4.50 €
Preview
We kindly inform you that, as long as the subject affiliation of our 300.000+ articles is in progress, you might get unsufficient or no results on your third level or second level search. In this case, please broaden your search criteria.
In the 1990s and on the wave of the structural and democratic changes occurring in Poland, campaigns were conducted in areas with national and ethnic minority communities aimed at manifesting the identities of these groups in the public sphere. One of these displays was the success in introducing place names in minority languages on road signs. This was made officially possible by the 2005 law concerning national and ethnic minorities and regional languages. The article presents the course of the introduction of bilingual names in Opole Silesia region which represents the largest concentration of people of German origin. The paper also discusses the administrative work connected with this policy and the societal reactions accompanying this process. The text attempts to demonstrate the variety of attitudes held by residents of the region towards Polish-German place names (from full acceptance of dual naming via indifference to complete rejection).
More...
In 1922, when the Regulation defining the division of the land into districts was passed, the Bjelovar-Križevci County was the biggest and best-managed county in Croatia and Slavonia. Since 1886, it has grown around Bjelovar, which had, as soon as in 1776, been built by Empress Maria Theresa as the military centre of that part of Croatia. The division of the land into districts was not a simple process; it was only in 1927 that the district autonomy began its active operation following the formation of district councils and committees. The autonomy was supposed to help the state solve its difficulties in the field. The Belgrade authorities were not fond of the Bjelovar-Križevci County, since it was, in addition to being the most prosperous one, also the most rebellious; they therefore decided to divide this area between the Osijek and Zagreb districts. However, the Bjelovar tendencies did not disappear. On the contrary, this area became a strong link between Slavonia and Croatia in realising Radić’s idea of building a better life through autonomy in the districts where the majority of representatives had been members of the Peasant-Democratic Coalition, i.e. followers of Stjepan Radić’s and Svetozar Pribićević’s; in this regard, some of the councillors in both district councils had played rather important roles. The autonomies did, however, not last; a pity indeed, since Radić’s ideas regarding correlating in the economic, tourist, financial, educational and medical senses could have otherwise produced excellent results. Unfortunately, the end to it all had been put by the proclamation of dictatorship, so that never again could such favourable terms for the wishes of the people to be realised have been assured.
More...
In the course of the 19th century, the Czechs were intensely immigrating to the rural areas of the today’s Bjelovar-Bilogora County. Until the time of the First World War, organised cultural activity had – in those circles – been in its earliest beginnings. The first association of the Czechs was Češka beseda, which was formed in 1907 in Donji Daruvar. The cultural life of the Czechs in the area of the Bjelovar-Bilogora County became livelier between the two world wars; in that period, wherever they settled, the Czechs formed their national associations. The Czechoslovak institutions had financially supported such associations; the intention was to put an end to the assimilation process of the Czechs and the Slovaks in rural milieus. This was made possible thanks to the highest organisation – the Czechoslovak Union – formed in 1921, which took care of the cultural life of the Czechs and the Slovaks in the territory of the Kingdom of the Serbs, Croats and Slovenes. The Union was led mostly by Czech nationals, who were representatives of the Czechoslovak institutions and hence not adequately familiar with the life of the Czechs in rural milieus. In the Daruvar area, the beseda of Daruvar played the vital role in the forming of the Czech associations. The cultural life of the Czechs in the area of the today’s County had experienced many vagaries. In the period of the Independent State of Croatia, the cultural life was at a standstill, Czech associations and schools were not operating; nevertheless, this situation changed towards the end of the war. After the war, the rights of the national minorities were officially recognised from the level of the state. However, a problem occurred – a lack of domestic professional staff, since many Czech teachers had returned to their homeland before the war, and the rest remigrated together with more than five thousand Czechs from the territory of the then state. This situation became even worse after the Informbureau resolution of 1948, whereby any kind of assistance from Czechoslovakia regarding culture was withdrawn. In addition to its involvement concerning education, the Czechoslovak Union (today the Czech Union) has furthermore been encouraging the operation of the beseda associations, which foster various cultural activities: music, singing, folklore, theatre, etc. The Czech Union moreover supports the publishing activity, takes care of preserving the Czech historical sources, and helps to ensure optimal working conditions in all social environments in which beseda associations are active. Thanks to the state-level assistance from the Republic of Croatia and the Czech Republic, the cultural activities of the Czechs in Croatia have indeed flourished; thereby, the bilateral relations between the two sovereign states are continuously developed and enhanced.
More...
As early as at the beginning of the 18th century, the forestry service had – in various manners – been organised in the territory of the Croatian state; around the half of the same century, first forestry offices were formed as territorial organisations for forest management. After the abolition of the Varaždin Generalate in 1871, the Bjelovar County was formed; its existence – though having suffered several interruptions and changes – may be followed until the present day. The paper deals with the existence and development of organised forestry in that area in that period. In 1874, in the region encompassing Bilogora and Podravina, Đurđevac and Križevci property communes were formed, both seated in Bjelovar and carrying out forestry-related activities in an organised manner. From the angle of property relations and management-related obligations, during a century and a half almost, we may distinguish several organisational forms of competence over forests and forestland, i.e. organisational units of the forestry service, such as property communes, state-owned forests, private forests, private landed properties and land communities. During the said period, in the area of the Bjelovar-Bilogora County, there had been six various constitutional systems that introduced a great number of amendments to legal acts and changes regarding property relations. A further difficulty was the fact that during almost that entire period, the county borders (which had changed considerably throughout history) did not match the territorial organisation of the forest service. We may therefore speak of organised forestry in this region in the last 135 years, i.e. of the forestry of the Bjelovar-Bilogora County in its historical context. The operational forestry service developed in this area during a long period of time within and according to the boundaries of particular constitutional systems and the changes thereof. At the very beginning of organised forestry in the said region, the operational forestry service was organised depending upon the existence of Vojna krajina (the Croatian Military Border) in the area of that County. Thanks to the Croatian Forestry Society, formed more than 160 years ago, its journals (Trudovi, Šumarski list) and the College of Forestry in Križevci (founded in 1860), forestry in that County had managed to develop and preserve continuous scientific approach to forest management and the education and training of domestic foresters. The share of the forestry in the overall potentials of the Bjelovar-Bilogora County today is significant but still insufficiently exploited. The elements of continuity in the organisation of the forestry service in the said period are as follows: care for professional and permanent forest management, environmental consciousness and general usefulness, and involvement in the local social and economic development. Thanks to all the efforts made and field work done by generations of foresters from the whole of Croatia, i.e. from the said region as well, the forests have been preserved to a great extent, and are today considered being among the most natural and stable as well as best preserved ones in Europe.
More...
The military, and subsequently civic health care had been organised in the Bjelovar area since the mid 18th century, when the town of Bjelovar was founded, the Krajina regiments were inhabited, medical workers employed and the first hospital in Bjelovar opened (1782). The first midwives had been uneducated or self-educated (quack-) midwives, but this situation changed after the formation of the new military town of Bjelovar, when in the town and its surroundings, the midwifery was taken over by experienced and attested professionals. They were qualified for providing complete health care to pregnant and childbearing women, as well as to the newborns and their mothers in the whole territory, i.e. they performed regular child deliveries and a minor number of pathological ones. However, were an obstetrical intervention needed, either a doctor or an obstetrician would be called to perform the child delivery or the childbearing woman sent to hospital, in order for the necessary obstetrical operation (turn; embryotomy; forceps; Caesarean section) to be performed. The first maternity unit was opened at the Vila Marija private sanatorium in the 1930s, whilst the first hospital maternity ward was formed at the beginning of the Second World War. Doctors and obstetricians (magister obstetritiae) had performed pathological child deliveries and obstetrical interventions either at (a childbearing woman’s) home or at hospital. This had been the modus operandi of over 120 military and civic doctors and surgeons, active in Bjelovar during the 18th and 19th centuries, and of the first female obstetrician (at the beginning of the 19th century). Gynaecological operations (operations of malignancies and benign tumours; corrective vaginal operations; abortions on medical indication, etc.) and the Caesarean section started being performed in the early 20th century, when the first surgeon gynaecologists and obstetricians were employed at the hospital. Gynaecology patients, pregnant and childbearing women, as well as the newborns, had initially been admitted to the first and the second old hospital in Bjelovar to the women’s unit of the mixed ward, later to the surgical gynaecology ward (after the opening of the so-called new hospital building in 1924), and following to an independent gynaecology and obstetrics ward. The first residency in gynaecology began in the 1950s. In 1956, a separate gynaecology and obstetrics ward, headed by a surgeon gynaecologist, was formed. In 1958, the first specialist in gynaecology and obstetrics took over the ward, subsequently introducing many new techniques into the gynaecological and obstetrical operational programme, as well as the guiding principle of obstetrics into the delivery room. In the late 1950s, specialists and residents in gynaecology and obstetrics were employed. Consequently, the elevated level of professionalism was directly reflected upon the parameters of vital statistics.
More...
Thermal waters have had crucial influence upon the arrangement and development of gardens in Daruvar, since various types of green vegetation are always arranged around them as ornament. The first gardens in Daruvar had been arranged in the 3rd or 4th century A.D., during the Roman era. The Daruvar gardens have maintained continuity throughout that entire time period (Slavic shrines; cloister of mediaeval Benedictine abbey; the Turkish Ilidža; Baroque gardens in the 18th and 19th centuries; the gardens of today). In the 18th century, Count Antun Janković had two gardens arranged – health resort gardens in 1762, and 1771-1780, gardens around his Baroque castle. The health resort gardens in Daruvar are the oldest gardens of this type in the continental part of Croatia. Baroque-classicistic and landscape elements of garden architecture had been combined during several phases in order for the gardens to be arranged. On the turn between the 19th and 20th centuries, they were considered to be among the best known and the most beautiful health resort gardens in the state. The concept and the size of the gardens have been preserved until the present date. Court gardens are among the oldest gardens in Slavonia. They had been arranged by combining two styles of garden architecture – Baroque and landscape; the Baroque parterre in front of the castle is surrounded by landscape gardens. The gardens had been parcelled out on several occasions, so that today, they cover only one sixth of their original size. These are one of our rare historical gardens, in which elements of styles they had belonged to in the past are still present, as are several exempla of the types of herbs dating from the first years of the arrangement of those gardens. Among them is the male exemplum of Ginkgo biloba, which is protected as a monument of garden architecture. Other types of public greens accompany gardens as well. Among them, the most important are the Daruvar lines of trees.
More...
Until 1991, the most diverse ethnic groups in the Republic of Croatia lived in the area of Daruvar and its surroundings. Due to the Serbian aggression on Croatia and the Daruvar area, major ethnic changes occurred and the depopulation trend began. The majority of Serbs emigrated, whilst the exiled Croats from Kosovo (Letnica, Vitina) immigrated, mostly to the Đulovac Municipality, as well as did the Croatian refugees from the war-afflicted Northern Bosnia (the surroundings of Jajce, Prijedor and Banja Luka).
More...
The downfall of the communist system in Europe in 1989, during a peoples’ awakening of a kind, was very soon reflected upon the events occurring in Socialist Yugoslavia, where the Yugoslav Communist Union had, until that time, exercised absolute power. Under the pressure of the communist system having fallen down in Eastern Europe, the true power takeover happened in 1990, when – after the introduction of a multi-party system – the Communist Union disappeared from the Croatian political scene. Referring to and based upon articles from local newspapers, publications issued by political parties and other written sources, the author notes how hard the way to democracy had been and indicates to the emergence of political parties in the area of the then Bjelovar Municipality. The paper presents the election results in the Bjelovar area in detail.
More...
Czechs are one of the ethnic groups that have been present in the life of the town since its foundation. Czech soldiers, officials, craftsmen, and musicians moved into Bjelovar. The strongest trace Czechs left was in the music sphere, starting from father Hubert Diviš, a creator and organizer of the musical life in Bjelovar, Josef Mazánek, a conductor of the oldest singing society Dvojnice to Josef Bis and Emil Černy, two musicians whose compositions weren’t explored so their entire work cannot be entirely valued. Dr. Josip Vrana, one of the distinguished Slavists, tried to maintain and to promote the Czech language. Today’s presence of Czechs in the cultural life of Bjelovar is being observed mostly through the Czech culturalartistic society Česká obec Bjelovar, established in the year 1920.
More...
Here are mentioned some of the memories from the people who knew Professor Božidar Rogina. Then there is a short portrait of his life. He was born in 1901, in Ivanska, near Bjelovar, and died in 1967, in Zagreb. He graduated in 1923, from the Technical academy in Prague, and got his doctorate in 1931, from the Technical Faculty in Zagreb. He worked in the Sanitary Institute from 1925 to 1952, and the Faculty of Agriculture and Forestry from 1952 to 1959 and the independent Faculty of Agriculture from 1960 to 1967. Professor Rogina took part in the work of the Committee that in 1956 suggested the first organisation of the department for Food and Technology, at that time called The Faculty of Chemistry, Food, and Mining, but was renamed in 1957 to the Technological Faculty. He was engaged in analytical food chemistry and had published, apart from his professional works, and presentations, in total nine scientific professional works, three in the magazines Archive for Chemistry, and Pharmacy and Chemistry in Industry, and one in the magazine Zeitschrift für Untersuchung der Lebensmittel, Pharmaceutical Herald, and Analyst (London). Only the Analyst article about determining the small quantities of iodine was written in the English language and this article is the only one still quoted in literature, even though it was published in 1953. All articles, apart from one, were published while Rogina was still working in the Sanitary Institute. When he became a Professor at the Agricultural department, and at the Faculty, he was dedicated to lectures, to writing course material for students, to doing professional lectures and to cooperation with the industry. He taught at many schools and faculties. He taught chemistry, biochemistry, chemistry and technology of viands and the process of food engineering. His lectures were very interesting, he was very fair at his exams, and always held to his lectures and course material.
More...
Alojzije Fleischer’s arrival to Bjelovar (1802 – 1873) as the organist of the catholic parish church in Bjelovar (beginning of the 19th century) meant his inclusion into the first activities of the cultural development of this small Croatian town in the eastern territory of the then Austro-Hungarian Monarchy. Fleischer’s life is characterised with long, devoted and studious musical activity in the surroundings new to him for its nationality, mentality, customs, and climate. His activity as a conductor of a choir society, music teacher, promoter of many folk, popular, patriotic songs at the beginning of the Croatian National Revival was written down, and many of these songs were written in musical notebooks. The loyalty to his new country A. Fleischer transferred to his oldest son Gustav Fleischer (Bjelovar 1857 – 1913), who had finished chemistry at the Polytechnic Academy in Graz. G. Fleischer noted in many ways the development of cultural life in Bjelovar. For twenty years he was a Principal of Bjelovar’s Grammar school and he contributed, among other things, to the expansion of the grammar school to higher classes and to baccalaureate. He distinguished himself as an excellent teacher and through many published works. He translated from German two chemistry student class books and wrote several shorter instructions on how to study better. He was among the first to stand for “mutual education of boys and girls”, which was at that time an avant-garde concept, and he followed this idea with many published discussions. His contribution to archaeology, practical pharmacy, painting, composition, music, and etc. is of great importance. He distinguished himself in organisational activities as an initiator, cofounder, and long time chief editor of the local newspapers Bjelovarsko-Križevački Weekly. He was the conductor of Bjelovar’s choir society Dvojnice, he participated in the establishment of the school and hospital library and he helped the education of deprived students. One of his three daughters, Ida (1882 – 1915), distinguished herself as an amateur painter. Ida had two children (her daughter Vlasta and son Raoul). The two Gustav’s grandchildren, engineer Raoul Sabljak (1910-1975), the expert for the construction of hydro-electric power plants and engineer Aleksandar Johanides (1911 – 1990), the expert in chemical industry, left Bjelovar early, and both of them had great success in their professions in Croatia and abroad. From the Fleischer-Sabljak family two daughters of R. Sabljak (great-granddaughters of G. Fleischer) lived outside of Croatia. The one and only descendant of the Fleischer-Sabljak family in Croatia (the daughter of Vlasta Sabljak-Lisac) is dr. sc. Inga Lisac, who lives in Zagreb. In Bjelovar there still exists the tomb of the Fleischer family in the main alley of the old St. Andrew cemetery.
More...
The paper examines the repression of Bulgarian officers conducted by the Communist regime (1944–1989). The general focus is on the lives of two officers from the town of Samokov, located near Sofia. The first is Colonel Konstantin Chichev, who was placed in Samokov for several years and lost his life in the Pazardzhik prison. More information about his life and military career can be found in a book and a paper written by the author. The second is General Vladimir Taninchev, who had all his property and the property of his family confiscated by the Communist state. His son Hristo, an officer who fought in WW2, and his daughters Elena and Viara were also repressed. Their fate is an example of the mass processes against all found guilty by the new state and leading to a series of suicides after the communist coup of 09.09.1944, confiscation of private property for the sake of the state, trials and imprisonment in concentration camps or prisons. Even families and relatives of the officers were persecuted from 1944 till the end of the regime in 1989.
More...
In this paper we will handle the late antique fortresses that are present on the territory of Kratovo. Kratovo as a self-governing municipality consists of 31 villages. In general, villages can be divided into mountainous and lowlands. The exact number of fortresses can not be reliably established. This conclusion was obtained due to the fact that systematic archaeological research was not carried out in this region, and the initial information for a greater number of fortresses was obtained from the reconnoitations in the middle of the last century, performed on this territory. About the number of fortresses from late antiquity in Kratovo, it can be said that there are about 26, with the possibility of increasing this number. As one of the most well-known and best explored fortresses from the late antique period in the Kratovo region are: Veliko Gradiste locality in the village Konjuh, the Kula-Zdravej Kamen in the village of Schlegovo, the site Gradiste in the village of Sakulica, and the locality Vidim in the village of Kuklica. The most representative fortress of these 4 was the fortress in the village of Konjuh, which has a continuity of living from prehistoric times to the Middle Ages, and it has experienced its flowering in the Roman and Late Antique times. By the way, this site is well researched, ie, there have been systematic archaeological researches since 1998. Our goal is to make a list of all the foundations of Late Antiquity and military and neighborhoods, which are not so famous. In the Large number of represented fortresses in this region is related to two key things, i.e. with the ancient roads and ancient mining.
More...
The Gradishor-Mramor site is located 1.5 km to the south-east of the village Miletkovo placed on a large plateau that covers an area of about 2,5–3 hectares, directly on the right bank of the river Vardar, a location that is so similar to the site Vardarski Rid (ancient Gordynia) and other archaeological sites along the Vardar River. However, this site has spurred our interest in research because it is im¬mediately opposite the famous site Isar-Marvinci, through the river Vardar. In the special records of the immovable cultural heritage in the field of archeology in the Republic of North Macedonia, the site is registered as a settlement and a necropolis from the Hellenic-Roman period. In the literature, this location is potentially taken into account when locating the ancient city of Idomene, one of the cities that Thucydides lists along the valley of the Vardar River in the famous campaign of the Thracian military leader Sitalces in Macedonia in 429 BC and the attacks on several cities in Povardarie or ancient Amphaxitis (Idomenаe, Gordynia, Europos and Atalanta). In this text for the first time will be presented so far discovered material immovable and movable findings of this site, as material contributions for confirmation or not, on written historical sources, i.e. the settlement on the site of Gradishor-Mramor is an integral part of The city of Isar (a suburban villa or a villa rustica) or at the exact location of the ancient cities of Dober and Idomenae.
More...
In this article the picture of the Guardian Angel in Viduklė Church is analysed from different aspects. Using archival and historical documents, the history of the picture and its origin are reconstructed. Analysed material shows that the picture was painted in the third quarter of the 18th century, most likely in the seventh or eight decades of that century. In this article, seeking to educe the intricate ideological-iconographical programe of the picture, and also to define the artistic features and using various methods, the teological basis of the Guardian Angel was defined, and the development of the iconographical type and the image of the Guardian Angel in Baroque art were analysed. The picture of the Guardian Angel is valuable for its versatile, distinctive iconographical programme, which is harmoniously combined with the artistic expression and the text. In this picture we can see an artistic and ideological expression of Baroque art that allows the picture to join the ranks of the Baroque cultural heritage.
More...
In this article the picture of the Guardian Angel in Viduklė Church is analysed from different aspects. Using archival and historical documents, the history of the picture and its origin are reconstructed. Analysed material shows that the picture was painted in the third quarter of the 18th century, most likely in the seventh or eight decades of that century. In this article, seeking to educe the intricate ideological-iconographical programe of the picture, and also to define the artistic features and using various methods, the teological basis of the Guardian Angel was defined, and the development of the iconographical type and the image of the Guardian Angel in Baroque art were analysed. The picture of the Guardian Angel is valuable for its versatile, distinctive iconographical programe, which is harmoniously combined with the artistic expression and the text. In this picture we can see an artistic and ideological expression of Baroque art that allows the picture to join the ranks of the Baroque cultural heritage.
More...
This research focuses on those Gradec citizens who were elected to administrative functions since these were held by the richest and most distinguished citizens. They constituted the political elite of the city as there was only a thin line between the economic, social and political elites in Gradec. This paper deals with many aspects and elements that played a role in the formation of the urban elite, elements such as family ties, wealth, moral values, piety, education and membership of the nobility.
More...
The Lower Gran region accommodates a large number of polycultural sites from different historical periods, many of which we know only thanks to surface collections. In 2009, research was carried out for scientific and documentary purposes in the village Hronovce, part of Čajakovo, site Rúbaniská (Levice District). On the site were represented prehistoric (Stone Age, Bronze Age) as well as protohistoric finds (Roman period). The article refers to the protohistoric period, when a Germanic necropolis was located there from the end of the Early Roman period (stage B2, B2/C1). Three funeral urns were examined and many small artefacts (fibulae, buckles, weapons, belt components...) and fragments of undecorated and decorated pottery with various designs (barbotino, stamped decoration, toothed wheels, etc.) were discovered. The studied site in Hronovce confirms the intensive settlement of the Lower Gran region by the Quadi in the 2nd century AD, or more precisely at the time of the Marcomannic wars.
More...