Povijest najljepših otkrića i eksperimenata u fizici: od Aristotela do Higgsa

Author(s): Slavica Brkić / Language(s): Croatian Issue: 20/2015

The history of natural sciences reaches back to the distant past when man consciously started conveying knowledge and experiences to his descendants. In antiquity the research founded on experience was considered unworthy of man, while discoveries occurred accidentally. Physics, as a natural science, studies the objective reality existing independently on human consciousness. It is as a theoretical as experimental science, and it should be studied as such. How interesting is the historical development of experiments and discoveries, is shown by the editors of the American magazine “Physics World”, who in 2002 called their readers to give their vote for the most beautiful experiment in the history of physics. Some discoveries fascinate by the beauty of the idea, and some others by the importance for the development of physics. The development of historical ideas has a great educational importance for students for they have to understand that the development of physics is the work of people like them, rather than something developing outside of the space and time or exists by itself. In the last decades discoveries are not related to one man but rather to groups of scientists associated in collaborations working jointly on researches in specific areas of physics. In this paper we present the historical development of physics through interesting discoveries and experiments with the explanation why they found a place in our survey.

Polska proza galicyjska przed wojną i po wojnie

Author(s): Marek Wilczyński / Language(s): Polish Issue: 5/2015

Usually Schulz’s fiction is not interpreted with reference to the Holocaust and massive ethnic cleansing in East-Central Europe during World War II. The present paper is rooted in a belief that some of his later stories can actually be treated as “prophetic”when placed in a sequence consisting of the works by Schulz and other Polish writers from Galicia: Ida Fink, a Holocaust survivor, Zygmunt Haupt, an émigré in the United States, and Leopold Buczkowski, after the war in Poland. Schulz’s followers, at least ina chronological sense, seem to have been inspired by the metaphorical energy of hisfiction, though in the stories by Fink and Haupt, as well as the early novels by Buczkowski,the Schulzean metaphor is replaced by metonymy – a figure of death, and allegory – in Walter Benjamin’s terms, a post mortem mask of history stigmatized by violence. Arguably, Fink, Haupt, and Buczkowski recorded in their fiction the fulfillment of Schulz’s catastrophic prophecy.

„W kręgu swoich”: O świadomości ruskiej szlachty Wielkiego Księstwa Litewskiego w dobie Unii Lubelskiej (na przykładzie Filona Kmity Czarnobylskiego)

Author(s): Irina Koluzaeva / Language(s): English Issue: 5/2016

The main aim of this article is to reconstruct the Ruthenian nobleman’s (szlachcic) perception of “us” and “the sphere of familiarity” in the second half of the sixteenth century and to place him within his respective communities and social groups by analyzing successive levels of his identity. It seems to be particularly important to study ideas and awareness of the common representative of the Ruthenian political nation of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania, as scholars have so far been paying attention only to the notions of identity held by particular representatives of the elite, or else by intellectuals. Clientelist relationships of particular Ruthenian families, which are of crucial importance for reconstructing the complete image of the period, have not commonly been the subject of scientific research. The main thesis posited by this work is that the perception of one’s inner, familiar circle, of “us” as opposed to “them,” in the case of Ruthenian nobility was as multilevel as their national identity. To elucidate the posed questions, I am going to analyze Filon Kmita’s personal correspondence, his public, family and matrimonial relationships, the social practices he engaged in, and military and official environments to which he belonged. Such approach can help us not only to reconstruct the circle of relationships of this remarkable person but also to show how one of three primary nations of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth – the Ruthenians – was experienced from the perspective of one of its representatives.

Македонският въпрос в нова книга на полски автор. Rubacha, Jarostaw. Bulgaria na przelomie Х1Х i XX wieku. Bulgarskie metamorfozy w puЫikaciah Swiata Slowianskiego (1905-1914). Olsztyn, Wydawnictwo Uniwersytetu Warminsko-Mazurskiego, 2012, 585 s. Руб

Author(s): Todor Petrov / Language(s): Bulgarian Issue: 4/2013

Любомир Милетич - живот, отдаден на науката и родината

Author(s): Lilyana Vasileva / Language(s): Bulgarian Issue: 2/2013

The article presents the life and work of one of the most prominent Bulgarian linguists - Academician Lyubomir Miletich.

Refleksyjny podmiot w świecie społecznym. O paradygmacie i założeniach socjologii interpretacyjnej

Author(s): Elżbieta Hałas / Language(s): Polish Issue: 4/2016

The article analyses the use of Thomas Kuhn’s concept of paradigm in sociology, presented in the 20th century as a multiparadigm science. The unity of the so-called interpretive paradigm is questioned and the transformation of the interpretive orientations in sociology under the influence of postmodernism and critical praxis theory is analysed. The problems of the subject’s reflexivity and the intersubjectivity of the life-world, which have their roots in pragmatism and phenomenology, are discussed on the backdrop of new attempts to reconstruct systematic sociology.

Political development of The Communist Party of Czechoslovakia in Košice during the period of the Bolshevization (years 1924 – 1929)

Author(s): Milan Olejník / Language(s): English Issue: 1/2017

The submitted paper focuses on main events affecting the process of Bolshevization of the Czechoslovak Communist Party in Košice during years 1924 – 1929. The primary sources relevant to gaining information of the whole process are till now unpublished documents deposited in the State Archive in Košice, namely funds Košická župa and Policajné riaditeľstvo Košice. Development of political and personal situation in Košice communist organization is complemented by changes in the Communist Party of Czechoslovakia on state level and impact of these changes upon Košice branch. In a concise fashion are also probed interferences of the Communist International, which had a substantial impact upon developments if CPC as well as communist organization in Košice. The aim of the paper is also take into consideration a social situation in Košice and its impact on personal relations of exponents of CPC.

Российский правовед А.А. Башмаков о графе Н.П. Игнатьеве

Author(s): Ljudmila Gorina / Language(s): Russian Issue: 1/2014

The figure of Count N.P. Ignatiev as well as his impressive diplomatic career are well known to the specialists. The Russian scholar and legislator A.A. Bashmakov, however, needs a presentation primarily because as a close acquaintance of N.P. Ignatiev he published in 1916 the Notes of the Russian diplomat San-Stefano and After San-Stefanо together with his own, Bashmakov’s Addenda closely tied with the main text of the books. These Addenda are an interesting source about the history of the Eastern Crisis and about the diplomatic activity of Count N.P. Ignatiev. The author analyses in detail the question of ‘the diplomatic school of Ignatiev’, which is mentioned in the fundamental work of the American scholar McKenzie, but still requires further elucidation.

Observationes ako forma vedeckej komunikácie od stredoveku do 18. storočia

Author(s): Erika Juríková,Ladislav Tkáčik / Language(s): Slovak Issue: 1/2017

The reign Charles of Great introduced Latin as a universal language of scholars, so-called lingua franca. Latin kept this position until mid-19th century, because national languages got preference. However, Latin’s domain has lasted until today in certain fields of study in turns of terminology. This paper focuses on the phenomenon of observations across natural and social-economic circumstances. The term observationes originated in Medieval time and it’s derived from Latin verb observare – to observe, to monitor, to keep, to maintain. This labeling can be found in the area of philosophy, secular and monastic life, astronomics remarks, travel reports and natural sciences including medicine as well as law.

Book reviews

Author(s): Ana Filip,Iuliu-Marius Morariu,Grigore-Toma Someşan ,Raluca Uilean-Isciuc,Isabella Harţuche,Silviu-Constantin Nedelcu / Language(s): English,Romanian Issue: 12/2018

Those are the book reviews of the 12th issue of "Astra Salvensis" journal.

The Getic Messengers to Zalmoxis, the Faith in Immortality and the Death of the Widows

Author(s): Dobriela Kotova / Language(s): English Issue: 23-24/2017

The paper turns again to the well-known and extensively commented narrative by Herodotus about the faith of the Getae in their immortality, about the anthropodaimon Zalmoxis and about the periodic dispatching of a messenger to him. Attention is focused on the link between that evidence and the information in Herodotus about the killing of the beloved widow over the grave of the deceased husband among the Thracians who dwelled above the Crestonaeans, as well as with the statement by Stephanus Byzantius about a similar practice among the Getae. The evidence is analysed in the light of the universal historical phenomenon of following into death when someone is killed so as to follow someone else in the World Beyond. The analysis gives grounds to believe that traces of the ritual known as following into death in its institutional form are concealed behind the intricate story about the god/ man Zalmoxis, his cult among the Getae and their beliefs. Among the Getae it was of a markedly religious character, based on the strong faith in the supernatural/ divine existence of the dead in the World Beyond, in their influence on and direct interference in the course of life in this world and a clearly manifested cult of the ancestors.

MAGIC AND WITCHCRAFT IN THE GREEK BIBLE: LEXICAL ASPECTS

Author(s): Dimitar Iliev / Language(s): English Issue: 1/2019

The article deals with the history of the usage of several Greek terms from the lexical field of μάγος and μαγεία. It follows their occurrences from the earliest attestations in classical Greek literature up to the New Testament as well as in the translational texts of the Septuagint. The terms are examined in contrast with some other semantically related notions such as γόης. In the case of LXX, the relation of the translational Greek to some of the original Aramaic and Hebrew terms is briefly discussed. Conclusions are made as to the degree of pejorative load in μάγος and its derivatives and their relation to notions in the semantic field of ‚religion‘, to the extent that the latter can be clearly delineated in Greek culture. It is also observed how the system of concepts in the field of magic and witchcraft changed with the expansion of Greek culture in Hellenistic times as well as with the advent of Christianity.

Recenzija: Prve rudarske stavke na Slovenskem (1883—1923)

Author(s): Jurij Perovšek / Language(s): Slovenian Issue: 1-2/1986

The review of: Franc Rozman, Miroslav Stiplovšek: Prve rudarske stavke na Slovenskem (1883—1923), Delavska enotnost, Ljubljana 1983, 89 str.

»Vzajemnost« in »Svoboda« ter gibanje za žensko enakopravnost

Author(s): Janko Liška / Language(s): Slovenian Issue: 1-2/1973

The treatise describes the activities of the women's branch of the General Labour Union »Vzajemnost« and its successor »Svoboda«, and the echo reflected in the socialist press.

Recenzija: Der Widerstand der Kommunistichen Partei Österreichs gegen Hitler von 1938 bis 1945; Ferlieferhof

Author(s): Tone Zorn / Language(s): Slovenian Issue: 1-2/1969

The review of: -Magdalene Koch, Der Widerstand der Kommunistichen Partei Österreichs gegen Hitler von 1938 bis 1945. Neobjavljena disertacija na dunajski filozofski fakulteti, 1964. -Hans Janschitz, Ferlieferhof. Ein Bericht iiber die amtlichen Untersuchungen der Masenmorde in der Schiessstate Ferlieferhof. Graz (1946), 74 strani.

Permanențe și priorități în cercetarea aeronautică românească

Author(s): Constantin Olivotto / Language(s): Romanian Issue: 1/2019

The paper presents a history of Romanian aeronautics. Going beyond the pioneering period of the famous designers of Romanian aircraft (Traian Vuia, Aurel Vlaicu and Henri Coandă), we subsequently enter into other areas - hydroplanes, helicopters. Not long after the end of the First World War, in Brasov, the production of the most well-known and performing aircraft at that time - IAR-80, an intense participant in the clashes during the Second World War, began. After the War, the production was halt and then resumed in 1968, but previously (1949-1968), the university research in this domain was significant. The new model, IAR-93 has received permanent support, being set up several new production units, but some decisions of forced assimilation of some benchmarks were not good. After 1990, the realization of this plane ceased, being physically destroyed a series of almost new devices. In the second part of the paper, the problem of pilot training and the development of training aircraft is addressed. The article ends with an overview of the aerodynamic tunnels made and used in the Romanian aeronautical research activity.

Ploi artificiale în anul de secetă 1942 (realizate sub control official)

Author(s): Ștefania Mărăcineanu,Dănuț Șerban / Language(s): Romanian Issue: 1/2019

We commemorate 75 years since the disappearance of the famous Romanian researcher Ștefania Mărăcineanu, name with strong resonance in the evolution of Romanian science, subject of strong controversies regarding the contributions made in the discovery of artificial radioactivity, and not a few times in the core of jokes about the possibility of causing rain using radioactive salts. However, her primacy in the field of Romanian research in atomic physics remains unchallenged. Single, without descendants, her entire life was devoted to science.

Un secol de electronică în România (II): Electronica profesională

Author(s): Nona MILLEA,Ion Constantinescu / Language(s): Romanian Issue: 1/2019

The article presents the development of professional electronics, created to implement the technologies needed to modernize and increase the efficiency of the Romanian industry and economy, following the model of the advanced countries of the time. At the beginning, research institutes for Electrotechnics and Automation were set up, and since 1966 the first institutes and enterprises for professional electronics have been set up at MICM - the Ministry of Machine Building Industry: ICE - Institute for Electronic Research and IEMI - Enterprise of Measuring & Industrial Devices, followed by other units associated with them. In 1971, the Priority Program for Electronics and Related Fields was launched, which set development directions and electronics tasks in the first decade of application, mainly for MICM units that served the entire national economy. It should be noted that in those years departmental research was a highly applied one, including design too. The first part of the article presents the research in the field of professional electronics in ICE, finalized with prototypes produced at the main manufacturer, IEMI, and also the ICE microproduction activity. In the second part, entitled Applied Electronics, the professional electronics produced in the main units where their specific activity was strongly related to electronics is presented, namely: a) IFA / IFIN - Institute of Physics and Nuclear Engineering associated with FAN – Nuclear Apparatus Factory, for nuclear electronics; b) IFA and CFT – Iasi, Technical Center for magnetometry; c) ICEMENERG for power electronics; d) RomanianRadio and Television, for electronics related to reception and broadcasting processes, etc.

Raskid, revanš i kaos (osvrt na pokret iz studenog - prosinca 2018.)

Author(s): Jean-Pierre Le Goff / Language(s): Croatian Issue: 24/2019

Analitičari i povjesničari nisu propustili naglasiti: pobune i revolucije obilježile su povijest Francuske, i »žuti prsluci« upisuju se u tu dugu tradiciju. Spominju se čas žakerije u srednjem vijeku, čas Francuska revolucija, Srpanjska revolucija 1830„ lipanjski ustanak 1848. ili Pariška komuna, kao i nemiri 1934„ poujadistički pokret pedesetih godina te svibanj '68. Ma koliko bili ilustrativni ti povijesni primjeri, mogli bi nas navesti na pomisao da događaji iz studenog – prosinca 2018. ne predstavljaju ništa posebno novo. Ipak, pobuna »žutih prsluka« sve je iznenadila. Da parafraziramo Marxa, buknula je kao grom iz prividno vedra neba ponad jedne moguće sretne mondijalizacije, pod uvjetom da joj svatko prinese poneku žrtvu. [...]

U prvom licu

Author(s): Alain Finkielkraut / Language(s): Croatian Issue: 24/2019

Na samom početku bio je konformizam. U svibnju 1968., kao i većini onih koje su - s nježnošću u kojoj se već naziralo poštovanje - počeli nazivati »mladima«, preplavio me, a zatim ponio val. Vikao sam u povorkama, odvažno sam se bunio, trčao dok ne bih izgubio dah; u prvim sam nastupima birao vokabular koji mi je još u travnju bio stran; kao i svi drugi, počeo sam upotrebljavati riječ »drug«, podredio sam se tom periodu upravo svojom pobunom protiv raznih oblika autoriteta. Odbacivao sam modele starog svijeta da bih što vjernije oponašao svoje vršnjake. Prekinuo sam s tradicijom i opredijelio se za nepokorivost, u toplom okrilju gomile. I u svojem sam žaru otišao dotle da sam htio preteći struju, pa sam nekoliko godina bio aktivist nalijevo od ljevice. Odatle sam ukoravao mlakonje, a nisam se izlagao gnjevu revolucionarnog nad-ja. [...]