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Úloha viery v sociálnom zápase na príklade pastierskeho listu slovenských biskupov z novembra 1924

Author(s): Róbert Arpáš / Language(s): Slovak Issue: 2/2018

The social movement that developed in Slovakia after the end of the Great War succeeded in capturing the left-wing parties - Social Democracy and the Communist Party. In particular, communists in the ideological struggle did not hesitate to use the alleged parallels of communist ideas with Christianity. Thanks to this tactic, they were also successful among religious populations. Therefore, efforts to establish Christian-oriented trade unions in Slovakia were not too successful. Thus, in November 1924, through the Pastoral Letter, the Slovak bishops entered the conflict and watched with concern the rising anticlerical movement in Czechoslovakia.

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The historical micro-narrative as an Instrument in the formation of collective identity and memory. The symbolic and ideological dimension of the visit of Štúr’s group to Ján Hollý at Dobrá Voda

Author(s): Peter Macho / Language(s): English Issue: 5/2018

The study analyses the structural elements of the story of the visit of Štúr and two of his followers to the poet Ján Hollý. The meeting of representatives of the Protestant and Catholic intelligentsia in 1843 was a key moment in the Slovak national historical narrative. It symbolizes national unity overcoming confessional limitations. The author studies this story as part of the nationalist repertoire, pointing to its use for the needs of national ideology.

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Slovenská autonomistická mládež proti československej jednote

Author(s): Róbert Arpáš / Language(s): Slovak Issue: 1/2019

The Czechoslovak Republic was constructed as the nation state of the “Czechoslovak nation”. This was expressed on the ideological level by promotion of the theory of so-called Czechoslovakism. In spite of its vague formulation, it contributed to the Slovaks not being recognized as a nation in the Czechoslovak Republic. This was opposed by the autonomist camp, which had the political aims of gaining recognition of the Slovaks as a nation and obtaining political autonomy for Slovakia. The failure of the autonomists to achieve their aims led to the radicalization of their movement in the 1930s. Activation of the younger generation significantly contributed to this. The statements of its representatives on the idea of Czechoslovak unity were substantially sharper. In contrast to the older generation, the autonomist youth already unambiguously declared that they did not regard Slovak autonomy as the final aim of their movement. They did not hesitate to cast doubt on the shared Czechoslovak statehood. Their absolute rejection of Czechoslovak unity, also on the level of Czechoslovak statehood can be considered the most significant difference in the generation gap among the autonomists in relation to the ideological conception of Czechoslovakism.

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Why Fanzines? Perspectives, Topics and Limits in Research on Central Eastern Europe

Author(s): Karel Šima,Miroslav Michela / Language(s): English Issue: 1/2020

While we strive to develop existing research on fanzines in Central and Eastern Europe (CEE), this article provides an introduction to the discussion about of fanzines and the specific historical contexts of CEE. This thematic issue aims to open a debate about CEE subcultures and alternative-press practices in the context of the relationship between the local and the global in contemporary history. With the cross-disciplinary view in this issue and the comparative view in the forthcoming issue we want to open up questions that go beyond the mainstream discourses in history and cultural heritage studies in CEE. The forming of a critical public, which often took place on the pages of fanzines, is reflected in the alternative narratives that undermine well-established stories of late socialism and post-socialism in CEE. Alternative scenes played a significant role in the transformation of CEE societies in recent decades, and their impact can be traced in the political and cultural debates of societies at large. Thus, research on fanzines can offer new insights from a “history from below” perspective. This article provides an overview of fanzine research and highlights three important contexts of fanzine analysis: the first is based on the interaction between creators, recipients, and their networks; the second highlights the special economic considerations of fanzine production and distribution; and the third focuses on the specific nature of the visuality and content of fanzines. We also discuss cultural transfer both between East and West and within the CEE.

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Trupi në pikturën e realizmit socialist: Shprehje fantazish, ankthesh, dëshirash

Author(s): Sofia Kalo / Language(s): Albanian Issue: 2/2019

This essay analyzes how the human body has been represented in Albanian visual art during state socialism (1944-1991). By referring to specific art works from the period, I argue that artistic representations of the body may be treated as a site for witnessing what the socialist system expected from people and hoped for itself, including its stances on human behavior, the collective, and the individual.

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Objective Facts, Consensus Opinions and the Study of Slovak Panslavism

Author(s): Alexander Maxwell / Language(s): English Issue: 4/2023

This article is a response to a discussion by Svorad Zavarský, who criticized the author's previous article on Slovak Panslavism and the historiographical misrepresentation of Kollár and Štúr. The author argues that Zavarský's positivist approach is inappropriate for historical research because it introduces anachronism and ignores the social constructivist theories of nationalism. The author also defends his use of the original nineteenth-century terminology and his analysis of the linguistic taxonomies of Šafařík, Kollár and Štúr. The author concludes that Zavarský's comments reflect his unfamiliarity with the social and political context of the early nineteenth century Habsburg monarchy and the rhetorical choices of the Panslavist thinkers.

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La voix de la girouette: The French Connections of John Thelwall’s Elocutionary Theory

Author(s): Judith Thompson / Language(s): English Issue: 68/2024

This article is drawn from the first full biography (in progress) of John Thelwall, the foremost radical orator and leading theorist, teacher and therapist of speech in the British Romantic period. Focusing on his little-known travels in France in 1814-1818, it explores his relationship with two philosophes he met there: the Abbé Sicard, who ran the famous École des Sourds-Muets (School for the Deaf and Dumb), and Amaury Duval, a founder of the groundbreaking journal La Décade Philosophique. Revaluing and adapting to Thelwall a derogatory term often applied to these men (girouette, or weathercock), it compares their strategic uses of the language of action to navigate political change from the revolutionary to the post-revolutionary periods. It relates Thelwall’s oral theory and practice to French materialist theories of body and mind, to orthophonie (or logopaedia) and to prosody (modern “therapoetics”) and highlights three defining features of orality he shares with Sicard and Duval – materialism, mobility and multivalence – which unite Thelwall’s political and elocutionary careers.

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“Inspiration’s darling child”: The Romantic Ode

Author(s): Paul Hamilton / Language(s): English Issue: 68/2024

The ode is usually an explicitly public utterance, but one which revises public expectations of its subject-matter, thus drawing attention to the individual originality of its author. It is simultaneously a highly formalised genre and one fundamentally aspirational in its ambitions. Pindaric, Horatian and Anacreontic models help shape many odes written in the Romantic period, but the aspirational idiom tends to predominate, making the poems frequently about their own license, typically Romantic exercises in poetic reflexivity. My discussion looks at poems by Wordsworth, Coleridge, Moore, Hölderlin and Leopardi to compare rhetorical tactics by which Romantic odes visibly take on the conflicted task of formally exploring a response to their subject exceeding received expectations. Their pursuit of the exorbitant is here argued to be another example of post-Kantian exploitation of the philosophic legitimacy Kant granted the aesthetic to express what we might feel about things beyond our power to conceptualise them. Poets considered here use odes to envisage freedoms they desire – national, political and personal. In Romantic poetry, though, the realization of these visions becomes conspicuously literary, involving a shift from the subject described to the medium claiming to treat it with such originality. While the ode’s all-encompassing writing furnishes political encouragement, it can also, as in Hölderlin’s case, worryingly produce aesthetic excellence at the expense of personal coherence.

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Чому сьогодні є запит на шістдесятників

Author(s): Olha Petrenko-Tseunova / Language(s): Ukrainian Issue: 03/2024

The resurgence of interest in the 1960s Ukrainian cultural movement, known as the Sixtiers, is evident in the recent popularity of exhibitions, films, and books. This movement, characterized by its defiance against Soviet oppression and its embrace of Ukrainian identity, resonates strongly today. The exhibition “Alla Horska. Borivyter” in Kyiv attracted nearly 51,000 visitors, highlighting the enduring appeal of Horska’s work and the broader Sixtiers’ legacy. The movement’s emphasis on rediscovering Ukrainian cultural heritage and fostering a sense of national pride is particularly relevant in the context of ongoing conflict. The Sixtiers’ commitment to artistic and intellectual freedom, as well as their solidarity in the face of repression, offers valuable lessons for contemporary society. Their legacy continues to inspire new generations, underscoring the importance of cultural resilience and the fight for national identity.

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Žít v různých světech

Author(s): Volodymyr Yermolenko / Language(s): Czech Issue: 02/2024

In times of world collapse, individuals are left to confront their dual nature, both angelic and demonic. The extraordinary Ukrainian linguist and literary critic Jurij Šerech-Ševeľov recounts a wartime episode where, despite lacking proper documentation, he received unexpected help from a young, naive Viennese policeman. This act of kindness, defying both wartime and peacetime logic, highlights the profound human capacity for compassion amidst chaos. Similarly, Russian philosopher Fjodor Stepun viewed the Bolshevik revolution as a demonic imitation of good, reflecting on the monumental yet misguided efforts of Lenin. Both Šerech and Stepun, along with many others, experienced the dramatic shifts of their times, witnessing the death of old worlds and the birth of new ones. These periods of upheaval, while causing personal suffering, also fostered intellectual and spiritual growth. Living through multiple epochs, from the Soviet Union's collapse to the rise of new democracies, has given Ukrainians a unique perspective on the multiplicity of worlds. This experience contrasts with the more stable lives of those in wealthier nations, who may understand different worlds intellectually but not experientially. The tension between different worlds within a single lifetime can spark new ideas and innovations, as true understanding often arises from the cracks between established systems.

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„Wie eine verzweifelte Löwin“ Ein bisher unbekanntes Gedicht auf die Eroberung Konstantinopels im Jahr 1204

Author(s): Andreas Rhoby / Language(s): German Issue: 1-2/2024

The article discusses a previously unpublished short poem, written in hexameter, about the capture of Constantinople in 1204. This poem appears to be the only literary work solely dedicated to this event, while other sources incorporate it into a broader narrative. It is preserved in two manuscripts (Vindobonensis Theologicus Graecus 304 and Athous Dionysiou 280), although neither manuscript contains the complete text. The author of the poem might be Nicephorus Blemmydes. The article provides an overview of the manuscript tradition, a critical edition of the text, a German translation, and a commentary on both the content of the poem and relevant philological issues.

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Mind, Intellect, and Thought(s): Noetic Terms in the Greek Monastic Literature and their Reception in the Medieval South Slavonic Translations

Author(s): Ivan P. Petrov / Language(s): English Issue: 1-2/2024

The aim of this paper is to investigate the Medieval (South) Slavonic reception of Greek vocabulary relating to certain noetic terms (i.e. ‘mind’, ‘intellect’, ‘thought’). This lexical layer was particularly important for parts of the Patristic literature such as the monastic writings. Its diachronic semantic development is interesting not only because it relates to anthropological understandings of the human being, but also because of its relations to classical and post-classical Greek thought and its reception in the Christian milieu. The paper tries to outline the reception of these ideas through their translation in Old Church Slavonic from the 10th and 11th centuries, and then in the later period. As a beginning, a short diachronic overview of the semantics of each of the researched lexical units is provided. Then, the Slavonic equivalents are presented first in the most ancient Cyrillo-Methodian translations, then those accomplished in the First Bulgarian State, and finally the translation decisions attested in the texts of the later period, 13th–14th centuries.

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Greek Philosophical and Logical Terms in the 10th c. Preslav Translations

Author(s): Ivan Christov / Language(s): English Issue: 1-2/2024

The article examines the translation of Byzantine texts with logical content in the Preslav School in the 9th and 10th centuries. The way in which 90 Greek terms are rendered, referring to the ontological foundations of logic and above all those with a specific logical meaning, is studied. Slavonic equivalents related to terms in proposition and their hierarchy, propositions themselves as bearers of truth and falsity, logical operations, syllogism and definition are put to examination. There was no norm at that time and the Preslav translators put immense effort to render these most complex and unusual texts. Completely understandable under these circumstances they were not always consistent in word usage. That is why the Preslav translators used 204 Slavonic words and word combinations thus more than doubling (226%) the terminology of translation. A comparison is made of the practice of translation within the school and sceptical remarks are made about the existence of a unified, preconceived and agreed upon register of terms in it. The grounds for this are that out of 42 logical terms in John the Exarch, only 16 match those in the Miscellany of Tzar Simeon and out of 57 terms in the Constantine of Preslav’s translation of the orations against the arians by Athanasius of Alexandria, also only 16 match those in the Miscellany of Tzar Simeon and in the translations by John the Exarch. The article also studies the question of the persistence of the tradition and compares the first translations of the 9th and 10th centuries with those of the “Dialectic” by John Damascene and the “Areopagitics” in the 14th c. It is concluded that the Serbian translators of the 14th c. were quite independent from their Preslav predecessors using only 59 of their terms (29%) and have introduced 138 new ways of rendering the Greek originals. This testifies to the limited uniformity of Slavonic philosophical tradition through the centuries. Therefore, the applicability of Preslav translation forms today needs a conscious appreciation and balanced approach. In this way it can be recognized and properly appreciated.

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Die Konzepte „Seele“ und „Energie“ in der Vita des Konstantin-Kyrill

Author(s): Thomas Daiber / Language(s): German Issue: 1-2/2024

Philosophical-theological views of St. Constantine-Cyrill have always attracted scholarly interest. Most authors pointed to Constantine-Cyrill’s veneration of St. Gregory of Nazianzus and concluded from the works of his teachers at Constantinople’s Magnaura on the presumable foundations of Constantine-Cyrill’s thinking. In this article the author aims to take another route by examining the argumentative status of two central theological terms in the Vita of Constantine-Cyrill. The Vita consists mainly of reports regarding Constatine-Cyrill’s debates with different interlocutors. The article focuses on the centrality of the Orthodox key term “energeia” in Constantine-Cyrill’s definition of philosophical thinking, identifies a hitherto overlooked quotation from Plotin, and outlines the complex “energeia – soul – body” as the (neo-platonistic) context for Constantine-Cyrill’s reasoning about human perceptive organs.

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Truth or Fiction: Bohumila Zástěrová’s Contribution to the Perception of Early Slavs and Other Barbarians in Byzantine Sources: A Tribute to the Author on the Occasion of Her 110th Birth Anniversary

Author(s): Pavla Gkantzios Drápelová / Language(s): English Issue: 1-2/2024

The year 2025 marks the 110th anniversary of the birth of Bohumila Zástěrová (1915–1987), a distinguished Byzantinist who left an indelible mark on Czechoslovak Byzantine Studies. An alumna of the Charles University in Prague and a pupil of the renowned historian and Byzantinist Milada Paulová, Zástěrová served as the editor-in-chief of Byzantinoslavica from 1975 until her death in 1987. Her leadership and scholarly contributions during this period significantly shaped the journal and the field of Byzantine studies in Czechoslovakia. Although nearly forty years elapsed since her death, Bohumila Zástěrová’s name remains highly esteemed among Czech students of Late Antiquity and Byzantium. She led the scholarly team responsible for the seminal publication Dějiny Byzance (History of Byzantium), which was published after her death in 1992. Her legacy is thus indelibly tied to this pioneering and comprehensive work on Byzantine history, the first of its kind in the Czech environment. This landmark publication, which brought together the leading experts in Czechoslovak Byzantine Studies of the time, continues to serve as a primary reference to Czech scholars and students seeking to deepen their understanding of the Eastern Roman Empire’s history and legacy.

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The History and Development of Modern Pharmacognosy in Ukraine: The National University of Pharmacy, Kharkiv

Author(s): Alla Kovalyova,Tetiana Ilina,Olga Goryacha,Andriy Grytsyk,Ain Raal,Oleh Koshovyi / Language(s): English Issue: 2/2024

This historical essay presents an analysis of the origins and development of modern pharmacognosy in Ukraine and explores the founding and development of the Department of Pharmacognosy at the National University of Pharmacy (NUPh, Kharkiv), providing an overview of the department`s history, a framework of its educational and methodological processes, primary research directions, and its main achievements. The paper also includes biographical data and outlines the main scientific and pedagogical achievements of prominent individuals who made a significant contribution to the development and formation of pharmacognostic and pharmaceutical science and education in Ukraine. Over the years, the staff of the pharmacognosy department has authored and published 14 monographs, 8 standard training programs, 25 textbooks, practical guides, and training manuals, 47 lecture notes, and 103 educational and methodological developments. Furthermore, 16 doctoral and 77 candidate theses have been defended at the Department of Pharmacognosy. The staff has also secured 63 author’s certificates and 171 patents, and published about 1,050 articles, 1,060 abstracts, and 16 monographs. In addition, the department has developed numerous medicinal products and therapeutic as well as preventive items that have been introduced into medical practice. These achievements create a solid background for the department’s fruitful development and future success.

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Trends in the Applied Profiling of Research Institutes in Vilnius in 1945–1965

Author(s): Romualdas Juzefovičius / Language(s): English Issue: 2/2024

Based on archival documents and published sources, the article attempts to identify and evaluate the main features of the process of establishing applied research institutes and organising their activities in Vilnius during the first two postwar decades. This period marked the formation of the institutes’ organisational structure and formulation of the main directions of their activities. The developments of this period in the history of the research institutes can be attributed primarily to the efforts of the academic community in Vilnius to mobilise the scientific potential that had survived the postwar years and to plan research that was more relevant to the Lithuanian context at a time of strict Soviet ideologisation and regulation of activities. In postwar Vilnius, applied research and studies were first initiated at the institutes of the then Health Commissariat. The postwar situation also meant that the research institutes established in Vilnius under the Academy of Sciences focused on applied and natural sciences. The structure and specialisation of these institutions was based on the organisational model of the Academy of Sciences of the Soviet Union. However, the aim in Lithuania was to align research as much as possible to the needs of the region and to upgrade the qualifications of young Lithuanian scientists. The sources and published data discussed in this article reveal that the further specialisation of the main applied and theoretical research areas, pursued at the institutes of the Academy of Sciences, took place between 1956 and 1965.

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The Being of Science in Al-Farabi’s Philosophy

Author(s): Peeter Müürsepp,Aslan Azerbayev,Gulzhikhan Nurysheva / Language(s): English Issue: 2/2024

The purpose of the article is to identify the forms of being of science in the philosophy of the Muslim thinker Abū Naṣr Muhammad al-Fārābī, who lived in the 9th–10th centuries. In this regard, the article first addresses the problem of the origin of science. The enumeration of sciences is manifested in al-Farabi’s research as “divine science,” that is, metaphysics and individual sciences, with a Muslim specificity. Science as a process of cognition is an ascent from the imperfect to the perfect. The First Cause (the First Being) of everything is the absolute perfection. It is also a deity and the “cause” of the origin of sciences. The comprehensive encyclopedism of al-Farabi’s predetermined science is a kind of worldview. In this context, he distinguished between the science of language, logic, mathematics, physics, metaphysics, and civil science, which explains the essence of real happiness. Only members of the ideal community (“the inhabitants of a virtuous city”) are able to achieve happiness. Therefore, the study of sciences in totality creates the respective “virtuous” worldview. Science as a cognitive activity forms an intellectual and moral category of “elites” whose mission is enlightenment. Morality is the foundation of intelligence. Thus, the problem of being of science in al-Farabi’s philosophy is undeniably relevant in the framework of Enlightenment 2.0.

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The Story of Jacob Bolotin (1888–1924), the First Blind Physician

Author(s): Michele Mele / Language(s): English Issue: 2/2024

Born in Chicago in 1888 to a family of Polish immigrants, Jacob Bolotin is a remarkable figure in the history of science. Despite being born completely blind and the many challenges he had to face in his youth, he managed to become a sought-after medical professional, an excellent pulmonologist, and the first blind physician in history. His story and activities remain highly inspirational today, as they convey a powerful message about the importance of an inclusive environment and the potential of people with low or no sight.

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In Memoriam: Professor Yurii Duplenko

Author(s): Vira Gamaliia,Kostiantyn K. Vasyliev,Borys Vasylkivskyi / Language(s): English Issue: 2/2024

In Memoriam: Professor Yurii Duplenko (1935–2024)

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