developed in units located within the structure of various departments of the AM. The Academy existed in Wrocław until 2011 when the decision was made to transform it into Wrocław Medical University (Uniwersytet Medyczny im. Piastów Śląskich we Wrocławiu), functioning until now. The article presents the major stages in the history of medical schools in Wrocław after 1945. The second part discusses the history of Academy of Medicine in the years 1950–2011.

In search of an adequate novel on the democratic changes of 1989/1990. A paradigmatic approach

Author(s): Hans-Christian Trepte / Language(s): English Issue: 11-12/2020

Literary debates on Central Europe often concern the problems of the democratic breakthrough in the former Eastern bloc. Central Europe is also a common cultural and literary heritage; however, it must be shown how literary visions resonated in specific discussions and literary works in various countries before and after the democratic transformation of 1989/1990. Revolutionary events in Poland resulted in the “Autumn of Nations”, and the expectations of readers and critics for a suitable novel about the breakthrough and transformation process were high.

События Гражданской войны на Северо-Западе России в эго-документах военнослужащих Северо-Западной армии (1918–1920 гг.)

Author(s): I. A. Tropov / Language(s): Russian Issue: 41/2022

The article is devoted to the analysis of sources of personal origin, reflecting the views of the military personnel of the White Guard North-Western Army on the events of the civil war that unfolded in the north-western region of Russia in 1918–1920. These documents make it possible to obtain the necessary, valuable and in many cases unique first-hand information from people who directly participated in the civil war. Meanwhile, the ego-documents of the participants in the white movement in the North-West of Russia rarely become the subject of special study. The study was based mainly on previously unpublished documents from the Large fund of the Archive-Museum of the Alexander Solzhenitsyn House of Russia Abroad (ASHRA Archive-Museum). The features of understanding by the military personnel of the circumstances of the emergence of the white movement in the region, including the role of the “great powers” in this process, are analyzed. Particular attention is paid to the problems of motivation of military personnel who voluntarily joined the ranks of the White formations, their attitude towards the civilian population and towards the enemy — the Red Army soldiers, including prisoners. The question of the level of provision of the White Guard detachments with food and uniforms is revealed. The analysis of ego-documents created by representatives of the white movement in the North-West of Russia significantly expands the knowledge available in science about the features of civil confrontation in the region, contributes to a deep understanding of the role of the human factor in extreme everyday life.

Модернизация системы школьного образования в национальных автономиях Среднего Поволжья в 1920-е гг.

Author(s): E.K. Mineeva,A. P. Zykina,T.N. Ivanova / Language(s): Russian Issue: 41/2022

School education has traditionally been the most important area in the history of every nation and region. The official authorities often used the school to their advantage, to carry out certain policies and manage the territory. The aim of the work is to study the modernization processes in the field of school education, which were carried out in the autonomies of the Middle Volga region during the 1920s. In the comparative aspect, this problem has not been previously considered in Russian historiography. The study was carried out mainly on the basis of the analysis of diverse sources, especially archival materials. Using the example of such national autonomous entities as Mari El and Chuvashia, both general trends and distinctive features that existed during the formation of the new Soviet school system are shown. It can be argued that the educational policy of the 1920s was not fully sound, since the radical transformations of that time period led to extremely undesirable consequences. Among the positive results of the formation of a new school and the modernization policy in the field of education, we can name quantitative changes marked by an increase in the number of educational institutions, the number of teachers and the contingent of students. The policy of the educational program, proclaimed in the 1920s by the Soviet government, was also not brought to the end. The reasons for the failures were both objective (the consequences of the Civil War, famine, insufficient funding for education) and subjective (public dissatisfaction with certain measures in the field of school affairs, the refusal of individual teachers to cooperate with the new government, etc.) factors. As a result, in the early 1930s, the course of the Soviet government in relation to secondary schools was seriously revised.

Начальник концлагерей белого Омска Павел Николаевич Велижанин (1859–1942)

Author(s): Dmitry Igorevich Petin / Language(s): Russian Issue: 42/2023

The publication is a study into the life and professional path of Lieutenant Colonel P.N.Velizhanin — a regular officer, a participant of the First World War, decorated by six orders, who consecutively served in the Russian Imperial and White armies, and then in Soviet institutions. His biography, which has not been previously presented in the scholarship, vividly reflects the collisions of the era of social cataclysms. The research has been carried out on the basis of the theory of social adaptation, the anthropological approach and the historical and biographical methods as a methodological basis defining its genre. The article considers the issue presented in the article in connection with the historiography of the problem. The basis for the study was a complex of unpublished sources of an official nature discovered by the author in the funds of the Historical Archive of the Omsk Region and the archive of the Office of the Federal Security Service of Russia in the Omsk Region, among which of most significance were the track record of P.N.Velizhanin for 1919; Soviet questionnaires; investigative documents of the Cheka; materials of departmental office work related to military and special (Chekist) registration of the subject of the study in the 1920s. As a result, a controversial biography of P.N.Velizhanin is reconstructed with the highest level of detail. The conclusion emphasizes this officer’s relatively successful social adaptation in Soviet Omsk, whose military (and anti-Bolshevik) biography was complemented by the leadership of military penitentiary institutions. The publication may be of interest to a wide range of readers — to researchers into Russian military history, into Russian special services, into the Soviet society, into the repressive policy of the Soviet state, as well as to specialists in the field of practical genealogy.

Od Samoobrony do Agrounii. Wiejskie ruchy społeczne po 1989 roku

Author(s): Michał Wenzel / Language(s): Polish Issue: 7/2023

The term “rural social movements” is used in different meanings, so a consistent definition is needed to conceptualize political rural social movements. They are a remnant of the agrarian socio-economic structure. The late and incomplete industrial revolution in Central and Eastern Europe and the incomplete collectivization of agriculture in Poland, compared to other countries of the region, preserved some pre-modern forms of mobilization. The aim of this article is to present the concept of rural social movements and to illustrate it with examples: they are the politics of protest, carried out by Samoobrona and Agrounia. Rural social movements are contrasted with both traditional (old) movements and new social movements. They are located on the sidelines of the main socio-political cleavages, and their actors contest the elites en bloc.

Reguły kwalifikacji archiwalnej akt spraw karnych w rozporządzeniu o przechowywaniu i niszczeniu akt sądowych z 1937 r. O genezie i skutkach międzywojennych reguł oceny wartości archiwalnej akt sądów powszechnych

Author(s): Tomasz Kucharski / Language(s): Polish Issue: 1/2023

An article is devoted to what is a crucial problem for every historian of the 19th and 20th centuries – historical rules of archival appraisal, that is, the determination as to which records that were created for practical reasons and current activities of state institutions in the past, should be protected permanently because of their historical value. The author focuses on criminal court records in light of the Polish interwar rules enacted by the Justice Minister in 1937. The mentioned regulation was the first on an analyzed matter in Polish legal tradition. It set the essential criteria and mechanisms for court records archival appraisal, also adopted in later rules on this topic from 1975, 1989, and 2004 (the latest remains in force to the present). Beyond this the author tries to explain why, in 1937, the Polish Ministry established rules that intended to permanently protect only a few groups of criminal court records as being historically valuable. He mainly analyzes the primary regulation draft from January of 1937, which intended to cover more groups of criminal court records for permanent archival protection. The paper tries to establish the reasons as to why those propositions were rejected. In the end, the author purposes to set in motion a discussion of the consequences that resulted from rules adopted in 1937 for current legal-historical or historical-criminological research.

THE DIPLOMATIC RELATIONS BETWEEN THE HOLY SEE AND CHINA

Author(s): Monica Meruţiu / Language(s): English Issue: 24/2021

The Catholic Church in China has been through periods of harmonious and fruitful collaboration with the local establishments, as well as persecutions and violence. After 1949 and the coming to power of the Chinese Communist Party the relations with the Vatican were suspended, and a new stage for the diplomatic relations between China and the Holy See opened only after 1978, when Deng Xiaoping became the leader of the Chinese Communist Party. Despite the openness, unsurmountable obstacles remained. The article analyses the Sino-Vatican relations under the papacies of John Paul II, Benedict XVI as well as the new impetus given to negotiations with China under Pope Francis.

საერობო ხმოსანთა არჩევნები ზუგდიდის მაზრაში (1920 წ.)

Author(s): Bakur Lashkhia / Language(s): Georgian Issue: 1/2023

In November 1917, the National Council of Georgia passed a resolution on national reform, according to which a three-stage national system was to be introduced in Georgia: a small national-territorial unit, uyezd and province, or district.National elections were to be held under a universal (regardless of gender), direct, equal, secret and proportional system.On February 10, 1918 the Transcaucasian Seim began to work and urgently established the Commission of Local Government and Self-Government. On February 18, the Secretariat of the Nation’s Introductory Instructor was established, which began establishing national uyezd commissions.On October 16, 1919, Chairman of Zugdidi Board Leo Shengelaia resigned from his post, and the Zugdidi Board asked the Georgian government to hold new elections of voters in Zugdidi Uyezd. On January 25, 1920, a second national election was held in Zugdidi Uyezd. There were 65,728 registered voters in Zugdidi Uyezd. 20,841 voters participated in the election; 19 ballots were declared invalid.The results for different political parties were as follows: Social-Democratic Workers’ Party of Georgia: 10,436 votes; National-Democratic Party of Georgia: 2,890 votes; Socialist-Revolutionary Party of Georgia: 5863 votes; Revolutionary Party of the Socialists-Federalists of Georgia: 1,633 votes.

Новооткрити подписи на зографи върху две икони от 1738 година, произхождащи от старинното селище Арбанаси

Author(s): Plamen Sabev / Language(s): English,Bulgarian Issue: 1/2023

My research concerns icons, wall paintings, religious texts, church utensils, and carvings preserved on Bulgarian territory. A priority in this regard is the history of Tarnovgrad (present-day Veliko Tarnovo, Bulgaria) and its near and far surroundings. Some time ago, I was looking for answers to questions about the artists in the churches of the cultural and historical village of Arbanasi. I revealed the presence of the name HRISTO, as well as the work of a second stranger named Artist. In the Regional Museum of History in Veliko Tarnovo, two icons are kept (No. 325 ΗΙ/TOM, No. 435 ΗΙ/TOM) on which two identical signatures of the same unknown artist have been preserved. Greek texts: first line, Uncial: ‘X’ (with the barely visible sign ‘=’); second line: ‘K’; third line: ‘Ҁ’; fourth line: ‘T’; fifth line: ‘N.’; sixth line: ‘A’; seventh line: ‘Δ=’; eighth line: ‘1738’; ninth line: ‘μ’; tenth line: ‘απ[...]λλ[...]ος’; and eleventh line: ’30’. The second signature has similar content: first line: ‘Х = К Ҁ Т N’, second line: ‘АΔ=1738’, third line: ‘μ’; and fourth line: ‘απ[...]λλ[...] ος 30’. The correspondingly preserved letters in both icons give rise to possibilities for their interpretation. First thesis: The handwriting in both signatures is undoubtedly identical, but due to the forms of abbreviations used, there are assumptions about their reading. The first letter ‘X’ can be taken as the beginning of a standard attribution formula: ‘Χεὶρ Κωνσταντίνου’ = Κ[ΩΝ]Ҁ[ΑΝ]Τ[Ί]N, translated as ‘by the hand of Constantine’ (or Costa). However, ‘X’ can also mean an initial letter for the name Χριστο, and, accordingly, ‘AΔ’ in the second line can be rendered as αδέρφια (brothers). At the end of the text, the date of completion of the iconostasis with the icons belonging to it is presented: 1738, ‘μ’ – μήνας, απ[ρίλι]ος, or 30, month of April, 30th day. Second thesis: ‘X=’ can mean Χριστο (Hristo the Educator); ‘K’ – Κωνσταντίν/Kώστας (Daskal /Teacher/ Kosta); ‘Ҁ’ – Ҁόιο or Στοίο (Stoio/Stoyu); ‘N.’ – Νέδιο (Nedyo II/Nedyu II); and ‘Δ’ – Δραγαν (Dragan). Often, only the initials are written on the works of artists. This is for the purpose of encoded information that remains clear only to God’s eyes. At first glance, the handwriting of the icons stored in the Veliko Tarnovo Museum resembles that of the works of the well-known Daskal Hristo. In my previous publication, I noted that this second author is very close to the first master, but with his own individual characteristics. If we logically assume that ‘K’ means Kώστας (Κosta), then he is the second Educator and the author of the considered icons at the same time. The recorded month suggests that they were made in a studio at the end of winter, and perhaps the entire iconostasis was assembled with the onset of spring, in the third bright week after the Resurrection of Christ (13 April 1738). An additional collection of signatures and studies from archival documents, as well as analyses of icons and frescoes after restorations, would shed more light on the authorship and activities of this atelier.

Нов принос в регионалните изследвания. Рец.: на: Николай Тодоров. Овчарската аристокрация. Икономиката на Котел и Добруджа през 30-те – 40-те години на XIX век

Author(s): Ivan Rusev / Language(s): Bulgarian Issue: 1/2023

Słoweński patriotyzm w okresie socjalistycznej Jugosławii

Author(s): Damian Kubik / Language(s): Polish Issue: 4/2022

The article presents an analysis of the essence and form of Slovenian patriotism in the socialist Yugoslavia, with particular emphasis on the 1980s (when the crisis of the Yugoslav idea becomes evident). It deals with issues related to the forms and manifestations of the patriotism of a small nation such as the Slovenes, who for most of their history were under the domination of larger and stronger nations. The argument is divided into five parts. The first, introductory one contains a brief outline of the ideological foundations of the Yugoslav federation, which were also important for the Slovenian patriotism at that time. For this purpose, the most important ideas and values promoted by Titoism in politics and education are recalled, and the progressive national and cultural emancipation of Slovenes is indicated. The second part discusses the views and positions of Slovenian intellectuals (Edvard Kocbek, Primož Kozak and Drago Jančar) fundamental to the understanding of the discussed issue. They are an expression of a deep reflection on the condition and position of a small nation in the specific conditions of a multinational federation, but also with reference to a wider (i.e. European and American) framework. The third part shows the Yugoslav background of discussions on Slovenian patriotism, which, in the rest of Yugoslavia in the 1980s, was considered nationalism shattering the federal unity. In the fourth part, the symbolic forms of “love for the homeland” in Slovenia (including those in tourism and sports) are cited, emphasizing their importance in the process of shaping the national awareness. The last part outlines the contemporary perception of Slovenian patriotism in the period of socialist Yugoslavia. The conclusion emphasizes, above all, the departure from patriotism based on the universalist ideology of socialism in favor of patriotism understood as love for the native land.

Les reportages du « Strapontin volant » en tant qu’exemple de la littérature mondiale en langue francaise. Le cas de Léon Kochnitzky

Author(s): Agnieszka Kukuryk / Language(s): French Issue: Sp. Iss./2022

This article focuses on the journalistic work of Léon Kochnitzky, who illustrates what has been called “Francophone literature” or more broadly, world literature in French. Our aim is to show that the reportages of this Belgian writer-traveler represent a unique dialogue between creativity and critical reflection, that his often poetic but also humorous chronicles are an excellent contribution to Francophonie. The landscapes he creates, through which cultures communicate with each other, will remind us that poetry lives from its openness to the world and history, and that the interaction between poet, world, and word is an excellent opportunity for mutual enrichment.

THREE MARKS OF THE INVOLUTION OF THE ROMANIAN DEMOCRACY IN THE EUROPEAN UNION

Author(s): Vasile Pleşca / Language(s): Romanian Issue: 26/2021

The contemporary liberal democracy starts from the premise that within the political act is the individual seen as a moral and rational human being. In the same time, a democracy is built on a consensual vision about society, a vision that sees the human society as an association that wants the mutual benefit, in order to have order and collaboration and not disorder and conflicts. Not least, democracy is built around a reasonable suspicion to any concentrated force of power that can manifest under any conditions and embodied in individuals, political or military group. All these lead to a triple speech: the one about the power of people is completed by the one about the pluralism, in the way that democracy is the political regime that promotes the competition between different groups of people. As the rule of people must operate so that anyone should have free access to power, the third speech aims at institutionalism, democracy being the political regime that has all the institutions that permit free access of everyone to power. This triple discourse is the key through which, in this study, three marks of the involution of the Romanian democracy are analyzed.

CONSIDERATIONS REGARDING THE APPLICATION OF THE AGRARIAN REFORM FROM 1945 IN FORMER IALOMITA COUNTY

Author(s): Paul Maximilian Anghel / Language(s): Romanian Issue: 26/2021

The agrarian reform of 1945, one of the first redistributive measures adopted by the new government led by Petru Groza, was a major political instrument to undermine the agrarian elites and expand the support base of the communists among the rural population. It was therefore a "revolutionary" reform, with a populist and even ethno-nationalist character, aimed at social rather than economic ends. This reform would prove illusory and ephemeral for the poor peasantry, being succeeded within a few years by the socialization policy of agriculture. Thus, from a political and programmatic point of view, the reform achieved its goal, leading to the abolition of large and medium-sized rural properties. This paper includes a case study on the implementation the agrarian reform of 1945 in the former Ialomița County, from the perspective of the administrative factors involved in the process. The analysis addresses the normative, institutional and administrative framework, as well as at the particularities in the process of applying the reform in the former Ialomița County, as revealed by the archive sources.

Конструиране на „етноскопична“ памет в Квебек. MRC на баските

Author(s): Laurier Turgeon / Language(s): Bulgarian Issue: 1/2004

Гоце Делчев – за революцията, насилието и за една вътрешна морална дилема

Author(s): Slavi Slavov / Language(s): Bulgarian Issue: 1/2022

Based on a specific case, Gotse Delchev’ s desire to expand, even at the cost of certain compromises, the organizational base and influence of IMARO is shown. Although the head of the Detachment Institute (the paramilitary structure of the Internal Organization), in his personal practice Delchev considered violence as a last resort and usually refrained from it. This significantly distinguishes him from the other combat leaders of IMARO.

Образът на Гоце Делчев в прозата на Яворов

Author(s): Tsvetan Rakyovski / Language(s): Bulgarian Issue: 1/2022

The article examines the image of Gotse Delchev in two books by Yavorov – the biography “Gotse Delchev” (1904) and the memoir “Haidushki kopneniya” (1909). The main idea is related to the change in language and narration from the first book to the second. Memoirs have artistic power – accordingly, the image of Gotse Delchev has a fictional value. This book of memoirs has a novel energy – both in terms of the construction of the images and in the way the artistic whole is composed.

Гоце Делчев и първите програмни документи на БМОРК/ТМОРО от 1896 г. и от 1902 г.

Author(s): Nikoleta Voynova / Language(s): Bulgarian Issue: 1/2022

The article analyzes the first program documents of IMARO (Internal Macedonian-Adrianople Revolutionary Organization) – the statutes and regulations of BMARC (Bulgarian Macedonian-Adrianople Revolutionary Committees) from 1896 and the statutes and regulations of SMARO (Secret Macedonian-Adrianople Revolutionary Organization)from 1902. Their continuity with the normative base of the Internal Revolutionary Organization (IRO) before the Liberation of Bulgaria (1878) and with the revolutionary formations in the period1878 – 1893 is examined. A parallel is also drawn with the Statutes of the Macedonian-Adrianople Organization (MAO) in the Principality of Bulgaria. The main emphasis is placed on the participation of Gotse Delchev in the preparation of the program documents of the Internal Organization, as well as his diverse activities during this period.