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In this paper, the author presents the new evidences on the life and beneficium (dotation) of Vid Ostojić-Marinić, the bishop of Krbava, who originated from the medieval Croatian nobility of the island of Korčula. Based on the archival sources, the author has depicted the beneficium of the last bishop of Krbava diocese, who was remembered in the local historiography of the 18th and 19th centuries as the constructor of the altar of St. James as well as of the pulpit in the cathedral in Korčula. As it was recorded in the medieval sources, Bishop Ostojić decided to construct the pulpit “in order to save his soul as well as the souls of his deceased, successors and heirs”. Bishop Vid Ostojić was a son of Ostoje Marinić, who was elected in 1403 as member of noble deputation of the community of Korčula to King Ladislas of Naples. The beneficium of Bishop Ostojić existed from 1456 to the end of the 19th century, more precisely to the 1894, when it was sold to Franko Ostojić, the bishop’s descendant, for the amount of 298 florins. Finally, for the first time, the coat of arms of the Bishop Ostojić from Blato as well as the family genealogy are presented in the paper. This coat of arms was made in the high quality renaissance workshop in the middle of the 15th century.
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Elongated and relatively strait the Humščak hill is the integral part of the relief of the south-western part of the Varaždin County that is the integral part of the micro-region northern of Breznički Hum. The landscape of this region is mostly composed of the hills and lower mountains with the average altitude between 150 and 300 meters. Although covered by the forest, the Humščak hill is dominant hill in the landscape and it straits from the east to west with the highest peak at 370 meters. This is an excellent strategical position with great control of the neighbouring areas and with plenitude of water resorts – all of this pinpointed the Humščak hill as a possible archaeological site. First artefacts were recovered from the surface layers in 2001, but the first archaeological probes were done in 2010, while full scale archaeological excavations started two years later. It was the footnote no. 406 in the Milan Kruhek’s book “Krajiške utvrde i obrana Hrvatskog kraljevstva tijekom 16. stoljeća”, in which the čardak on the Hum hill was mentioned, that brought the attention of the archaeologist, who conducted field surveying, archaeological probing, topographic and toponomastic analysis in order to define the possible position of the čardak on the Hum hill mentioned in the historical documents. During the two archaeological campaigns on the presumable location of the čardak, the remains of the architectural sets as well as numerous movable artefacts were found. In spite of the fact that excavated architectural remains are only fragmental, the author argues that these remains confirm that on that position the wooden object had existed. The excavated architectural remains were remains of the stone wall, the stone covered passage, the flooring made of daub as well as two holes in the ground used for the settling of the perpendicular wooden pillar. Among the movable artefacts, which are still not processed, there are numerous iron nails, the examples of the simple ceramics, the vast quantity of the plate stove tiles with square openings, as well as many other different types of stove tiles from the upper coronal of the stove. Furthermore, the various metal artefacts were also excavated such as lead bullets, horse equipment (ring for attaching the saddle), and horseshoe, hunting arrow, buckle and bronze fibula. Finally, the luxurious artefacts are rare, but two biconical glass bottles, as well as glazed decorated glasses and a piece of faience. The spectra of the artefacts very well fits in the everyday life of the 16th century guards that served on the Humščak hill during the 16th century.
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The upper town of the Knin castle is chronologically third complex on the St. Savior hill overlying of the modern city of Knin, as well as the core of the present day stronghold placed on the whole western part of the St. Savior hill. The oldest part of this stronghold were constructed no later than 950 and therefore the upper town of the Knin castle is one of the oldest medieval strongholds in Croatia. The upper town of Knin is developed mountain longitudinal noble castle which was thoroughly modified during the baroque period just to become artillery stronghold. It is place on the very northern edge of the Knin castle on the very long and strait ridge with the steep flanks, which is additionally separated from the rest of the hill by the broadside dike. The complex of the castellan’s residence is divided in two courts by the inner door. The southern court is smaller and lower, while the northern court is bigger and placed in the central part of the stronghold. In both of these courts there are several buildings of which the biggest are military barrack and the castellan’s house placed in the bigger court. Among the other existing buildings there are the remains of the old warehouse, than two large cisterns, powder warehouse, dungeons and the complex of the restrooms. The upper town of the Knin castle was defended by four rectangle and one circular semi-turret, but today only eastern and the upper town of the Knin castle semi-turret still exist. After the Venetian capture of Knin, during the period between 1688 and 1711, the former medieval and Ottoman upper town was transformed in baroque stronghold and incorporated in the complex of the Knin castle. During these construction work in the beginning of 18th century on the site of the southern turret the new fi ve-square cannon platform was built, while on the site of the north-eastern turret the new large prison house (Kalunerica) was constructed. Finally, the south-western turret was demolished in the period. In spite of the fact that the later baroque reconstruction had somewhat changed the original medieval upper town of the Knin castle, it remains one of the best preserved medieval defensive complex in Croatia.
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Pakrac castle was firstly mentioned in 1278 as castrum s. Joannis, and in that time it was ruled by frater Hugo, the preceptor of the Order of St. John. This castle had massive walls and impressive defensive turrets, and by the opinion of the experts it was constructed most likely in the 12th century. Although there are not so many historical records, one can argue that Pakrac castle was erected by the Templars. In the period from 1256 to 1260 there was even mint situated in it. The Pakrac castle was a part of the Priory of Vrana until this priory has been abolished in 1541. In that period it was governed by the most influential persons of the medieval Kingdom of Hungary-Croatia such as John of Paližna, the Talovac brothers, Nicholas of Zrin. This impressive stronghold had key role in the defense of the Croatian lands against the Ottoman raids, and later, when it was conquered, in the defense of the Ottoman Empire. After the liberation of the area from the Ottoman rule, Pakrac castle became the center of the Pakrac estate, and the castle itself was more used in the economic purposes than in the military ones. Nevertheless, military contingent stayed in the castle until 1750 when they moved into nearby Trenk’s castle. Hence, the Pakrac castle finally lost its military usage. In the later period the main building of the castle was residence of the bailiff of the Pakrac estate, while the turrets were used as the ice storage. In the end of 1877 the owner of the old castle became the Serbian Orthodox Parish of Pakrac, but for them the old castle had no purpose and it was left to decay. Even more, the new owner asked in 1909 for permission to demolish it, but it was postponed after the intervention of the Provincial Government. Nevertheless, it was partly demolished in 1922, just to be totally demolished in the following year.
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