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Sprawozdanie z międzynarodowej konferencji nt. Security in South Asia: a Regional Perspective. Implications for International Relations Theory
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Sprawozdanie z międzynarodowej konferencji nt. Security in South Asia: a Regional Perspective. Implications for International Relations Theory
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Global warming is changing the Arctic with its unique potential into a very attractive target in the agenda of the most powerful actors on the international scene. In the 21st-century reality of depleting reliable oil and gas reserves, the High North is constantly gaining in value. We cannot exclude any of the future scenarios for the region.
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Airports’ activities are influenced by seasonality of, for example, the air passenger traffic. Its share in airports functioning is largely connected with seasons. As the volume of passengers influences the level of income generated by airports, the passenger transport forecast should be seasonally-adjusted. The aim of this work is to measure, on a monthly basis, multiplicative seasonal fluctuations of the air passengers traffic at the Solidarity Szczecin- -Goleniów Airport. Also an attempt was made to prepare forecasts about a number of passengers arriving and departing from this particular airport. The research was carried out on the basis of monthly data implying the number of Polish passengers using the Szczecin-Goleniów airport between 2004 and 2014. The values of seasonal indexes were determined and, on their basis, a forecast for 2015 and 2016 was prepared. The anticipated number of passengers in 2015 was verified with the usage of tracking signals. They confirmed credibility of the acquired results.
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The main goal of the study is to assess the socio-economic situation of Polish voivodeships and the identification of topological groups of voivodeships similar in terms of the studied phenomenon. The article presents two approaches. The first concerned the classification of voivodeships separately in social and economic terms. The linear ordering was carried out using the method of zeroed unitization. In the second approach voivodeships were divided into topological groups, similar in terms of both characteristics. In this case, the multi-criteria taxonomy was applied. The results of the study found that the voivodeships, well developed in economic terms, were characterized by unfavorable indicators of eg. demographic, health, crime and civic activity. A detailed analysis of the average level of diagnostic characteristic in each group made it possible to characterize the socio-economic situation in the surveyed voivodeships.
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The main goal of the study was to assess the situation in the labor market in Poland compared to the European Union countries. In the first step, the characteristics of certain aspects of the labor market were analysed. The taxonomic measure of development based on vector of Weber’s medians was applied to build two rankings. The first of these concerned 2004, that is the moment of Polish accession into the EU, while the second one showed the classification of the EU countries a decade later. In the next step, using a method of the three medians, topological groups of countries with a similar situation in the labor market were identified. The study shows that a situation in the labor market in our country significantly improved in 2014. Employment rates increased, especially among women and productivity also improved. In addition, the indicators of unemployment decreased, especially long-term and among young people.
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The aim of this article is to examine the influence of the determinants on the 19 euro zone countries’ credit ratings assigned by Standard & Poor’s Financial Service. The hypothesis was posed that: If the level of economic, trade development and the economy stability increase, the country’s credit rating rises. There are proposed static panel data models based on data from the years 2000-2015 obtained from Reuters Eikon. As the dependent variable short-term and long-term credit ratings given by S&P’s are used. The ratings are decomposed lineary on the numeric variables. As the dependent variables the macroeconomic factors are used. The results are compared with forecasts of Standard & Poor’s Financial Service. In addition, results are compared with trends in countries’ credit ratings.
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The aim of this article is to determine the influence of investment in R&D activity on market value of biotechnology firms. The research sample includes 52 biggest R&D investors from the European biotechnology sector. The data used in the analyses come from the raport titled The UE Industrial R&D Investment Scoreboard. To answer the research questions linear regression model was used. The research results show that there is a positive relationship between biotechnology firms investment in R&D activity and their market value.
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The paper presents results of research about wage inequality across European Union member states. It aims at specifying the importance of sectoral features of the countries as a source of differentiation in a level of remunerations. To achieve this goal Theil index concerning the average wages and salaries per employee in EU members was calculated. Its disaggregation into within and between sectoral components enabled to conclude about the importance of structural pattern of development for wage differentiation. The analysis proved that sectoral characteristics are responsible for about 1/3 of the wage inequality across EU countries. However, the most important source of the differentiation is a general level of socio-economic development. Moreover, considering changes in a level of wage inequality in the period 2004-2013 there was drawn a conclusion about a convergence of remunerations in EU induced mainly by equalization of the general level of development. Thus the importance of structural features as a source of inequality has grown. The research also allowed to indicate the most modern branches as the ones with the lowest level of wage inequality across EU countries. More traditional kinds of activity, primarily agriculture, were experiencing the highest level of differentiation in remunerations in the whole period of the analysis.
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One of central signs of functioning family business is succession. This issue concerns also family farms. The paper presents the analysis of family farms in Poland in the aspect of succession. Deliberations are focused on farmers age, sex and experience and on farms’ size. The obtained results allowed to show the change in farms management. In the years 2010-2013 the share of small and medium farms managed by farmers aged 65 and more increased. There were more men than women among farms’ manager. In 2010 no more than 22% of farmers were planning to transfer farms property to the next generation.
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Tax preferences are nowadays integral components of every tax system. They make it possible to perform non-fiscal functions by means of taxes. Because tax preferences result in the loss of public revenue and their budgetary effect is similar to that of expenditures, they are sometimes referred to as tax expenditures. In recent years, tax expenditures have increasingly become the subject of studies both in reports published by the governments of the OECD countries, as well as in the literature on public finance. Among other reasons, this is due to the growing amount of loss of revenue following the implementation of new forms of tax preferences into tax systems, and to the fact that the existing forms of tax preferences are being used at an increasing scale. This concerns in particular the personal income tax by means of which governments, to a rising extent, achieve their allocative, redistributive and stabilizing objectives. Tax expenditures in the personal income tax are the subject of analysis in this article. The article compares these expenditures in two EU member states – Germany and Poland. Moreover, it includes the characteristics of these tax preferences which result in the largest loss of public revenue in the countries analyzed.
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The objective of the research was to identify the dynamics and evaluate the determinants of the financial inclusion in Poland. The nationwide survey using the CAPI method was conducted on a sample of N = 1600 consumers aged 13-29. The data were analyzed using the social network analysis method and typological classification. The financial inclusion is more important than financial exclusion, which results in the increase of people having a bank account from 22% in the group of 15-16 year olds to 94% in the group of 26-28 year olds. Starting cooperation with a bank for the first time is most of all influenced by the supply-related factors and less influenced by the social- or demand-related ones. Half of the young customers of banks decided to use a bank completely on their own. It was less frequently suggested by their peers; and in isolated cases it was decided by the customers’ parents. The decisions to choose a bank have the characteristics of the EBK administrative model, less frequently of Howard-Sheth model, or J.N. Sheth’s. The bank is “inherited” from the parents. The young consumers are not a homogenous group. Four segments of consumers were distinguished as regards the attitudes towards the financial market.
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The purpose of this study based on observation and analysis of the literature is an attempt to outline the role of modern economics as a socially useful science. It turns out that the major problem relates both to the use of economics as a science, as well as the practical implementation of emerging solutions. Cognitive gap combined with dichotomous perception of many phenomena and processes is a serious problem of modern economics. An equally serious problem is quite widespread ignorance of the establishment to the substantive criticism of economic policy.
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The article shows conceptions of social innovations and various areas of their investigations. The idea of social innovations in economic organizations was discussed, as well as directions of further discussion on the usefulness of social innovations in organization and in the workplace. The aim of the article was the presentation of results of investigations conducted among workers of Polish enterprises.
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The paper presents an attempt to construct the formal procedure of estimation of central exchange rate in case of a country accessing to the monetary union. The proposed algorithm is constructed on the exchange rate theory based on the wage productivity understood as the quotient of GDP and labour costs in the economic system. The study takes into regard particularly Polish accession to the eurozone. For countries belonging to the monetary union the average productivity level has been estimated and compared to the Polish productivity. The study results reveal that the current value of productivity in Poland is relatively too low to access the eurozone without consequences. What is more, the monetary union itself does not meet theoretical criteria of constructing the integrative currency area. In this context Maastricht criteria seem to be unsatisfactory.
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The aim of this paper is to present the concept of solution of the incentive conflict that exists within R&D cooperation between firms that share know-how. In the relevant literature formal and legally-based solutions to the above conflict are discussed, i.e. (i) knowhow contracting and (ii) know-how licensing. In the following work the solution based on the idea of selecting the value of fixed set-up cost of cooperation is presented. The fixed set-up cost of cooperation can be treated as a strategic device that can be used by firms to stabilize R&D cooperation. On the basis of formal analysis it is found that optimal levels of know-how revealed by all cooperating firms rise with the value of fixed set-up cost of R&D cooperation borne by any of cooperating firms. This novel result seems salient to the management practice in the field of R&D cooperation.
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An analysis was made of relations between the level of economic growth in selected European Union countries and identified regional inequalities. The theoretical conception adopted to describe and explain those relations was the so-called Williamson hypothesis [1965] in which the relation between the scale of regional inequalities and economic growth is illustrated by a curve shaped like an inverted U. In the analysed group of countries it was possible to observe both, convergence symptoms manifesting themselves in national economies coming ever closer to the mean EU level as well as intra-state divergence tendencies, i.e. widening economic inter-regional differences. The Williamson hypothesis was not verified in an unequivocal way.
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Debt of Local Goveremnts (LGs) in Poland steadily grew from PLN 28.2 bln in 2008 to PLN 72.1 bln in 2014. At the same time since 2012, the cost of servicing the debt of LGs, has declined due to lower market interest rates and stabilization of banking margins for LGs below 1.0% level. The high amount of debt makes the LG sector sensitive to the risk of interest rates increses. Monte Carlo simulations show that LGs will not be adversly affected by the increase in interest rates, if that occurs as an isolated factor, which does not entail significant changes in their revenues and non-interest expenses. In such a scenario, the increases of interest rates by 100bps may cause a growth of share of LGs with a negative risk profile from 1.8% in 2014 to 2.5%. Significant risks for the sector occur when the interest rate increases are accompanied by the deterioration of LGs’ non-interest operating surplus. Then, the increase of 100bps results in alarming levels of debt ratios for 10% of LGs and another 30% of LGs shifts to risk area of losing the ability to service their debt.
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Legislative determination of the time frame of compulsory education is an expression of the social contract concerning the general education offered to citizens of a particular country. It is also an expression of approval of legal regulation of financing this segment of social services. In Poland, the financial responsibility for compulsory education falls to local self-governments of communes. Any change in this regard entails financial consequences for local self-governments. The aim of this article is to identify the potential financial consequences for Polish local authorities resulting from the enactment of legislative amendments abolishing compulsory education from 6 years of age and establishing it from the age of 7. In order to meet this objective and in-depth analysis of the content of legislation in the field of local self-government finances and education law has been conducted. The results show negative financial consequences on both the revenue and expenditure of a commune. This situation can ultimately cause imbalance in the sector of local self-government finances.
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The measure of organizational efficiency of the judiciary is to meet needs and requirements of internal and external stakeholders. Benchmarking is the process of investigation of the most effective solutions that produce superior performance in organisations. This concept could be successfully implemented in organisation of justice. The aim of the paper is to present the benchmarking concept and possibilities of its implementation using EFQM Business Excellence Model for improving the organizational efficiency of courts.
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The paper briefly analysed the theories of absolute purchasing power parity, relative purchasing power parity and the law of one price. Then the article showed fundamental lack of preservation of the relative purchasing power parity theory in the selected Member States of the eurozone in the years 1999-2015 as a result of remaining significant differences in the rates of inflation among the participating countries in the monetary union.
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