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Selling the Arc of Crisis: Promoting Foreign Policy Change during the Carter Presidency

Author(s): Luis Da Vinha / Language(s): English Issue: 2/2016

The Carter Administration came to Office seeking to continue a policy of détente. However, the Administration’s policy vis-à-vis the Soviets became more assertive throughout the Presidency, culminating in the Carter Doctrine. The current paper applies a conceptual framework for “issue selling” to argue that a more assertive foreign policy was being promoted by the Assistant to the President for National Security Affairs and his NSC staff since the early days of the Carter Presidency. By applying an assortment of issue selling strategies, Zbigniew Brzezinski and the NSC staff were able to exploit the communicative interactions amongst the political leadership to continuously promote a more forceful US policy towards the Soviets. By being able to interpret and define the problem representation facing the Administration, the APNSA was able initiate and continuously promote a wholesale policy transformation leading to the development of the Carter Doctrine.

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Pamięci mojego mistrza prof. dr hab. Erharda Cziomera, Мочить в сортире – dwadzieścia lat antyterrorystycznej polityki Władimira Putina

Pamięci mojego mistrza prof. dr hab. Erharda Cziomera, Мочить в сортире – dwadzieścia lat antyterrorystycznej polityki Władimira Putina

Author(s): Kazimierz Kraj / Language(s): Polish Issue: 9/2020

The article presents the main stages of the anti-terrorist policy of the Russian Federation carried out by Vladimir Putin for twenty years (since 2000). It shows the deve- lopment of the legal and organizational system of combating terrorism, the time frame of which are two anti-terrorist laws. It presents a general outline of the Russian anti-terrorist system based on the functioning and competences of the National Anti-Terrorist Committee. The summary presents the most important conclusions, which indicate the originality of solutions adapted to the Russian tradition, practice of the legal system and organization of the federal state. The international activity of the Russian Federation in the area of com- bating terrorism was also presented.

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Прилагане на международното право при субектите на международните отношения

Прилагане на международното право при субектите на международните отношения

Author(s): Rositsa Filatova / Language(s): Bulgarian Issue: 15/2024

A key topic in the implementation of international relations is the application of international law. Of essential importance are the rights or functions of the subjects of international law, as well as the dependence between them. Relations between subjects of international relations depend on international law to a large extent. The main functions, rights and obligations of subjects in international relations must be carried out according to the provisions of international law.

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Политическият екзистенциализъм на Карл Шмит
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Политическият екзистенциализъм на Карл Шмит

Author(s): Denis Ventsislavov / Language(s): Bulgarian Issue: 2/2024

This paper aims to examine the existentialist elements in Carl Schmitt’s political philosophy. Such an analytical perspective is necessary so that we can fully understand the ideas of the German thinker. This article concentrates on three of Schmitt’s most serious areas of research: decisionism as a fundamental part of the political, constitutional theory and the concept of the political as a fundamental distinction between friends and enemies. Each of these three moments is deeply existential. Thus, it is that which enables Schmitt to develop an authentic counter-argument to 20th century’s main political ideas. This existential perspective illuminates the essence of Carl Schmitt’s philosophy and provides it with intellectual clarity.

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РЕГИСТРИРАНЕТО НА СИГНАЛИ И ПРОСЛЕДЯВАНЕ НА СЛУЧАИ НА НАСИЛИЕ НАД ДЕЦА ПРЕЗ ПОГЛЕДА НА ЕКСПЕРТИ

РЕГИСТРИРАНЕТО НА СИГНАЛИ И ПРОСЛЕДЯВАНЕ НА СЛУЧАИ НА НАСИЛИЕ НАД ДЕЦА ПРЕЗ ПОГЛЕДА НА ЕКСПЕРТИ

Author(s): Elena Kerankova / Language(s): Bulgarian Issue: 1/2021

The article presents the results of a study among experts in the field of child protection on the effectiveness of existing procedures and systems for reporting and tracking cases of violence and neglect of children; the experience of the services, the problems and difficulties they face in collecting and processing data on cases of violence against children, the need for training, as well as suggestions for improving the work. The results show that there is still no unified system for registration and analysis of cases of violence against children, the information is fragmented and used mainly for the purposes of the relevant institutions. The need to introduce uniform indicators and definitions of different types of violence against children is emphasized, as well as to provide training at different levels.

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Why Did I Lose My Seat in the United States Congressional Elections? You Didn‘t Advertise Online Enough!

Why Did I Lose My Seat in the United States Congressional Elections? You Didn‘t Advertise Online Enough!

Author(s): Milan Školník,Michael Haman,Anna Marie Nešpůrková / Language(s): English Issue: 1/2024

In this paper, we examine campaign spending on Facebook during the 2020 U.S. congressional elections. We draw conclusions based on data from the Federal Election Commission and the Facebook Ad Library. This is one of the first articles on this topic. We point out and show how this data differs and how other researchers should treat it. Specifically, we focus on U.S. Democratic congresspeople who lost elections. Indeed, during the Democratic Party debate, voices were raised that its progressive wing was to blame for the loss of seats; in contrast, Rep. Alexandria Ocasio-Cortez, a rising star of the wing, argued that the lack of Facebook advertising was a factor in why seats were lost. The article concludes that the really well-known Democratic figures who lost the elections spent very little on Facebook ads compared to Ocasio-Cortez. We also compare Republican opponents with Democrats. In addition, we highlight how the Ocasio-Cortez campaign and the others differed with respect to the timing of campaign spending and the targeting of Facebook ads to specific states. Further, we compare data regarding campaigns available through the Federal Election Commission and Facebook and underscore the importance of the transparency of the Facebook Ad Library.

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Do not Just Blame the Gun: The Midwestern Insight into the Relationship between Gun Laws and Firearm Mortality

Do not Just Blame the Gun: The Midwestern Insight into the Relationship between Gun Laws and Firearm Mortality

Author(s): Martin Zilvar / Language(s): English Issue: 1/2024

Gun violence has been a prevalent phenomenon in the United States for decades. The article investigates the extent to which the reality in the Midwestern states reflects empirical assumptions regarding the impact of gun laws on firearm mortality rates. It proceeds according to a coherent framework constructed from synthesized scholarly findings. Based on the conducted comparative analysis of five Midwestern states, selected according to the Most Similar Systems Design (MSSD) approach, the findings indicate that while firearm suicides operated as predicted, firearm homicides failed the empirical assumptions as the state with the most robust gun laws fell remarkably behind others. The article concludes that implementing alternative measures addressing the availability of guns and development programs in disadvantaged communities, alongside traditional gun laws, may help decrease firearm homicides in American states.

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Cooperation and interoperability between public security services and medical service in the aspect of CBRN threats in the territory of the Republic of Poland

Cooperation and interoperability between public security services and medical service in the aspect of CBRN threats in the territory of the Republic of Poland

Author(s): Marcin Krzysztof Konieczny / Language(s): English Issue: 47 (1)/2024

The article deals with the issue of cooperation and interoperability between the services responsible for public security and medical entities, including emergency medical units. The topic seems interesting due to the growing problem of threats resulting from a possible use of CBRN agents. As a general rule, toxic chemicals, pathogens of all kinds, and radioactive and nuclear substances can get out of control at random, but they can also be used deliberately – in terrorist attacks. Regardless of the cause, they pose a serious threat to life and health, as well as to the environment. The author puts forward the thesis that in the context of this type of threat, cooperation between the entities designated to save lives and health is insufficient and it absolutely requires the implementation of methods ensuring better coordination of activities. Based on the available relevant literature, the article describes the concepts of public security, health safety and threats. The aim of the study is to analyze common training, methods and systems of cooperation between services responsible for public security, in particular the principles of notifying and informing about threats related to the possible use of CBRN, particularly in terms of preventing such threats, responding to them, counteracting and taking relevant protective measures. The article addresses the issue of the duties, scope of responsibility and competences of individual formations in the light of legal regulations in force. It also addresses the unresolved issue of insufficient coordination and the deficit in the area of rapid information exchange. The study indicates solutions and recommendations that could fill this gap for the benefit of public security and state authorities. The research method adopted for the purposes of this study is the analysis of the relevant literature.

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On the legal issues of proceedings concerning the provision of cash benefits from social assistance. Part 2

On the legal issues of proceedings concerning the provision of cash benefits from social assistance. Part 2

Author(s): Sylwia Łakoma / Language(s): Polish Issue: 47 (1)/2024

The aim of this study is to shed light on legal issues of proceedings in the case of granting cash benefits under social assistance in the aspect of one of the negative obligatory premises, i.e. lack of consent for a family interview (Article 107(4a) of the Social Assistance Act). This study is part two of an article whose part one focused on selected optional negative premises. The interview referred to above, carried out in particular with persons (families) applying for social assistance support, is intended to detail comprehensively the applicant’s situation, taking into account all circumstances of the case that may affect the right to a specific cash benefit. Given this, a refusal to take part in such interview, and thus making it impossible to establish facts relating to the applicant’s situation, forces a refusal to grant a cash benefit. This article intends, inter alia, to approximate the understanding of the meaning of the phrase “lack of consent”, which belongs to the category of undefined concepts. The article attempts to answer the question of whether relevant legal measures stipulated in the Social Assistance Act are sufficiently precise and clearly formulated to facilitate and, as a result, enable social assistance authorities to make decisions on the granting of cash benefits from social assistance, and if not, whether judicial decisions of administrative courts may be helpful here. This study is based on an analysis of the provisions of the Social Assistance Act, views of legal scholars and commentators and judicial decisions of administrative courts. The provisions of the quoted legal act – given the premise in question – do not seem to be formulated clearly and precisely enough (similar to what is the case of optional negative premises) to facilitate social assistance bodies in issuing decisions in cases of granting cash benefits from social assistance. This is due to the legislator’s failure to specify the phrase cited. For purely objective reasons, it does not seem entirely possible, which does not change the fact that in practice it leads to many doubts in interpretation. Some help in determining its meaning may be provided by judicial decisions of administrative courts.

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Ulga na dzieci – analiza konstrukcji prawnej oraz przegląd orzecznictwa sądowego

Ulga na dzieci – analiza konstrukcji prawnej oraz przegląd orzecznictwa sądowego

Author(s): Paweł Mańczyk,Dominika Wróblewska / Language(s): Polish Issue: 47 (1)/2024

The child tax credit is a tax relief under the Polish Personal Income Tax system. The purpose of this paper is to present this tax preference. Authors try to reach this objective by a detailed analysis of relevant legal provisions and jurisprudence. The main thesis of the article is that the child tax credit could have a positive impact on the birth rate in Poland provided that certain changes are introduced. In our conclusions we identify four shortcomings of the child tax credit:1) the child tax credit is available only for taxpayers who pay PIT on general terms; 2) the child tax credit for only one child depends on the income criterion which has not been indexed since 2013; 3) the value of the child tax credit is negligible and its amount has not changed since 2015; 4) taxpayers who care for unrelated, disabled and adult persons do not have the right to the child tax credit because of the tax authorities’ narrow understanding of the maintenance obligation. Authors formulate proposals for solutions of the said shortcomings. An analysis of legal acts, relevant literature and court decisions is the primary research method employed in this paper.

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Wjazd i pobyt Ukraińców w Unii Europejskiej w obliczu konfliktu zbrojnego od lutego 2022 roku – aspekty prawne ze szczególnym uwzględnieniem przypadku Polski

Wjazd i pobyt Ukraińców w Unii Europejskiej w obliczu konfliktu zbrojnego od lutego 2022 roku – aspekty prawne ze szczególnym uwzględnieniem przypadku Polski

Author(s): Agata Szwed / Language(s): Polish Issue: 47 (1)/2024

The aim of this article is to present international law regulations (including EU laws) on Ukrainians’ entry to and stay in Poland in the face of the outbreak of the armed conflict in Ukraine on 20 February 2022. The analysis covers acts of international law, with a particular focus on acts of EU law which are relevant to Ukraine’s situation today and its consequences for Poland. De lege lata and de lege ferenda conclusions are drawn that will ensure even more effective protection of persons who flee the armed conflict currently going on in Ukraine and who seek protection in Poland. The methodology applied in the research coverds two basic methods typical to law studies - an analysis of the law in force and legal comparison, also aided by the statistical method.

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POCHODZENIE, TERAŹNIEJSZOŚĆ I PRZYSZŁOŚĆ NARODÓW

POCHODZENIE, TERAŹNIEJSZOŚĆ I PRZYSZŁOŚĆ NARODÓW

Author(s): Piotr L. Wilczyński / Language(s): Polish Issue: 46/2023

In recent years, the concept of the nation has been challenged by globalization,migration and the rise of transnational identities. Some scholars argue that the nation isno longer the basic unit of political and cultural identity, and that the nation-state islosing its power and significance in a globalized world. The purpose of this article is totry to answer the question of the future of nations. According to the author, the nationis one of those concepts on whose preservation depends to avoid the destruction of therecognized world order. This follows from the genesis as well as the development of theidea of the nation as a natural entity. Much space is devoted to showing thecontroversies in the approach to the nation by proponents of different concepts, andthe ways of classifying nations used in modern science. Significant obstacles to researchwere pointed out, the source of which is concern about the potential ideological use ofthe results. In conclusion, the author showed that, contrary to the trends, the directionof which is indicated by the processes of globalization, the evolution of social realitytakes place in accordance with the law of diminishing entropy, which undermines thewidespread judgments about the progressive uniformization of the world, the levelingof all differences and the blurring of borders, especially the differences and bordersthat divide nations.

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UNIA EUROPEJSKA WOBEC NARODOWYCH ASPIRACJI KATALOŃCZYKÓ

UNIA EUROPEJSKA WOBEC NARODOWYCH ASPIRACJI KATALOŃCZYKÓ

Author(s): Roman Szul / Language(s): Polish Issue: 46/2023

Two identities coexisted and competed among Catalans: some consideredthemselves a regional variant of the Spanish nation, while others claimed to represent aseparate nation. While four decades ago the first orientation prevailed, today thesecond attitude is more common. National identity has largely replaced ethno-regionalidentity. Catalans distinguish between the concepts of "nation" and "state," according towhich there can be a nation without a state as well as a nationality residing in morethan one state, while mostly in Western Europe these concepts are not distinguished:states are nations and nations without a state do not exist. The European Union wasbuilt on the basis of this very formal-political definition of a nation. Nations without astate in the EU have been "crammed" into the category of ethnic groups, which the EUdoes not deal with, or into the category of regions completely dependent on the stateson whose territory they are located. Having changed the identity of the Catalans, it isdifficult to "cram" them into the category of an ethnic group, so they have become aproblem for the European Union. The purpose of this article is to explain the situationthat has led to a contradiction between the rule of law and the principle of democracyin the EU. The rule of law was the basis for the EU institutions' ignoring the Catalandeclaration of independence in 2017, but on the other hand, the concern for democracyresulted in the refusal to surrender to Spain the Catalan leaders who were on EUterritory and were being prosecuted by the Spanish authorities.

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FRANCUSKA KONCEPCJA MOCARSTWA MORSKIEGO W XXI WIEKU

FRANCUSKA KONCEPCJA MOCARSTWA MORSKIEGO W XXI WIEKU

Author(s): Piotr Mickiewicz / Language(s): Polish Issue: 46/2023

France, maritime policy, maritime strategy, marine waters, oceansThe French concept of a maritime power was based on the thesis that a statewith such potential and geographical location should create regional projects for thelong-term sustainable exploitation of the sea basins and coastal regions. This conceptwas adapted to the existing political conditions, especially the fact that overseas nonEuropean possessions (dependent territories) function within the state structure.French maritime power is also seen as the ability to create development processesaround dependent territories. Based on analyses of official strategic documents,including the Stratégie nationale pour la mer et le littoral (2017), it was concluded thatthe most effective instrument of this policy is the use of regional political arrangements,in which France will play the role of creator of activities. The formula for thisengagement is strictly tailored to the specifics of French interests in a given region andconducted by state stakeholders using the opportunities offered by membership in theEuropean Union. Its limitation, however, is the economic potential available to the FifthRepublic.

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OSTATNI ATRYBUT SUPERMOCARSTWA. MIĘDZYKONTYNENTALNE POCISKI BALISTYCZNE JAKO ELEMENT ROSYJSKIEJ TRIADY STRATEGICZNEJ

OSTATNI ATRYBUT SUPERMOCARSTWA. MIĘDZYKONTYNENTALNE POCISKI BALISTYCZNE JAKO ELEMENT ROSYJSKIEJ TRIADY STRATEGICZNEJ

Author(s): Rafał Kopeć / Language(s): Polish Issue: 47/2024

The Russian-Ukrainian war has led to increased interest in the stockpile andmodernization efforts with regard to the strategic nuclear arsenal held by the Kremlin.The subject of the article is the land-based branch of the so-called strategic nucleartriad, namely the intercontinental ballistic missiles on the armament of the StrategicMissile Forces. The research question organizing the article is the following: is thestructure of the land branch of the Russian triad optimal, taking into account the tasksof strategic deterrence? The preliminary hypothesis is that the structure, which reliesheavily on the mobile component, will be increasingly inadequate to meet strategicrequirements due to the development of satellite monitoring systems, particularlydynamic in Western countries. The study uses non-confidential sources on Russianstrategic capabilities, subjected to interpretation in the context of the core assumptionsof military deterrence theory.

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A Solidarity Narrative: The Soft Power of Ukrainian Wartime Poetry

A Solidarity Narrative: The Soft Power of Ukrainian Wartime Poetry

Author(s): Yuliya Kazanova / Language(s): English Issue: 1/2024

This article undertakes an analytical reading of the new wave of contemporary Ukrainian poetry after the Russian full-scale invasion of Ukraine, in particular the poems written and published online and/or in print between 24 February 2022 and May 2023. This Ukrainian post-invasion poetry serves as a cultural response to the war, shaping the national narrative of the war by undertaking a factual and emotional witnessing of the wartime reality and creating an empathetic connection that engenders a solidarity of the international audience with the Ukrainian people. It therefore functions as a tool of soft power which promotes the foreign-policy goals of Ukraine, namely European and transatlantic political solidarity in countering the Russian aggression.

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Contested Indetities, Hunger, and Emigration: Themes in Ukrainian Cinema to Explain the Present Day

Contested Indetities, Hunger, and Emigration: Themes in Ukrainian Cinema to Explain the Present Day

Author(s): Mark Sachleben / Language(s): English Issue: 1/2024

Storytelling is an essential aspect of the creation of a community of the mind. Shortly after its invention, film became instrumental in cultivating national identity. States and national groups are keen to have their stories told in order to reinforce a sense of identity internally and claim relevance externally. This paper explores how film and popular culture help to explain politics and identity in Ukraine, examining how films are reinterpreted, reformulate a canon, and facilitate new political arguments. Therefore, through the films of Alexander Dovzhenko, we can see how the struggle to balance political ideology and national identity depicted in them helps to illuminate and explain politics today. A feature of Ukrainian cinema that is often overlooked is how films made by the diaspora perpetuated national identity, language, and culture through periods of hunger and subjugation. These films are both a statement of political and cultural identification and the basis for current political claims.

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Olesya Khromeychuk: The Death of a Soldier Told by His Sister

Olesya Khromeychuk: The Death of a Soldier Told by His Sister

Author(s): Míla O´Sullivan / Language(s): English Issue: 1/2024

Review of: Khromeychuk, Olesya. 2023. The Death of a Soldier Told by His Sister. London: Monoray.

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Ethical Problems of Forecasting in Practical Geopolitics

Ethical Problems of Forecasting in Practical Geopolitics

Author(s): Vihra Pavlova / Language(s): English Issue: 1/2023

Practical geopolitics is identified as a real or declarative applied activity. It is characterized by a high degree of institutional commitment and subjectivism, presented in the form of political expediency. In practical geopolitics, forecasting is carried out in the depths of the so-called “analytical centres” or “think tanks,” claiming to shorten the distance between academic works and policies, providing intellectual products that reach the general public faster and that are more accessible to incumbent politicians who are “too busy” to engage in more thorough analyses. However, their conceptual results rather tend to crowd out fundamental research, because the latter influence decision-makers in the long-term perspective and make a significant contribution to the construction of the cognitive structures on which the leadership relies when determining its foreign policy approaches.

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COMPREHENSIVE EXAMINATION ON INTENTIONS OF STUDENTS IN SOCIAL ENTREPRENEURSHIP

COMPREHENSIVE EXAMINATION ON INTENTIONS OF STUDENTS IN SOCIAL ENTREPRENEURSHIP

Author(s): Maruf Mohammad Sirajum MONIR,Alula Nerea GEBEREMESKEL / Language(s): English Issue: 1/2024

The capacity to affect change on a local and global scale about a range of political, social, environmental, and economic challenges is known as social entrepreneurship (SE). Young exposure to theory and practice of social entrepreneurship at postsecondary educational institutions is thought to influence this change. In this study, we examine the intentions of students in social entrepreneurship. This study's objective is to assess the degrees of social and entrepreneurial entrepreneurship. For the study, 150 college students served as the sample. This study examines empathy, moral duty, social support, self-efficacy, social impact, and educational level as principal motivators for social entrepreneurship intentions. The SPSS is a software program used to analyse the data and perform statistical analyses. The findings indicate that the only factors that were statistically correlated with the desire to engage in social entrepreneurship were empathy, self-efficacy, and psychological support. The association between social support and the ambitions for social entrepreneurship was shown to be unfavourable. In conclusion, the study provides insightful information for practitioners and educators who aim to foster a vibrant environment for student social entrepreneurship.

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