„Si rex non essem, Jesuita essem” – kwestie wyznaniowe w kontekście polityki wewnętrznej i zewnętrznej Stefana Batorego w mowach gratulacyjnych Andrzeja Patrycego Nideckiego

Author(s): Robert Mileszczyk / Language(s): Polish Issue: 1/2022

The aim of the dissertation is to present Stephen Báthory’s stance on religious issues and the organization of religious life in Livonia (Inflanty) in the light of pressure exerted on the king by various political factions and religious elites with often opposing concepts regarding the future of the territory annexed to the Commonwealth after the Treaty of Yam-Zapolsky. This goal will be achieved through the analysis of three congratulatory speeches delivered by Andrzej Patrycy Nidecki in the presence of the king in November 1579', January 1581, and August 1582.

Alkoholizm jako problem społeczny w świetle kilku poufnych sprawozdań przygotowanych na posiedzenie Biura Politycznego KC PZPR, 28 lipca 1987 r.

Author(s): Agnieszka Kozińska / Language(s): Polish Issue: Suplement/2023

Alcohol abuse was one of the most serious social problems in Poland, mainly throughout the period of the People’s Republic of Poland. It caused a threat of social pathologies and was a significant criminogenic factor. Therefore, the activities of the authorities were aimed not only at prosecuting and punishing crimes committed under the infl uence of alcohol, but also at their prevention. Confidential reports prepared for the government outlined the scale of the problem and proposals for improvement.

Rozważania wokół (nie)dopuszczalności przedłużenia kadencji organów samorządu terytorialnego

Author(s): Agata Pyrzyńska / Language(s): Polish Issue: 2/2023

The aim of the article is to analyze the legitimacy and legal admissibility of the adoption of the Act of 29 September 2022 on the extension of the term of office of local government units. In the act, the legislator extended the term of office of local government bodies by half a year, in order to avoid the overlapping of two election processes in 2023 (local and parliamentary elections). The paper analyzes the arguments in favor of separating the two electoral processes and those which, from the constitutional and legal point of view, contradict the legislative actions taken. In particular, the aim will be to verify whether the measure adopted by the legislator was appropriate. In order to implement the above-mentioned assumptions, the work uses the formal and legal method and analyzes the achievements of jurisprudence and doctrine. To the extent necessary, the empirical method was also used (in particular in terms of identifying threats that could result from the overlapping of local government and parliamentary elections in 2023).

Sprawozdanie z realizacji projektu badawczego pt. „Crises and democracy: the long-term impacts of COVID-19 on V4 countries’ electoral systems”

Author(s): Monika Florczak-Wątor,Grzegorz Kuca / Language(s): Polish Issue: 2/2023

LIBERTÀ, IDEA DI PATRIA E INDIPENDENZA NAZIONALE. L’IMMAGINE DEI POPOLI SLAVI MERIDIONALI NEGLI SCRITTI DI GIUSEPPE MAZZINI

Author(s): Giulia Baselica / Language(s): Italian Issue: 28/2023

Between the end of the 1830s and the beginning of the 1860s, the condition of the Southern Slavs was thoroughly analysed by Giuseppe Mazzini, who strongly believed in a necessary and close connection between the aspiration for unity and independence of peoples subject to foreign domination and the founding principle of nationality. Mazzini's ideas, which originated from his general pro-European vision and, in particular, from his specific interest in the history and expression of the individual Southern Slavic cultures, focused, especially in the 1850s, on the role of the Russian Empire. This paper aims to compare, as far as the Southern Slavic question is concerned, Mazzini's political vision, with reference to his writings, in particular the "Slavic Letters" with the debate animated by Russian Panslavism through the writings by contemporary Russian historians, such as Aleksandr Pypin and Michail Pogodin.

Strategie rozwoju samorządu w kontekście rozwoju zrównoważonego i zintegrowanego na przykładzie Górnośląsko-Zagłębiowskiej Metropolii

Author(s): Ewa Kozień,Łukasz Rosicki / Language(s): Polish Issue: 93/2023

The principles of intra- and intergenerational justice, which are intended to ensure the development not only of the present but also of future generations, are the basis of the new development paradigm. Formulated in such an overall way, the new paradigm of development in various fields of science is explained, interpreted and realized. In the current academic literature, the new paradigm of development is embodied by the idea of sustainable development, which is equated with ecological development, integrated development, and others. Both sustainable and integrated thinking in the context of the new development paradigm is an important part of the development strategies of international organizations, states, and local governments at the regional level. The issue of sustainable and integrated development seems particularly relevant at the level of local governments which are responsible for the implementation of socially relevant tasks, while having at their disposal much more limited resources and legal instruments compared to the state. Spatial policy, which must combine the current needs of municipalities with securing the prospects of their development in the future, seems to be particularly important in this context. The aim of the article is to analyze and evaluate the implementation of the sustainable and integrated development policy at the level of local governments, based on the strategies of entities at various levels of local government, on the example of the Silesian Voivodeship and the Metropolis GZM.

Considerații referitoare la structuri administrative și documentele create în a doua jumătate a secolului XIX: Congregația comitatului Bistrița-Năsăud

Author(s): Adrian Onofreiu / Language(s): Romanian Issue: 37/2023

The author highlights a set of unique documents created by the administrative institution of Bistrița-Năsăud County. The brief preliminary observations, as well as the text of one of these documents, aim to focus historical research on their content and stimulate their utilization for the entire period during which they have been preserved.

Zmieniający się Śląsk Opolski. Ekonomia społeczna jako czynnik przeciwdziałający procesom wykluczenia społecznego i marginalizacji w regionie

Author(s): Teresa Sołdra- Gwiżdż / Language(s): Polish Issue: 93/2023

The article presents selected determinants of the development of the social economy in the changing reality of Opole Silesia. Both the existing data and the results of empirical research, including evaluation studies, are used. The resources of human and social capital of disadvantaged groups in the Opole region which determine the success of social economy projects as a factor of regional and local development are insufficient and limited (inheritance of poverty, dependence on social assistance benefits, negative attitudes towards work). For these reasons, the chance for the success of the program will depend primarily on such activities that will increase the level of knowledge and social awareness among potential beneficiaries of the program, regional and local self-government authorities, and on the development of the support system, including, above all, the mechanisms of cooperation between the self-government and social economy entities.

Regulamentele și alte acte normative ale municipalității bucureștene referitoare la piețe și hale (1870–1914)

Author(s): Simon Câlția / Language(s): Romanian Issue: 31/2023

Since 1864, cities have played an increasingly important role in creating the norms and rules that governed human life, from economic activity to leisure. These rules had a very important role in the modernization process, contributing substantially to changing behaviours and practices, creating professional bodies, and adopting Western models. However, in Romanian historiography, this phenomenon is far from receiving the attention it deserves. Our paper aims to analyse the regulations, ordinances, and decisions issued by the Bucharest City Hall, regarding trade carried out in market halls, markets, in various places on the city streets, or by peddlers. Markets and market halls were, in the City Hall's conception, not just places intended for the trade of food and various other goods. They were supposed to be fundamental tools through which the municipality ensured that the citizens of Bucharest had access to safe food – from a hygienic and sanitary point of view – and that the numerous diseases transmitted through food had as few consequences as possible on the health of the capital's inhabitants.To attain this aim, the mayor, the Municipal Council, and the Hygiene Council elaborated and enacted numerous rules, which, under the combined pressure of the city's development, advances in the medical, chemical, and biological sciences, not least the professionalization of the municipal administration, experienced a rapid evolution during the chronologic span discussed. At the same time, the City Hall invested in the creation of an infrastructure that would allow the application of these measures (market halls and market, abattoir, laboratory for chemical and bacteriological analysis, etc.), and a body of officials that would ensure their compliance.

FREE: COMING OF AGE AT THE END OF HISTORY INSIGHTFUL REVIEW OF “FREE” BY LEA YPI

Author(s): Kushtrim Ahmeti,Donika KAMBERI / Language(s): English Issue: 7-8/2023

The book “Free: Coming of Age at the End of History” is a captivating piece of Lea Ypi’s philosophical memoir. The abstract offers a glimpse into Ypi’s thought-provoking ideas on justice, communism, and dynamics of power. “Free” engages deeply with the philosophical concept of freedom, unraveling its intricacies and shedding light on its multifaceted dimensions, to this regard through a systematic review of the book the aim is to invite readers to critically reflect on the complexities inherent in the concept of freedom, forging a path for a deeper understanding of its profound implications in both theory and practice. As “Free” is based on a true story it is so vividly explains the historical timeline of the events in a way that the author (narrator) gives to the readers the zeitgeist (the spirit of the age). The paper aims to enrich the academic dialogue surrounding political philosophy, providing a comprehensive evaluation of Ypi’s work and its implications for the evolving landscape of social and political thought. In the book review we found out that yes, the book is written about the end of the history but about the end of history that did not happen and through Nini’s life (Ypi’s grandmother) which is a central figure in her memoir we can understand that even though Nini’s life was full of struggles and transitions she never lost her inner freedom.

ПРИНУДИТЕЛНИЯТ ТРУД КАТО ФОРМА НА СЪВРЕМЕННО РОБСТВО

Author(s): Diana Sabotinova / Language(s): Bulgarian Issue: 1/2023

The global integration of economies, including labour markets, has brought many opportunities for workers and businesses. The growth in the global economy has not been beneficial for all. Nowadays million men, women and children are in forced labour, trafficked, held in debt bondage or work in slave-like conditions. So we need an understanding of forced labour and what it is, as well as recognizing the importance of defining forced labour and related practices as a form of modern slavery. Forced labour includes private- imposed forced labour (forced labour exploitation, forced commercial sexual exploitation, forced labour of children) and state-imposed forced labour.

Митнически контрол и сигурност

Author(s): Boyko Mitkov Petev / Language(s): English,Bulgarian Issue: 1/2023

The purpose of the research is to identify the prerequisites for the occurrence and realization of customs frauds related to non-payment of customs duties and other obligations in the supply of non-Union goods. When a customs fraud with an undervalued customs value or an incorrect tariff classification is committed during the „Simultaneous admission for free circulation and end use“ (import) customs procedure, this customs fraud affects the overall mechanism of the customs system. This requires a preliminary and subsequent customs control.

Задълженията на наследодателя за заплащане на данък върху недвижимите имоти и такса „битови отпадъци“ – данъчна несигурност на наследниците или защита на данъчната сигурност на общината

Author(s): Nedyalka Ivanova Petrova / Language(s): English,Bulgarian Issue: 1/2023

The article examines the legal system and the current problems related to the inheritance of obligations to pay real estate tax and garbage fee of a testator – user of a property that is not in the inheritance. The judicial practice and the practice of the National Revenue Agency (NRA) on the subject were examined. A correlation was made between the tax security of the heirs and the tax security of the municipality.

Политическите привилегии в абсолютистка Франция

Author(s): Georgi Lyubenov Manolov / Language(s): English,Bulgarian Issue: 1/2023

This study interprets the nature, role and place of political privilege in French absolutist society. The manifestations of privilege under Louis XIV are analysed, while relevant conclusions and generalisations are drawn. Diagrams have been drawn up as illustrative material and corresponding charts of the classification of privilege in feudal France.

Несъвършенства на модела на риск мениджмънта на акцизните задължения и фискалната сигурност

Author(s): Boyko Mitkov Petev / Language(s): English,Bulgarian Issue: 1/2023

The study is dedicated to researching the current model for risk management in the fulfillment of excise duties in the customs administration. With the outlined imperfections of the current state of risk management, in order to improve financial security, it logically follows the conclusion that it is necessary to rethink and redesign the existing model for risk management in the fulfillment of excise duties at a strategic level. The Study argues that the current model for risk management in the Customs Agency has limitations and it is necessary to develop a Concept for a holistic risk management system for the fulfillment of excise duties at a high level of the Bulgarian customs administration.

Social Justice and the Old-Age Pension System in the Slovak Republic

Author(s): Richard Geffert,Denisa Rovenská / Language(s): English Issue: 1/2024

The aim of the contribution is to examine how eligible voters in the 2020 parliamentary election perceive social justice in relation to the old-age pension system in the Slovak Republic. The sub-objective is to analyse possible significant differences in the perception of social justice among eligible voters in the 2020 parliamentary election in relation to the old-age pension system in terms of their political orientation. 701 respondents (349 women and 352 men) responded to questions asking about their political orientation as eligible voters in the parliamentary election in Slovakia in 2020 and the degree of perceived social justice in relation to the old-age pension system of the Slovak Republic. The results showed the fair distribution of deposits and returns is important for the respondents’ perception of social justice in relation to the old-age pension system of the Slovak Republic. The analyses showed that respondents with different political orientations had different opinions on the extent to which the calculation of the old-age pension should depend on the amount of income.

Interes prawny jednostki samorządu terytorialnego w perspektywie tzw. rozporządzenia terytorialnego Rady Ministrów

Author(s): Joanna Bigos / Language(s): Polish Issue: 46 (5)/2023

The article adresses the legal interest of a unit of local government in the perspective of the so-called territorial regulation. The subjective scope of the considerations covers the municipality, poviat and self-governing voivodeship, which obliges to search for the sources of this interest in the organizational administrative law. This involves an examination of organizational norms, taking into account their construction and content specificity. The research assumption adopted leads to the conclusion that if a unit of local government is a structure or institution of organizational administrative law, then, in principle, its legal interest should be qualified in the same way and derive from the same source. The subject of consideration, however, is the special position of a unit of local government exposed to the reduction of the material substrate, and thus passive, in the context of the so-called territorial regulation. This regulation is a special legal act issued by the Council of Ministers, aiming to alter the boundaries of a unit of local government by creating, merging, dividing and abolishing, as well as determining the boundaries of municipalities and poviats, and changing the boundaries of voivodships. It is worth noting that the asymmetry in the position of units of local government, which manifests itself in this process, leads to a certain contradiction. This contradiction does not concern whether the unit of local government, whose material substrate is depleted, has a legal interest, but rather that it may not be entitled to any measures to protect its legal interest. Administrative law research methods have been applied to varying degrees in preparing the text, with the analytical-dogmatic method playing a dominant role. Source materials for writing the article include -legal acts, commentaries and court case law.

Как военната инвазия в Украйна доведе до ограничаването на политическите права на гражданите на Руската федерация?

Author(s): Iliana Boyuklieva / Language(s): English,Bulgarian Issue: 2/2023

The Russian invasion of Ukraine since February 2022 has shaken up the peace in the world and it has dire international and economic consequences, but it also pushes the Russian Federation to a series of restrictions on the political rights of Russian citizens. The participation of Russian citizens in social and political life is hindered by the repressive measures to the extent that the Constitution is nothing more than a hollow facade, behind which unfolds arbitrariness, totalitarianism, and destruction of individual freedom.

Роля на държавата за развитие на малките и средните предприятия

Author(s): Boyko Takov / Language(s): English,Bulgarian Issue: 3/2023

Despite long-standing debates about state intervention in the market and business development, there is a consensus on the need for its active role in the development of small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs), given their vulnerability and significant economic and social importance. It has been proven that stimulating the development of SMEs by the state is an important mechanism for achieving competitiveness and economic success not only for individual enterprises but also for economies as a whole. Therefore, the purpose of this paper is to justify the role of the state in the development of SMEs and to present the objectives and main instruments of the Bulgarian state policy related to the development of small and medium-sized enterprises.

Трансформация на регулацията на авторското право и сродните му права в Eвропейския съюз

Author(s): Kamen Todorov / Language(s): English,Bulgarian Issue: 3/2023

The subject of this publication are the changing laws of copyright and related rights in the digital environment and intellectual property within the European Union. The analysis is based upon the rules laid down in the Directives in this area, particularly of the European Parliament and of the Council in the period from 2001 and 2019. The rapid developing digital single market and the changing socio-economic conditions lead to the necessity of adapting a modern legal framework regarding intellectual property. Therefore, a well-functioning and fair marketplace will be achieved.