CEEOL - Search Result

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Traditional Forms of Farming

Author(s): Miroslav Válka / Language(s): English / Publication Year: 0

Keywords: Farming; Cultural history; livestock farming; Moravia; Agriculture;

In the Slavic period and the Early Middle Ages, arable and livestock farming began to be the primary resources of village livelihoods in Moravia. As such, they influenced all other realms of social and cultural life in the countryside. The land and its possession dominated the basic life strategies of the population in pre-industrial villages; many autochthonous expressions of folk culture in Moravia originated in agricultural traditions. The situation did not change even under the feudal system, despite the changes and innovations inspired by the Enlightenment that altered the lives of serfs under Empress Maria Theresa and Emperor Joseph II.

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The Oldest Traditions of Dance

Author(s): Martina Pavlicová / Language(s): English / Publication Year: 0

Keywords: Dance; Cultural history; Folklore; Tradition; Moravia;

In the realm of intangible phenomena in traditional culture, thoughts about autochthony can be directed towards dance, even though the study of this subject in historic periods isa complicated problem in ethnochoreology. There are very few historic documents about dance, and the ones that doexist provide only partial information, which does not enable many concrete conclusions about this comprehensive cultural phenomenon.

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Archaic Garments

Author(s): Alena Křížová / Language(s): English / Publication Year: 0

Keywords: Folk Dress; Moravia; Tradition; Archaic garments;

Folk dress in Moravia is markedly variable. Until the early 20th century, the clothing from the eastern part of Moravia featured the use of local raw materials and a considerable amount of home production. This did not cover the entire folk costume ensemble, but work clothing, some basic garments, and most accessories were made at home. The home production followed time-tested archaic methods which had not changed for centuries.

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External Influences

Author(s): Roman Doušek / Language(s): English / Publication Year: 0

Keywords: Folk culture; Cultural values; Rural classes;

The early 20th century brought a new perspective in the study of folk culture. The Swiss folklorist Eduard Hoffmann-Krayer (1864–1936) was one of the first representatives of this change when he pointed out that “folk does not produce, it reproduces”. The German folklorist Hans Naumann (1886–1951) in particular evolved this thesis into a theory about decayed cultural values.

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Influence of Fashionable Styles

Author(s): Alena Křížová / Language(s): English / Publication Year: 0

Keywords: Folk dresses; fashionable styles; home-made work-wear; Cultural history;

Folk dress was a symbol defining ethnographic areas. From the beginning of the Modern period, folk dress had a unified form in Central Europe that survived until the 20th century in home-made workwear. Written and pictorial sources from the 16th century have enabled the examination of local differences that evolved into the distinctive regional types known from the 19th century.

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New Technologies and Techniques in Agriculture

Author(s): Miroslav Válka / Language(s): English / Publication Year: 0

Keywords: New technologies and techniques in agriculture; 18th-19th century;

New and more rational farming methods were first initiated under instructions from the lords of manors and then, fromthe 18th century, by societies disseminating the ideas of the Enlightenment, and bythe Austrian state that was interested in its serfs, i.e. tax payers. The procedures recommended for arable and livestock farming based on the practices of manorial estates are explained in the educational literature of the time, which was another source of agricultural instructions and novelties and a platform for their dissemination.

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Impulses of the Development in Dance and Music Folklore

Author(s): Martina Pavlicová / Language(s): English / Publication Year: 0

Keywords: Dance and Music Floklore; Moravian regions; Cultural history;

Music and dance culture in Moravian regions features differences as well as similarities. It is logical to inquire about the origins of these differences and identical features, but the questions cannot be answered in allregions and for all cases. It is necessary to beaware that despite a variety of borders, folk culture is permeable because the specific development of even smaller, closed territories was affected by external influences.

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Development of a New Pilgrimage Site and Place of Cult Worship under the Direction of the Rural Population

Author(s): Roman Doušek / Language(s): English / Publication Year: 0

Keywords: New Pilgrimage Site; Rural population; religious behaviour; folk culture;

In rural religious behavior and attitudes as an integral part of traditional folk culture, a multi-layered phenomenon was created and maintained by various processes. A layer of religiosity was created in the minds of the rural population and in their rituals, based on influences from the upper classes of the time.

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Stability over Time

Author(s): Roman Doušek / Language(s): English / Publication Year: 0

Keywords: Traditional folk culture; rural environment; stability and time;

While revealing indigeneity as a vital feature of traditional folk culture, we pointed out the originality of several phenomena and their components, as well as their durability, in the rural environment. The duration of some components resulted from the rural residents’ choices within the framework of what was then imaginable or possible, and with regards to the economic aspects.

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Villagers' Reading

Author(s): Roman Doušek / Language(s): English / Publication Year: 0

Keywords: Rural people; 18th-19th century; Moravian countryside; Villager's reading;

The reflection of time and the acceptance of and preference for what is time-tested, well-established, and still valid from the perspective of rural people are demonstrated by what they read. During the 18th and 19th centuries, the literature that was read often concentrated on old texts, repeatedly read over generations. Such reading habits slowly began to disappear from the countryside only in the second half of the 19th century.

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Ceremonial Shawls – úvodnice and koutnice

Author(s): Alena Křížová / Language(s): English / Publication Year: 0

Keywords: Folk culture; Ceremonial shawls; decorative motifs;

In folk culture, the reflection of timelessness is obvious not only in events of custom and ritual nature. Many times, this timelessness is connected with tangible artifacts that played an important and sometimes even key role in the ritual events. One such artifacts is a square or oblong piece of fabric, a shawl, that is among the oldest basic garments – a wrap garment –that has existed throughout the Czech lands since the Middle Ages.

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Fluidity over Time

Author(s): Roman Doušek / Language(s): English / Publication Year: 0

Keywords: Folk culture; Fluidity and time;

The previous chapter highlighted the stability that characterized the rural population and influenced traditional folk culture which simultaneously incited such preferences. Traditional folk culture was presented from the subjective perspective of its bearers. These bearers, however, often became a subject of topical social trends. The most noticeable developments included various standards ordered by lords, authorities, and the church.

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Changes in Building Legislation

Author(s): Miroslav Válka / Language(s): English / Publication Year: 0

Keywords: Building legislations; 18th-19th century; Architecture;

In addition to all of the cultural ties that connected Moravia with the Danube region and the Carpathians in terms of the folk house, the phenomena of European civilization spread from the west, i.e. from the Bohemian environment. In the 18th century, the increasingly centralized and bureaucratic state administration began to regulate construction activities in the towns and villages. Imperial decrees with province-wide force replaced the older manorial instructions that had been limited to a single domain.

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Regulation of Religious Behavior of Rural Residents

Author(s): Roman Doušek / Language(s): English / Publication Year: 0

Keywords: Rural residents; Religious behaviors; Moravia; 18th-19th century;

The religious rituals of rural residents were a realm that other social classes tried to influence, often successfully. The attempts to influence these rituals were a result of differing religious affiliations and the historical transformations of particular churches. The forms of Holy Mass and the behaviors on certain feast days depended on the religious affiliation. Rural residents were not free to choose their religion; in fact, they often were forced to change their religion during periods of reformation and recatholicization. In addition, individual churches underwent complex developments during that period.

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Changes and Differentiations in the Organization of Handmade Production

Author(s): Daniel Drápala / Language(s): English / Publication Year: 0

Keywords: Handmade productions; handcraft productions; cultural history; production of shingles and split wooden pieces;

In terms of how the rural and small-town populations earned their livelihood, the repeated penetration by external impetuses can be observed in the example of the organization of handmade production. The natural process of technological improvements (whether this was gradual or in leaps) blended with other economic and social factors, innovations, fashion, and the discovery of wider sale territories.

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Consumption

Author(s): Daniel Drápala / Language(s): English / Publication Year: 0

Keywords: consumption of rural farms; agrarian production; rural population; farmers; villages and small towns;

The economy of rural farms aimed at agrarian production was quite a limited and changeable system in the form in which it emerged during the Middle Ages and the Modern period. Unexpected events, such as wars, basic catastrophes, bad weather, and poor harvests weakened the economic balance and farming for many peasants and could even plunge them into material misery. In bad years, official statements and texts written by rural residents mention the lack of foods and raw materials and increasingly high prices that limited the availability of goods for the less-wealthy inhabitants.

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Territorial Unity

Author(s): Roman Doušek / Language(s): English / Publication Year: 0

Keywords: Territorial Unity; Folk culture; Moravian countryside;

An objective view of traditional folk culture within the observed period can reveal layers of that culture that were shared and living among the rural populations throughout Moravia or at least ina wider geographical area. The system and structural conformities in those layers can be identified. Clothing was perceived as a symbol of differentiation; similar principles can be noted in the layout of the rooms in which people lived; homes were segmented according to their functions, etc.

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Carpathian-style Clothing

Author(s): Alena Křížová / Language(s): English / Publication Year: 0

Keywords: Carpathian-style clothing; basic garments; folk costumes; archaic style of dressing;

The cut of basic garments is a crucial elementin folk costumes. The garments makeup an ensemble whose major features are identified with the inhabitants in a large territory, despite their ethnicity and regional or state borders. The Carpathian-style clothing was worn in the territory of the Carpathian Mountains, stretching from Romania across Ukraine, Poland, and Slovakia to Eastern Moravia.

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Turkish Theme in Folk Ballads

Author(s): Martina Pavlicová / Language(s): English / Publication Year: 0

Keywords: Traditional folk culture; ballad songs; Turkish themes;

The spread of traditional folk culture phenomena over a wider area need not be associated only with tangible documents. A similar spread occurred with folklore materials, specifically with ballads – song compositions with a dramatic story and a usually tragic end. These epic, or lyrical and epic, songs narrate a story in brief but with a time sequence and respect for a cause-and-effect relationship. As mentioned by Oldřich Sirovátka (1925–1992), it is not possible to clearly definethe ballad form, as there are a lot of inter-stages between the lyrical song and the ballad: the lyrical song uses epic methods and the ballad uses lyrical means.

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The conversions author – reader (one possible reading of essays of Milan Kundera)

Конверзиите автор – читател (едно можно читање на есеистиката на Милан Кундера)

Author(s): Marija Gorgieva Dimova / Language(s): Macedonian / Publication Year: 0

Keywords: Milan Kundera; author-reader conversation; Czech literature; writer; novelist; theory of novel;

The text is focused on essays of Milan Kundera, interpreted through their illustration regarding the author – reader conversion’s point of view. This conversion in Kundera’s essays has multiple demonstration: in the comments for himself as author/novelist, in the comments for himself as a reader not only of its own novels, but also as reader of other author’s novels, in the comparative analyses of specific texts, processes and topics that reveals his reading experience and contains wider implications regarding history and theory of the novel.

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