We kindly inform you that, as long as the subject affiliation of our 300.000+ articles is in progress, you might get unsufficient or no results on your third level or second level search. In this case, please broaden your search criteria.
Kilka uwag na marginesie ustaleń Józefa Maroszka
A quarter of a year ago the regional journal Białostocczyzna [Białystok Land], issued under the auspices of the Scientific Society in Białystok, there was published an article written by Józef Maroszek titled Sentimental Vocluse park near Białystok set up in 1767. The author of the publication put forward theses concerning not only the garden itself, but also Gotski House [Dom Gotski] situated in the park. Nowadays, there are no remains of the building erected over a spring which ejected water from below the house, nor after the whole garden complex referred to as Bażantarnia. Nevertheless, the pavilion seems to play a major role in the history of Polish art as it constituted the early sign of interest in Neo-Gothicism. Perhaps it would not make sense to some back to the old findings but for the fact that they have appeared in the Internet and are not free from mistakes: the castellan of Cracow Jan Klemens Branicki (1689–1771) had nothing to do with Dom Gotski in Bażantarnia, which was built many years after his death. Dom Gotski in Bażantarnia was constructed at the beginning of the second half of the 1780s upon the foundation of the widow of the Cracow castellan – Izabela Branicka née Poniatowska (1730–1808). The designer remains unknown, but the style of the work may indicate that the building was designed by the architect Szymon Bogumił Zuga (1733–1807), specializing in garden constructions. The idea of the Białystok park referred to the tradition connected with the retreat where the Italian poet Francesco Petrarka, the author of Sonnets for Laura used to spend his time. The analogy was found and exposed in the poem Na Wokluz, wody i dom gotski pod Białymstokiem by the Polish sentimental poet Franciszek Karpiński (1741–1825), who was a friend of Branicka’s and frequently visited the Versailles of Podlasie. Dom Gotski, which played the role of a bath, constituted a picturesque element of the garden complex. It was to be the temple of “thinking” allowing the thinker to reflect on the human condition. It was also the site of the homage to the benevolence of Izabela Branicka. The Neo-Gothic form of the building contributed to the popularization of this “ancient”, but at the same time modern style. It might affect the preferences of concrete people who had an opportunity to spend time in Białystok, the example of which are the drawing by Anna Potocka-Wąsowiczowa née Tyszkiewicz (1779–1867). The article written by Józef Maroszek, which was the main reason for starting the debate and formulating totally different theses, may constitute a model of how not to write a scientific article. The fact of the author’s referring to written and iconographic sources ostensibly gives it the reliability, but the conclusions made on the basis of cursorily read and examined sources reveal that all the conclusions were drawn not exactly on their grounds and were exclusively the subjective projection of the author’s vision. He did not make an effort to verify and compare documents, to analyse and confront facts, or to look closely at the people participating in the above mentioned event, which should be the foundation for any reliable research activity. The failure to follow the above mentioned rules led to a number of interpretation mistakes, which do not allow us to defend neither the details nor the general idea of the article.
More...
The classic administration of Prussian absolutism was the work of Friedrich Wilhelm I and his son Frederick II. The first one was its organizer, and the latter not only dealt with its organization, but also used it pragmatically in achieving his goals. One of such activities of Frederick II at the time of rebuilding the state after the Seven Years’ War was the creation of a deputation of war and treasury chambers, which were to relieve the war and treasury chambers in vast departments (provinces). Their prototype was the deputation in Gąbno (Gumbinnen), operating in the years 1724–1736 in the Lithuanian districts of the province of Prussia. Frederick II founded the first deputation in Koszalin in 1764 for the eastern district of the Pomeranian province (counties, estates, cities east of the Parsęta River). It was to deal with the improvement of the economic condition of Pomerania, which had been severely damaged during the Russian occupation during the war, and was also an economically neglected area. Other such facilities were created e.g. in Hamm (Mark – Westphalia), Stendal (Altmark) and Bydgoszcz (Noteć Oblast). The office in Koszalin – like every chamber and chamber deputation – operated on the basis of its own organizational instructions. Its tasks included the administration of the designated district; the police supervision; the economic development of the region; the administration of royal estates; tax administration along with public, sanitary and fire safety; construction in cities and in rural areas. In addition, the deputation dealt with court cases in the areas of police and tax, economy, administration and politics. Deputations, like chambers, were collegiate offices, where decisions were made at the meetings of the board consisting of the director, chamber advisors and tax advisors. Initially, the deputation board in Koszalin had 5 members, including the director Carl Wilhelm von Bessel. However, as early as 1771 the board consisted of 8 officials. The division of competences among officials was substantive and territorial, which was characteristic of war and treasury chambers. However, the office’s activity did not live up to the expectations, which was indicated shortly after the death of Frederick II by officials of the General Directory in Berlin, who submitted to Friedrich Wilhelm II a request to liquidate the Koszalin deputation and to incorporate the it again into the chamber in Szczecin. The deputation of the Military and Treasury Chamber in Koszalin ceased operations in May 1787. In time, the Prussian authorities also liquidated some of the other deputations of chambers, including the one in Stendal or Lingen, while the deputation in Hamm was transformed into an independent chamber.
More...
The article presents the diversity of directions of emigration from agriculture in Western Pomerania in the late 1920s. The source basis was a unique survey conducted by the West Pomeranian Chamber of Agriculture. It provided information on approximately 16 000 people participating in the escape from the countryside (Landflucht). The results of these studies have become of interest to the International Labor Office in Geneva and the International Institute of Agriculture in Rome. With the help of the Wrocław and cartographic taxonomy method, the author of the article set himself the goal of verifying the findings of Werner Jacobi. He considered the studied phenomenon at the level of land counties (Landkreise). He presented the factors shaping the clusters and spatial nature of the structures of directions of emigration, also indicating the similarities and differences in the development of the phenomenon within the regions of the Pomeranian province (Jacobi’s research unit in the whole region).
More...The Social Biography of Piotr Kisiel and Tymofiej Hurko
The aim of the article is to examine the most important forms of social activity of the petty and middle nobility of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania in the second half of the 16th century on the example of the unique life stories of two Vitebsk noblemen. The article discusses biographies of Piotr Kisiel and Tymofiej Hurka, who represented the Vitebsk district at the Sejm in 1569 and directly participated in the conclusion of the Union of Lublin. For a long time, the historiography discussed only the most influential participants of the sessions of this Sejm. However, ‘ordinary’ representatives of the wide group of nobles from the districts of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania also played their part in negotiations regarding the conclusion of the union. The aims, ideas, worldview, and values along with the personal experiences of those people directly affected their social and political position, and thus, to some extent, shaped the entire state. The author shows the influence of military and political events of the 1560s on the political activities of Piotr Kisiel and Tymofiej Hurka. The experience gained from the Livonian War influenced their attitude towards the union between the Grand Duchy of Lithuania and the Polish Crown in 1569. The investigations presented by the author show that significant transformations of the 1560s (reforms of the political system of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania, the creation of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth) gave the Kisiel and Hurka families the opportunity to actively participate in public life and allowed them to occupy a permanent place among the political elites of the Vitebsk district. The research results are based on various types of documentary sources, both published ones and manuscripts. The methodological basis of the analysis is the biographical method. The article emphasizes that detailed investigations of the biographies of ‘ordinary’ nobles opened new research perspectives in regard to the history of the noblemen of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania and the entire Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth.
More...
On the basis of unpublished material, periodicals, and printed matter as well as reference literature, this paper offers a reconstruction of a part of the biography of Dr Mirko Buić, a prominent personality of public life in Split between the world wars. Buić’s political orientation was unambiguously Yugoslav and pro-royalist, though he never actively participated on the political stage of interwar Split. In the professional sense, Buić left the deepest impression on the Chamber of Trades and Crafts in Split, where he acted as secretary from late 1924 to mid-1938, when he was appointed as the mayor of Split. For a short time, Buić served as the mayor of Split and the Minister of Physical Education of the Kingdom of Yugoslavia. Mirko Buić was the ban (governor) of the Littoral Banovina from September 1938 until the new administrative division of the Kingdom of Yugoslavia and the formation of the Banovina of Croatia were implemented following the Cvetković-Maček Agreement in August 1939. In addition to his professional work, Buić made a significant impression on the Sokol Society of Split, where he played a leading role through most of the interwar period.
More...
The 19th-century process of embourgeoisement triggered significant social stratification. Many people living in the 19th century benefited from the new career opportunities created by economic and social modernization. This study presents the story of a family whose male members only had the title of market town citizens, providing an uncertain legal status, at the beginning of the century. Then, by the end of it, they had risen to the national official elite. This change has taken place within two generations, but did not affect the entire family, but only one branch of it. The opportunity was provided by two channels: education and marriage. My study focuses on the latter. The study follows the life paths of three women – wives and mothers – from the Gallasy family, insofar as our sources go. Of these three marriages, it can only be said of the middle that it resulted in a happy life for the wife as well. The married parties came from the same social group in the first two cases, which made cohabitation relatively problem-free. More specifically, no source has survived to prove otherwise. In the third marriage, however, the young couple has come together from very far away from each other, as a result of which their cohabitation was not that harmonious. Unfortunately, despite the relative abundance of resources, we are not able to approach our female figures with sufficient thoroughness, as the writings about them are rarely from them personally. Today, the image of the female figures in the family can only be seen from the viewpoint of their husbands.
More...
Autor upozorava na vrijednost godišnjih pojedinačnih popisa podložničkih podavanja (quaderne). Ističe kako ih treba uvrstiti u nezaobilazne izvore za proučavanje povijesti Kastavštine u 17. i 18. stoljeću, uz dosad u povijesnim istraživanjima više korištene crkvene i notarske knjige.
More...
The early modern goldsmithery in Chojnice (Konitz) has so far been outside the main area of scholarly research. The search in archives and libraries conducted for the purposes of the article, as well as the analysis of preserved works crafted by local masters, has therefore brought a lot of new, previously unknown information on the subject. Chojnice is a typical, small centre of goldsmithery, which remained overshadowed by Gdansk, a powerful hub of crafts located nearby. For nearly whole of the eighteenth century only a single workshop operated in the town, and a new master usually appeared only after the death of his predecessor. The research yielded information about five goldsmiths operating in Chojnice in that century, as well as one apprentice who died before becoming a master. Nearly all of them were connected by various family ties. Only a few works of art created in the Chojnice workshops were identified, but they bear the signatures of only two masters who were active in the last third of the eighteenth century. Johann Friedrich Felsch I (1744–1808) made several items for the churches nearby: an incense boat in Chojnice, a monstrance in Bysław, a monstrance base in Wiele and a reliquary cross in Tuchola, as well as a set of six spoons, currently stored in the collection of the Malbork Castle Museum. It is worth noting that his works, apart from the master’s mark, bore a sign that proved he was a member of the guild of goldsmiths in Malbork. Johann Gottlieb Jantzen (1742–1772), Felsch’s brother-in-law, delivered a monstrance to the church in Jeleńcz (now in Tuchola), and a frame for the worshipped statue of the Blessed Virgin Mary to the Bernardine Church in Zamarte (now missing). All these items represent an average level of artistry, and show considerable dependence on the style developed by the masters from Gdansk, where both goldsmiths active in Chojnice studied their craft.
More...Social Reactions in Western Pomerania in Response to the Workers’ Revolt of 1970/1971 in Szczecin
The text is an analysis of the socio-political situation in Western Pomerania during the political crisis in the Polish People’s Republic at the turn of 1971. Szczecin lay in the heart of the workers’ protests, however, it was the events in Gdańsk that received the most spotlight at that time and later on. The article aims to gather and analyse information from primary sources on how the inhabitants of the country learned about social unrest in big cities, how they interpreted and commented on it, and how it all translated into social sentiments. Such an approach to the problem also provides an opportunity to carry out an analysis based on the dichotomy between the ‘core’ and ‘peripheral’ areas. This is possible due to the accessibility of appropriate primary sources, which in the examined cases are constituted mostly by the documentation gathered by the Security Service, so far used to a small extent. It should also be stressed that the documents on the events of December 1970 in the context of the country in Western Pomerania were rather scant. The analysis of the documentation demonstrates how important Szczecin and Gdańsk were for social sentiments in 1970 and 1971. The incidents in ‘core’ cities were closely observed, and the patterns of protesting were then copied by the country. The scale of those ‘peripheral’ protests was smaller, and they usually did not turn into street fights, but their impact was felt, heard and seen. The methods of protesting in the country involved distributing leaflets, making inscriptions, conversing on related topics and, above all, sharing a desire to bring about a socio-political change expressed by strikes and public protests. These occurrences showed how much the ‘peripheral’ areas were inspired by the ‘core’ ones. There is no doubt that December 1970 left a lasting mark on the memory of the inhabitants of the country in Western Pomerania.
More...
On the basis of preserved original wills and transcripts of wills, which can be found within the holdings of the City Government of the Free and Royal City of Osijek, this paper analyses wills, testators and testamentary legacies in unpublished wills of the Osijek population. The analysis comprises 86 wills written in Croatian in the period from 1809 and 1850. The focal point of the paper is the review of wills as source materials within the holdings of the City Government of the Free and Royal City of Osijek, the review of the structure of Osijek wills, the analysis of the numerical relation between male and female testators as well as the characteristics of the testators. As concerns the testamentary legacies, a list of those most represented in the wills is given, such as financial donations, real estate and material things.
More...Próby wyprowadzenia przedsiębiorstwa z kryzysu
Lloyd Bydgoski Inc. was the largest inland shipping company in Poland during the interwar period. It was established in 1891 on the foundations of a pre-existing German shipping company. After the end of the First World War, the development of the company accelerated through the use of the Bydgoszcz Canal and the timber port in Bydgoszcz. However, the transition from Prussian jurisdiction to the re-established Polish state caused considerable problems for the company. The aim of this article is to analyse and evaluate the management policy of Lloyd Bydgoski Inc. under new conditions, namely in the Second Polish Republic. As it turned out, almost throughout the entire interwar period, the company from Bydgoszcz was in serious financial trouble, which cannot be entirely accounted for by the world economic crisis of 1929–1933. This raises the question about the purpose of the company’s activity in the face of considerable financial losses. To conduct the analysis, various archival documents kept in the Central Archives of Modern Records in Warsaw and in the State Archives in Bydgoszcz, which have not been given sufficient consideration so far, were studied. It has been proven that the management of Lloyd Bydgoski Inc. took the right steps in the years 1926–1929, that is the only period when the company made a profit. The company from Bydgoszcz was forced to face two economic crises: global and internal. The latter was caused by incompetence and wastefulness on the part of the company’s management. The company survived until the outbreak of the Second World War. Unfortunately, the decline in importance of the Bydgoszcz Canal and Bydgoszcz itself in favour of Toruń meant that Lloyd Bydgoski Inc. did not manage to regain its former significance during the interwar period.
More...
The paper describes the trade activity of Russian merchants in Livonia (in the widest sense of the term, including Estonia), which was under the rule of Sweden and Poland in the 17th century and later only under the Swedish rule. The main purpose of Russian merchants in the beginning of the 17th century was Reval (Tallinn) and later Narva. They also visited Riga and much less Dorpat (today’s Tartu). The author was able to identify new evidence of this by working in the archives of Baltic cities. Shopping yards for Russian merchants were established in Riga, Narva and Dorpat, which served as living quarters and a place for storing and selling goods. Interesting information about this is provided by the accounts of German farm administrators in Narva and Derpt, which are analyzed in this article for the first time. Russian guests in Livonia were mainly middle and minor merchants, as well as representatives of the largest trading companies in Novgorod and Pskov, commissioners of the tsars and, on the other hand, artisans, peasants and fishermen. Their activities served the extensive European trade in linen, hemp, leather, fat and fur as the main Russian supplies. The Livonian inhabitants were also supplied with industrial and agricultural products. The number of visitors to Livonia from northwest Russia and beyond was significantly higher than the number of Livonian merchants trading in Novgorod, Pskov and Moscow.
More...
History of Muscovite estate shaping in «German towns» in 1550s–1580s is closely connected with Novgorod, Pskov, Rzheva Pustaya as servicemen communities. These servicemen were the source for new landowners in the lands taken by Muscovites to the West from Narova river. Only Rzheva Pustaya was more or less studied already. The paper is an attempt to generalize the data on number and personal content of «German towns» landowners (mostly on sources of 1582) and to study the issue of the significance of the experience of making estates in Livonian lands for the day-to-day culture of Muscovite servicemen. Geography of Russian landownership in Livonia is under consideration. Also the historiographical discussions of the reasons of Russian Livonia project fail is studied in the article. Special attention is paid to the issue of Muscovite landowners evacuation from Livonia after military defeats of 1580–1582. Record books of Rzheva Pustaya and Novgorod Vodskaya pyatina included notes of the towns and districts in Livonia that have been left by the landowners. Other record books of North-Western Muscovy only mention the new strata of servicemen «new landowners of German towns». Special groups of «Rugodiv and Juryev newly baptized [tartars]» and «Cossacks from Govye» were also separately mentioned in the record books. In the last period of Livonian War not only Livonia itself but also some border districts of former Novgorod land were left by Muscovites. In 1582–1583 the Moscow Government also took responsibility for the landowners from that lost districts. V. A. Arakcheev noted the order on the land security of those servicemen issued between January 23 and March 4, 1583. In early 1580s the landowners of «German towns» received estates in «abandoned lands». Later Court lands were spread between them.
More...
In researching the culture of sacred music (of the Roman Catholic Church, the major denomination) during the period of classicism on the territory of present-day Slovakia, we have reached a new stage of knowledge, enabling us by novel means to reassess the received image of how that culture was nurtured in our land. The new findings concern places where the musical art was cultivated (which can now be connected in the form of a musical network), musicians and musical families, the instrumentarium (organs and other instruments), and the repertoire. The creation of a musical network has been made possible by an exceptionally rich new factography with a powerful argumentative force, and also by a new typology based on criteria of a supremely musical nature (and secondarily, of a universal cultural nature). The decisive criterion was the character and level of performance practice, as applied in the given period.
More...
The village of Veľké Rovné (region of Považie), in north-western Slovakia, was originally one of those localities with a well-developed shepherd culture of the upland type. The first documents relating to a tinker craft in the village come from the 1820s. Later this village became a unique centre of the tinker trade, from which inhabitants went forth to practise their skills not only all over Slovakia but also in many other regions of Europe and overseas. Linked with the tinkers’ profession was a distinctive tinkers’ subculture, one component of which was traditional singing. The specific song repertoire associated with tinker craft is represented by a group of seven songs, which have been preserved in local memory in the village to the present day. This song group was taken as an object of analysis concerning the genesis of individual song types, style features as well as occasions for singing. In the all-Slovakian context this song group (as a whole) was not recorded in the older published sources, nor do the systematic studies of Slovak folk songs take account of it. The tinker songs belong to the category of occupational songs associated with traditional crafts.
More...
Eva Szórádová: Bratislavskí hudobní nástrojáriNitra : Univerzita Konštantína Filozofa v Nitre, 2019, 289 s. ISBN 978-80-558-1378-3
More...
Eva Krekovičová: Piesne a etnická identifikácia Slovákov v Maďarsku. Výskum z obdobia 1991 – 2017 Bratislava : Ústav etnológie a sociálnej antropológie SAV; Veda-vydavateľstvo SAV; v spolupráci s Výskumným ústavom Slovákov v Maďarsku, 2019, 263 s. ISBN 978-80-224-1698-6
More...
The press in the native language, an area of great importance for the ethnic identity of each nation, was an essential milestone in the life of the German speaking communities throughout Romania. It was the barometer that faithfully illustrated the wishes, hopes and expectations of this minority in the new constitutional framework. The press also revealed the image, the concerns and the ideological orientations of the population, but also the desired relations with the Romanian state authorities and the links with the German nation. The present article entitled “The Contribution of the Banat Swabians to the Development of Typography and the Press in the 18th and 19th Centuries” offers an overall picture of the most important stages in the evolution of the Banat products of the printing press. The article focuses on the political, social and financial difficulties of the German minority in Banat, as well as their outstanding achievements in the cultural and editorial field.
More...
Traditional songs and carols for the feast of the Epiphany (Three Magi) were sung during ritual processions with carol-singing as part of folk games, and also independently as procession songs. The Slovak repertoire from the oral tradition includes two different song types, which were associated exclusively with this feast and are widespread in most of the regions of Slovakia. In the text component, apart from individual sequences of the Three Magi story, there are also contaminations from further layers of the Christmas repertoire (secular carols and pastoral songs). The tunes have stylistic features which mark them out from the historical layers of traditional Slovak music culture. They are indicative of connections with an analogous repertoire from other regions of Central Europe on the one hand, and on the other hand with the repertoire from hymn books as a part of the written tradition.
More...