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Wspomnienia bp. Adama Stanisława Krasińskiego: między rękopisem a publikacją

Wspomnienia bp. Adama Stanisława Krasińskiego: między rękopisem a publikacją

Author(s): Prašmantaitė Aldona / Language(s): Polish Issue: 1/2013

Biskup diecezji wileńskiej Adam Stanisław Krasiński (1810–1891) dał się poznać nie tylko jako aktywny hierarcha Kościoła katolickiego, ale też jako zaangażowany uczestnik ówczesnego życia kulturalnego i literackiego. Za niedostosowanie się do instrukcji generalnego gubernatora Michaiła Murawjowa nakazującej wydanie okólnika potępiającego powstanie styczniowe Krasiński na początku lata 1863 roku został zesłany do Wiatki (obecnie Kirow). Zwolniony z wygnania został w 1883 roku, ale bez prawa powrotu do swojej diecezji, dlatego osiadł w Krakowie.Krakowski okres życia biskupa z twórczego punktu widzenia było bardzo aktywny. Od młodości interesując się literaturą, przygotował słownik synonimów polskich. W Krakowie zaczął również pisać wspomnienia. Po raz pierwszy pamiętniki biskupa wileńskiego – Wspomnienia – napisane w ojczystym języku polskim ukazały się w 1900 roku w krakowskiej gazecie „Czas”. W tym samym roku 1900 (lub też na początku 1901), wydawnictwo „Czas” opublikowało je jako książkę w nakładzie 150 egzemplarzy. We wspomnieniach są bardzo ciekawe szczegóły z historii zakonu pijarów, o położeniu Kościoła katolickiego na ziemiach dawnej Rzeczypospolitej Obojga Narodów, które zostały zagarnięte przez imperium rosyjskie. Znajdujemy tam także wiadomości o literackich i intelektualnych realiach życia w Wilnie. Dwadzieścia lat wygnania opisał bardzo zwięźle, a życia w Krakowie po powrocie z wygnania nie wspomniał w ogóle.Artykuł pragnie zrekonstruować drogę Wspomnień biskupa wileńskiego od rękopisu do druku na początku wieku XX. Podczas odkrywania okoliczności tworzenia i publikowania Wspomnień ustalono, że w zbiorach Muzeum Narodowego w Krakowie od 1917 roku znajduje się nie rękopis Wspomnień Krasińskiego, lecz wersja redakcyjna złożona z fragmentów autografu. Należy przyjąć, że oryginalne Wspomnienia nie zachowały się. Stanisław Estreicher (1869–1939), profesor na Uniwersytecie Jagiellońskim w Krakowie i współpracownik dziennika „Czas”, zredagował rękopis. Niewątpliwe jest, że część pamiętników Krasińskiego była wśród rękopisów przewiezionych w 1927 roku z Muzeum Polskiego w Rapperswilu do Biblioteki Narodowej w Warszawie. Adnotacja dawnego rękopisu Krasińskich w Rapperswilu pozwala stwierdzić, że jeden z nich był częścią wspomnień biskupa o jego latach spędzonych na wygnaniu. Przygotowujący Wspomnienia Krasińskiego do publikacji w 1900 roku Stanisław Estreicher nic o rękopisie Krasińskiego w Rapperswilu nie wiedział. Kiedy i jak rękopis Krasińskiego dostał się do muzeum w Rapperswilu nie jest oczywiste. Rękopis Wspomnień Krasińskiego został przekazany do Warszawy w 1927 roku do zbiorów Biblioteki Narodowej, gdzie zniszczony został w czasie Powstania Warszawskiego. Nie ma danych, które wskazywałyby, że w przyszłości można by było ów ostatni rękopis (lub jego kopię) gdzieś odnaleźć. Geneza Wspomnień biskupa wileńskiego Adama Stanisława Krasińskiego, historia konserwacji rękopisu oraz jego przygotowania do publikacji kryją więcej niż jedną tylko zagadkę. / Bishop of Vilnius Diocese Adam Stanisław Krasiński (1810–1891) left a deep imprint not only as an active hierarch of the Roman Catholic Church, but also as an energetic participant of 19th c. cultural life, a man of letters. Not complying with the instruction of Governor General Michael Murav’ev to issue a circular condemning the 1863 uprising, Krasiński in the early summer of 1863 was exiled to Vyatka (now Kirov). Released from exile in 1883, without the right to return to his diocese, Krasiński settled in Krakow.The period of the life of the bishop in Krakow from a creative point of view was very productive. From his youth interested in literature, having also been a man of letters, the preparer of a dictionary of Polish synonyms, Krasiński while living in Krakow began to write memoirs. For the first time the Memoirs [Wspomnienia] of the Bishop of Vilnius written in his native Polish were published in 1900 in the newspaper „Czas”, and in the same year 1900 (or in early 1901) the „Czas” publishing house issued them as a book with a press run of 150 copies. In the Memoirs there are interesting details from the history of the Piarist order, about the situation of the Roman Catholic Church in the lands of the former Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth that after its collapse fell to the Russian Empire, and the literary and intellectual realities of life in Vilnius. The twenty years of exile are described very succinctly and the life in Krakow after returning from exile is not even mentioned at all.The paper reconstructs the path of the Vilnius Bishop’s memoirs from manuscript to printing at the beginning of the 20th c. While uncovering the circumstances of the writing and publishing of the Memoirs, it was determined that in the collections of the National Museum in Krakow since 1917 is stored not the manuscript of Krasiński ‘s memoirs, but its editorial version with fragments of the autograph. It is assumed that the original memoirs have not survived. Stanisław Estreicher (1869–1939), then a professor at the Jagiellonian University in Krakow and a contributor to the newspaper „Czas”, edited the manuscript. It is clear that part of Krasiński’s Memoirs were among the manuscripts transferred from the Polish Museum in Rapperswil to the National Library in Warsaw in 1927. The annotation of the former Krasiński manuscript in Rapperswil lets one declare that among them was the part of the bishop’s memoirs about his years spent in exile. The preparer of the Krasiński Memoirs for publication in 1900 Stanisław Estreicher did not know anything about the Krasiński ‘s memoirs manuscript in Rapperswil. When and how the Krasiński manuscripts arrived in the Rapperswil museum is unclear. The manuscript of Krasiński’s memoirs handed over to Warsaw in the 1920s ended up in the collections of the National Library destroyed during the war. There are no data that would suggest that the latter manuscript (or its copy) could be found in the future. The genesis of the memoirs of Vilnius Bishop Krasiński, the history of the manuscript’s preservation and its preparation for publication hide more than one riddle

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Społeczny wymiar funkcjonowania krakowskiego konwentu kamedułów

Społeczny wymiar funkcjonowania krakowskiego konwentu kamedułów

Author(s): Rafał Szczurowski / Language(s): English,Polish Issue: 1/2011

Urokliwe położenie, jak i okazałość klasztoru sprzyjały religijno-rekreacyjnemu natłokowi gości i w ogóle pragnieniom zobaczenia mniszej rzeczywistości, której forma była wielce misteryjna. Być może, gdyby nie decyzje fundatora eremu i kościoła na Srebrnej Górze, marszałka wielkiego koronnego Mikołaja Wolskiego, sprowadzeni przez niego w 1604 r. z Włoch kameduli mieliby pełniejszą sposobność do realizacji ideałów zakonnych. Marszałek Wolski, człowiek gruntownie wykształcony, znawca i miłośnik sztuki, sprawny dyplomata, lobbujący w kraju na rzecz Habsburgów, a zarazem zaufany Zygmunta III Wazy, uznał, łamiąc kamedulskie przepisy, iż asceza pustelników nie stała w sprzeczności z okazałością świątyni, którą im wystawił. Mnisi – pustelnicy ze Srebrnej Góry nie tylko współkształtowali (i nadal to czynią) dziedzictwo duchowe miejsca, na którym osiedli, ale także wpisali się lub byli wpisywani w jego dzieje społeczne. Dzieje eremu w podkrakowskich Bielanach potwierdzają, że jedynie umiejętne godzenie zakonnych ideałów z wymogami świata, opuszczanego dla pełniejszego zjednoczenia z Bogiem, wpływa na dobrą kondycję klasztoru.//The charming location and the magnitude of the monastery were conducive to the large number of guests, who came for religious reasons as well as for entertainment, and generally to observe the monastic life, the form of which was quite mysterious. Had it not been for the decisions of the founder of the hermitage at the Silver Mountain, Grand Crown Marshal Mikołaj Wolski, the Camaldolese he brought from Italy back in 1604 would have had greater opportunities for realizing their monastic ideals. Mikołaj Wolski, a thoroughly educated man, an art expert and enthusiast, an apt diplomat and a Polish lobbyist for the House of Habsburg, trusted by Sigismund III Vasa, came to the conclusion that the magnificence of the temple he had built did not go against the hermits' asceticism, thereby breaking the Camaldolese rules. Not only have the monks from the Silver Mountain (to this day) contributed to shaping the spiritual heritage of the place in which they settled, but also they played a part in its social history. The story of the hermitage in Bielany seconds the view that only skilful reconciliation of monastic ideals with the requirements of the world outside, abandoned to achieve a fuller unity with God, supports the good condition of the order.

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Kościół katolicki na Białorusi na przełomie XX i XXI wieku

Kościół katolicki na Białorusi na przełomie XX i XXI wieku

Author(s): Józef Dębiński / Language(s): Polish Issue: 1/2008

Artykuł omawia problematykę odrodzenia kościoła katolickiego na przełomie XX i XXI wieku, na szerokim tle historycznym. The article discusses the issues surrounding the revival of the Catholic Church at the turn of the 21st century against a broad historical background.

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Działalność polityczna Zbigniewa Oleśnickiego i polskiej hierarchi kościelnej w dobie tzw. burzy koronacyjnej

Działalność polityczna Zbigniewa Oleśnickiego i polskiej hierarchi kościelnej w dobie tzw. burzy koronacyjnej

Author(s): Tomasz Graff / Language(s): Polish Issue: 1/2008

Artykuł omawia działalność polityczną Zbigniewa Oleśnickiego i polskiej hierarchii kościelnej w dobie tzw. burzy koronacyjnej. The article outlines the political activity of Zbigniew Oleśnicki and the Polish church hierarchy in the era of the so-called 'coronation dispute

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Nowoczesne techniki analityczne źródłem informacji o dokumencie przeszłości na przykładzie analizy metalowych nici z piętnasto- i szesnastowiecznych aksamitów ze zbiorów skarbca katedralnego na Wawelu

Nowoczesne techniki analityczne źródłem informacji o dokumencie przeszłości na przykładzie analizy metalowych nici z piętnasto- i szesnastowiecznych aksamitów ze zbiorów skarbca katedralnego na Wawelu

Author(s): Natalia Krupa / Language(s): Polish Issue: 1/2008

Artykuł omawia analizy metalowych nici z piętnasto i szesnastowiecznych aksamitów ze zbiorów skarbca katedralnego na Wawelu. The article discusses the modern analytical techniques as a source of information on past documents as in the example of an analysis of metal threads from 15th and 16th century velvet from the collection of the Wawel Cathedral treasury

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Starania o uwolnienie kopii obrazu Matki Bożej Częstochowskiej z Jasnej Góry w okresie Nawiedzenia archidiecezji krakowskiej (1967-1968)

Starania o uwolnienie kopii obrazu Matki Bożej Częstochowskiej z Jasnej Góry w okresie Nawiedzenia archidiecezji krakowskiej (1967-1968)

Author(s): Ks. Mariusz Trąba / Language(s): Polish Issue: 1/2006

Peregrynacja kopii obrazu Matki Bożej Częstochowskiej była jednym z najważniejszych elementów wielkiego programu duszpasterskiego, który w związku z obchodami Tysiąclecia Chrztu Polski, ułożył i realizował prymas Polski kard. Stefan Wyszyński. W reakcji komunistyczne władze zablokowały możliwość peregrynacji obrazu.

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Ravenna tra Oriente e Occidente: stori e archeologia

Ravenna tra Oriente e Occidente: stori e archeologia

Author(s): Józef Cezary Kałużny / Language(s): Polish Issue: 1/2006

Recenzja: Ravenna tra Oriente e Occidente: stori e archeologia

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Prawda historyczna pod pręgierzem

Prawda historyczna pod pręgierzem

Author(s): Mieczysław Pater / Language(s): Polish Issue: 1/2006

Review: Dariusz Jerczyński, Dzieje narodu śląskiego. Prawdziwe dzieje ziem śląskich od średniowiecza do progu trzeciego tysiąclecia (Narodowa Oficyna Śląska, Górny Śląsk 2003).

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Paralelizm wartości ideowych, artystycznych i przestrzennych eremu OO. Kamedułów na Bielanach w Krakowie z pustelnią Karmelitów Bosych w Czernej do końca XVIII wieku

Paralelizm wartości ideowych, artystycznych i przestrzennych eremu OO. Kamedułów na Bielanach w Krakowie z pustelnią Karmelitów Bosych w Czernej do końca XVIII wieku

Author(s): Józef Benignus Wanat / Language(s): Polish Issue: 1/2005

The author shows the similarity of an ideological, artistic, and principle spectrum of an isolated Camaldolese monastery in Bielany, Krakow with an isolated Discalced Carmelites monastery in Czema in XVII and XVIII centuries. In 2005 passed 400 years from the arrival of the Camaldolites in Bielany in Krakow and also of the Discalced Carmelites on the grounds of Poland. A founder of the isolated Camaldolese monastery in Bielany was Nicholas Wolski (1549-1630), the court-marshal of the king Sigmund III Waza. Pope Clement VIII brought Camaldolese hermits to Krakow and built them a monastery. In 1604, this Pope sent Discalced Carmelite monks with the diplomatic and evangelical mission to Persia who on their way had to stop for a longer time in Krakow. Their stay, in 1605, bore a fruit with a first foundation of the isolated monastery in Krakow. Agnes from Tęczyński Firlej, voivode of Krakow, was a founder of the isolated Discalced Carmelites monastery in Czema, near Krzeszowice (1578-1644). She covered monastery construction expenses and all interior decorations. To support the hermits she gave them three hamlets: Siedlec, Paczółtowice with Dębnik and Zbik. The founders of these monasteries, in compliance with their will, were buried at the entrance of the church crypts so that entering people could pass over their graves. The lifestyle and religious exercises of the hermits in both monasteries were similar. Eremites through their constant prayer and atonement were imploring God’s mercy for the whole Motherland Przedmiotem tego artykułu jest koicydencja czasowa, historyczna, geograficzna oraz paralelizm wartości ideowych i artystycznych dwóch pustelni, usytuowanych w niedalekiej odległości od siebie, na malowniczym terenie Jury Krakowsko-Częstochowskiej, należących do Zakonu OO. Kamedułów na Bielanach i Karmelitów Bosych w Czernej.

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Twórczość malarza-kameduły o. Wincentego z Subbiaco w świetle najnowszych badań

Twórczość malarza-kameduły o. Wincentego z Subbiaco w świetle najnowszych badań

Author(s): Adam Małkiewicz / Language(s): Polish Issue: 1/2005

Artykuł przedstawia życie i twórczość malarza-kameduły o. Wincentego z Subbiaco w świetle najnowszych badań. W ostatnich latach Wenanty z Subiaco został ponownie odkryty - głównie dzięki Lucilli Conigliello - jako malarz o raczej wyrazistym stylu, mieszczący się w nurcie włoskiego caravaggionizmu, jako artysta, który w ramach kontrreformacyjnej ikonografii opracował program dostosowany do celów i potrzeb zakonu pustelniczego. A Camaldolese painter, Father Venanzio da Subiaco (around 1570-1659), was active in Poland from 1624 to 1632, when he stayed in the hermitages at Bielany, near Cracow, and at Rytwiany. His name has been familiar to Polish scholars since 1871 (L. Zarewicz), and in 1952 his first brief monograph was written by Witold Urbanowicz, devoted, however, merely to his achievements in Poland. The monograph was later supplemented and verified by other researchers (J. Z. Łoziński and T. Przypkowski, W Kret., A. Ryszkiewicz, A. Małkiewicz). Venanzio’s work accomplished in Italy remained iong unknown. It was only in 1995 that Lucilia Conigliello organized an exhibition in Poppi featuring 14 paintings by Venanty, which she discovered in a Camaldolese hermitage and coenobium in Camaldoli. In the catalogue she discussed his 34 Italian works. In a catalogue of another exhibition of the Baroque art in Castentino (Poppi 2001), Conigliello included a short monograph of the painter, presenting his art both from the Italian and Polish period. The aim of this paper is to present a critical overview of the present state of research on Venanzio. His art created prior to joining the Order in 1618 remains unknown. As a Camaldolese monk he worked almost entirely for the congregation and sporadically for people connected with it, which limited the iconography of his paintings to religious themes. The artist’s preserved works include three sets of mural painitng (Monte Rua, near Padua, Bielany, Rytwiany) and 50 oil paintings, 10 of which are in Polish monasteries. Their style bears influence of Caravaggio and is characterized by certain conservatism. The artist was also inspired by the paintings of great Renaissance masters, especially Titian, through the mediation of graphics. An important contribution of Venanzio was creating an iconographical canon of the Camaldolese church painting decoration, which was accomplished by the artist during his stay in Poland and transplanted in the churches o f the Order in Italy. He achieved this thanks to the pressure from the rich founders of the Polish monasteries, who demanded - contrary to monastic rules - to give churches a splendid architectural form and rich decoration.

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Pięć lat internowania. Biskup lubelski Marian Leon Fulman na plebanii kościoła kolegiackiego pw. św. Małgorzaty w Nowym Sączu (1940–1945)

Pięć lat internowania. Biskup lubelski Marian Leon Fulman na plebanii kościoła kolegiackiego pw. św. Małgorzaty w Nowym Sączu (1940–1945)

Author(s): Jarosław Roman Marczewski / Language(s): Polish Issue: 2/2015

Marian Leon Fulman był biskupem diecezji lubelskiej w latach 1918–1945. Gdy wybuchła druga wojna światowa został aresztowany przez Niemców pod fałszywym zarzutem posiadania broni. 27 listopada 1939 roku został skazany przez nazistowskie władze okupacyjne na karę śmierci. Karę tę zamieniono na ciężkie więzienie w Oranienburgu-Sachsenhausen. Biskup przebywał tam od 4 grudnia 1939 roku. Zapewne na skutek interwencji nuncjusza papieskiego w Berlinie bp Fulman został zwolniony z więzienia, ale nie pozwolono mu wrócić do Lublina. Został internowany w Nowym Sączu, gdzie od 25 lutego 1940 roku mieszkał na plebanii kościoła kolegiackiego pw. św. Małgorzaty. Miejscowy proboszcz ks. Roman Mazur przyjął go bardzo gościnnie. Biskup Fulman przez pięć lat kierował na odległość diecezją lubelską. Na plebanii miał do dyspozycji dwa pokoje. W jednym z nich została urządzona prywatna kaplica, gdzie biskup wyświęcił sekretnie 37 księży dla diecezji lubelskiej. W czasie internowania, 17 listopada 1943 roku, biskup obchodził jubileusz 25-lecia przyjęcia święceń biskupich. Z tej okazji otrzymał list gratulacyjny od papieża Piusa XII. W maju 1944 roku biskup uzyskał zgodę na powrót do swojej diecezji. Ze względu na podeszły wiek i zły stan zdrowia nie zdołał od razu rozpocząć powrotnej podróży. Wkrótce możliwość tę zablokowały działania na froncie wojennym. Opuścił Nowy Sącz dopiero 9 lutego 1945 roku. Umarł w Lublinie kilka miesięcy później. W 70. rocznicę tego wydarzenia odbyły się w Nowym Sączu uroczystości z udziałem arcybiskupa lubelskiego Stanisława Budzika i biskupa tarnowskiego Andrzeja Jeża. Na świadectwo pobytu bp. Fulmana w Nowym Sączu 9 lutego 2015 roku umieszczono wewnątrz budynku plebanii kościoła pw. św. Małgorzaty specjalną pamiątkową tablicę. Marian Leon Fulman was the bishop of the Lublin diocese in the years 1918–1945. When the Second World War broke out, he was arrested by the Nazis under the false accusations of possession of arms. On 27th November 1939 he was sentenced to death by the German authorities. The punishment was later changed into imprisonment in Oranienburg-Sachsenhausen. The Bishop remained there until 4th December 1939. Apparently thanks to the intervention by the papal nuncio in Berlin, Fulman was released from prison, yet not allowed to come back to Lublin. He was interned in Nowy Sącz, where he lived in the presbytery of the collegiate church of Saint Margaret until 25th February 1940. The local parish priest, Roman Mazur, welcomed him warmly. Bishop Fulman was the head of the Lublin diocese from a distance. He had two rooms at his disposal. In one of them he organized a private chapel, where he secretly ordained 37 priests for the Lublin diocese. During the period of his internment, on 17th November 1943, Fulman celebrated the 25th anniversary of his ordination as a bishop. On this occasion he received a letter of congratulation from the Pope Pius XII. In May 1944 the Bishop was granted permission to return to his diocese. Due to his old age and bad health he did not start the journey. Soon such a possibility was out of the question due to war activity on the front. It was not until 9th February 1945 that the Bishop left Nowy Sącz. He died in Lublin a few months later. The Archbishop of Lublin Stanisław Budzik and the Bishop of Tarnów Andrzej Jeż participated in the ceremony commemorating the 70th anniversary of the Fulman’s termination of the internment. On 9th February 2015 a special commemorative plaque was placed inside the presbytery of the collegiate church of Saint Margaret to commemorate Bishop Fulman’s stay in Nowy Sącz.

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Материали за търговията в натура из българските земи

Материали за търговията в натура из българските земи

Author(s): Miroslav Toshev / Language(s): Bulgarian Issue: 1/2017

This work presents the gathered primary material on the topic of the natural trade among Bulgarian lands through the second half of XIX and the first decades of XX century. It’s made a try for some primary conclusions regarding its distinctive features. I hope that the represented materials can serve for a good basis about further researches as the distant goal is to reveal in maximum detail the system of Bulgarian lands and to be used in the reconstruction of the economic models in the far way past.

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Стопанският възход на Казанлък през XV и XVI в.

Стопанският възход на Казанлък през XV и XVI в.

Author(s): Levent Kayapinar / Language(s): English Issue: 1/2017

The region containing the Kazanlak nahiye constitutes the Liva of Chirmen. Within this liva, there are the kazas (districts) of Chirmen, Yenice- i Zagara, Kazanlak, Yenice- i Chirpan, Haskioy and Tekirdag. The Chirmen region is incorporated by the Ottomans before 1370 along with Plovdiv and Zagara following the conquest of Adrianople. The settlement of Kazanlak isn’t recorded as such until 1421 when it was registered in appendix of the foundation charter of Sarucaoglu Umur Beg vakf. The date of the foundation charter was 1415, but its appendix was inserted in 1421. This paper focuses on the economic and demographic development of Kazanlak after 1415 until 1594. It is based on primary Ottoman sources. In the first land survey dated 1466, Pazarcik is recorded as the centre of Kazanlak. In this period, Kazanlak has the status of nahiye and twenty eight villages are attached to it. Moreover, in the centre of Kazanlak, there is a mosque, public bath, mill, caravanserai and two shopping places tied to the Umur Beg vakf. In that respect, it seems that Umur Beg vakf is among the primary elements which transformed the village into a town. In an Ottoman survey register dated to 1515, we also come across a bozahane in the settlement. It’s also noted that this bozahane’s income was enjoyed by Alparslan Bey of the Candaroglu family (who was established around Central Northern Anatolia), who was one of the first governors of Chirmen sancak. In 1530 Kazanlak is registered as a town and the kada of Kazanlak has an income rate of 35 akches a day. 804 Muslim houses (150 of whom lived in the kaza centre) of yoruk origin lived in the town centre and twenty villages of the kaza. Furthermore, there were also 360 Christian households in the Kazanlak. Christian households were located in Kechideresi, Akbash and Yassaviran villages. In the Okchular village, there were 37 kureci (miners) households and 38 houses of Aktav Tartars. There were also 38 households of cheltikcis (rice cultivators) in Elvanla and Yemishchi villages. Among the economic activities of Akchakanzalak villagers, we come across miners and rice farmers in general. In the 1541 survey, it becomes clear that four mahalles (quarters) had come into being in Kazanlak carrying the names Cami, Musalla, Ashaklar and Turkmen and they preserve their status also in the 1594 survey. In 1530, the total income of the Chirmen liva (which included Kazanlak) was 1 153 370 akches and 15% of it (117406) was provided by Kazanlak. This total was thanks to the production of wheat, barley, rye, cotton, orchards, fruits and rice along with the husbandry of animals such as sheep and pigs and bee-keeping. Commercial activities under this umbrella were mining and management of boza houses, mills and shops.

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Мукатаите и илтизамската система във Видинско през XVI в. като принос за стопанската история на региона

Мукатаите и илтизамската система във Видинско през XVI в. като принос за стопанската история на региона

Author(s): Ayşe Kayapınar / Language(s): Bulgarian Issue: 1/2017

The mukata’as were an important part of the productive and fiscal system of the Ottoman Empire in the fifteenth and sixteenth centuries. The Ottoman Empire employed the word mukata’a to designate parts of public revenue units (such as mines, rice paddles, salt marshes, workshops for soap making, candles, fishing grounds, etc.) that belonged to the state treasury and were operated by either government officials, called emins, or by granting concessions to private persons, Muslims or non-Muslims, appointed as amils. The difference between the two forms of management is the following: In the first case, the emin operated for the state and received remuneration, whereas in the second, the amil paid a fixed amount to the treasury in order to take over the iltizam (tax farm). During the first centuries of the Ottoman Empire, the management of the mukata’as in the name of the state through emins was more widespread as a mode of exploitation. But the monetary crisis of the second half of the sixteenth century in the Ottoman Empire obliged the state to look for new sources of income (particularly in cash) in order to provide funds for the state treasure. Therefore, the iltizam system gained importance and the role of the m?ltezim as a cash provider to the state treasury increased. In this study, the state incomes obtained by mukataa exploitation in the region of Vidin will be examined. The distribution of iltizams, their process of functioning and the contribution to the state treasury by the revenues of the tax farms and the m?ltezims themselves are among the topics to be explored.

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Стопанска характеристика на Троянския регион през XVI – XVII в.: традиционни поминъци и външни влияния (по данни на османски документи от периода)

Стопанска характеристика на Троянския регион през XVI – XVII в.: традиционни поминъци и външни влияния (по данни на османски документи от периода)

Author(s): Krasimira Moutafova / Language(s): Bulgarian Issue: 1/2017

On the basis of unpublished and partly published Ottoman register material from 16th and 17th century the focus of this study is concentrated on the economic development of Troyan and Troyan region during the first centuries under Ottoman rule. The monetary and natural components of the land rent, introduced by various in type and amount taxes in the detailed (mufassal) registers, reveal the whole range of crops and specific livelihoods of the population in settlements of the region. The comparative analysis of this compact information outlines several essential characteristics in their economic development. First of all – the indications of continuity from the time of the medieval Bulgarian state. On the second - the changes that occurred under the influence of the “new” Muslim inhabitants, including in the field of crafts. Third – the influence of local traditions on the economic activity of the Muslim population. The discussed Ottoman documents reveal a quite different economic characteristic of the region from the one imposed in the historiography, and especially in the local history studies, which hardly suggests the development of Troyan as one of the most important centers of craft production during the Revival and Post-liberation period.

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Първи бележки върху професионалната структура на християнското население на град Свищов в средата на XIX в.

Първи бележки върху професионалната структура на християнското население на град Свищов в средата на XIX в.

Author(s): Gergana Georgieva / Language(s): Bulgarian Issue: 1/2017

The article presents new information on the socio-economic development of Svishtov in the 19th c. extracted from unpublished Ottoman documents. In the 19th c. Svishtov developed as one of the main Danubian harbors in the Lower Danube which played crucial role in trade relations between Bulgarian lands, Wallachia and Central Europe. It is characterized by intensive economic progress, based mainly on trade and production of clothes and shoes. The new primary sources reveal details about its socio-economic structure. There was a high level of specialization of merchants – salt trade was one of its basic characteristics. It is also evident the predominance of the small scale merchandise. The land transport was as well presented as water transport. The relatively well-developed economy of Svishtov is presented also by the high annual income declared by the taxpayers.

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Професионална структура на тулчанското население през 40-те години на XIX в. (по данни от теметтуат дефтерите)

Професионална структура на тулчанското население през 40-те години на XIX в. (по данни от теметтуат дефтерите)

Author(s): Nikolay Todorov / Language(s): Bulgarian Issue: 1/2017

The present article aims at examining the occupational structure of the population of Tulcea in the 40s of the 19th century. Unpublished materials from the Ottoman Archives in Istanbul have been used, and in particular the Temettuat Register (Defter) with a signature ML.VRD.TMT.d 12755. The creation of the discussed Temettuat Defter coincides with the period of economic rise of Tulcea and the formation of the Bulgarian community in the city. During the examined period Tulcea established itself as an extremely multiethnic city, a feature of many of the commercial centers through the epoch. From the analysis of the document it is clear that the trade- domestic and foreign was prevailing in the economic development of Tulcea. The highest incomes were from the crafts engaged in that field. Tulcea provided the entrepreneurs of the epoch an untapped market with great opportunities. From its port goods were exported to craftsmen from a very wide region - North-eastern Bulgaria and the eastern parts of The Balkan Mountains.

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Сирашките каси в Османската империя – Трънската каса 1872 – 1875 г.

Сирашките каси в Османската империя – Трънската каса 1872 – 1875 г.

Author(s): Nadya Manolova-Nikolova / Language(s): Bulgarian Issue: 1/2017

The article aims to publish and analyze a valuable Ottoman document from 1872 to 1875. The document is kept in the State Archives of the town of Pernik. It represents an official register of loans granted by property for orphans. The register is the so-called Orphan's Fund in the town of Tran (today in Bulgaria), in the document – Iznebol . The creation of orphan's funds in between 60s and 70s of the ХІХ century was done by the reformers in the Danube Vilayet (Province) of the Ottoman Empire. Their set-up and importance is very poorly studied.

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Селското стопанство в Свищовската община в периода от Освобождението до края на ХІХ в.

Селското стопанство в Свищовската община в периода от Освобождението до края на ХІХ в.

Author(s): Emiliya Vacheva / Language(s): Bulgarian Issue: 1/2017

This article traces agriculture in the Svishtov municipality after the Liberation until the end of the 19th century. The paper is based on reports from official editions of collections, almanacs, a report, published statistical data, as well as on existing research on the issue. The agrarian transformations in Svishtov and the district are taken under consideration, the state policy on agriculture and its application in the municipality is analyzed, and the development of agriculture is outlined.

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За някои практики от дейността и контактите на български розотърговски фирми (1879 г. – края на XIX в.)

За някои практики от дейността и контактите на български розотърговски фирми (1879 г. – края на XIX в.)

Author(s): Momchil Marinov,Krasimir Krastev / Language(s): Bulgarian Issue: 1/2017

The last two decades of the 19 century are important and exponential period in the development of the Bulgarian rose producing industry. The main areas of exports for the rose products are formed - The US, England, France, Austria-Hungary, Russia and so on. Major Bulgarian rose trading companies are formed. Based on the numismatic material from the collection of “Iskra” Museum of history in Kazanlak and the accompanying data, the authors are trying to reconstruct the basic tendencies in the development of the Bulgarian rose producing industry in the period.

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