CEEOL - Search Result

Multi-volume Polish-Bulgarian Confrontative Grammar

Wielotomowa gramatyka konfrontatywna języka bułgarskiego i polskiego

Author(s): Violetta Koseska-Toszewa / Language(s): Polish / Issue: 10/2010

Keywords: Bulgarian language; Polish language; confrontative grammar; tertium comparationis; semantics; interlanguage

PolishBulgarian Confrontative Grammar (GKBP) is the first and so far the only expanded attempt to make the semantic confrontation with the gradually developed interlanguage. GKBP consists of 9 volumes which were published in 12 volumen. It was decided to arrange the description of Polish-Bulgarian confrontative grammar in the direction from the contents to the form. The semantic interlanguage enabled the emergence of two equivalent grammars: the grammar of the modern Bulgarian language and the grammar of the modern Polish language. The analysis of semantic categories, which was applied in GKBP, ensures the coherent confrontative description, irrespective of whether the described languages have grammatical exponent of meanings or not. GKBP falls into the stream of modern theoretical confrontative research based on the logical theory of quantification, on the modern theory of processes titled „Petri nets”, and on the theory of logical predicate-argument structures. Our research removes the exact division into grammatical and lexical levels, thanks to which our research has introduced a lot of new observations of the examined phenomena. Universal semantic linguistic categories such as the time, the modality, the definiteness / the indefiniteness and the semantic case – which are essential for the language description, but have not yet been examined and have not been sufficiently described in the academic grammars of the Polish and Bulgarian languages – have been selected. The sequence of description in this synthesis was established not on the basis of order of developed volumes of GKBP, but on the basis of the generally accepted order of elements of the semantic structure of the sentence. The most external in the semantic structure of the sentence is its modal characteristics. Thereafter, the time, quantifiers and their order in the semantic structure of the sentence as well as the predicate-argument items are placed. Therefore, it is not an abbreviated summary of the issues analyzed in GKBP volumes. It is the description of selected semantic categories organized in accordance with the semantic order of the semantic structure of the Polish and Bulgarian sentences.

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Albanian adjective derivatives derived from verbs

Albańskie odczasownikowe derywaty przymiotnikowe

Author(s): Artur Karasiński / Language(s): Polish / Issue: 10/2010

Keywords: Albanian language; word formation (derivation); adjective derivatives; adjective derived from verbs; argument categories; predicate categories.

The aim of this article is the analysis of the Albanian adjective derivatives which are derived from verbs. The main assumption made by the author is the existence of structural isomorphism (parallelism in language elements system in which structuring of one level parallels or is made to parallel that of another) between the structure of the derivative and the structure of the sentence. The proposed model of the analysis is directed from content to form. All examined adjective derivatives derived from verbs are being analyzed with their noun context which displays their semantic structure. Nominal phrases containing adjective derivatives are interpreted as the representation of predicateargument structures. The kind of relation between defined noun and derivational base of the adjective is a criterion of the division of Albanian adjective derivatives derived from verbs. These main types of relations are: 1. relation in which the base of an adjective represents basic predicate; 2. relation in which the base of an adjective represents additional predicate. Classes which are the results of the main division are the subject to detailed description.

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Syllable pattern in Morava e Epërme local dialect of Albanian

Sylaba w gwarze Moravy e Epërme

Author(s): Karolina Dargiel / Language(s): Polish / Issue: 10/2010

Keywords: syllable pattern; Albanian; Kosovo dialects; homorganic clusters; vowel schwa.

This article summarizes the first part of a research on syllable pattern in Kosovo dialects. It attempts to answer the question, whether Kosovo dialects have onepeak syllable pattern, twopeak syllable pattern or maybe some other type. Facing many theories about the syllabic unit, that have been created until now, for our study we choose the sonority theory, which is a very comfortable model for formulating distributional rules of speech sounds. Standard Albanian language is untypical against other European languages. This is due to the fact that it tolerates twopeak homorganic consonant clusters [NO] in word initial position (mb, mp, nd, ŋg, nʣ, ɲɟ). Twopeak clusters in word final position are not accepted; consonants are always separated by vowel [ә]. What we observe in Standard Albanian is rather onepeak syllable pattern, where the hierarchy of sonority in the syllable is obeyed, but the least sonorous nasal sonorants should be classified to the distributional group of obstruents. And how does it look like in other Albanian dialects? For our study we have chosen several Kosovo dialects, which seem the most relevant for the examined problems. In this article I deal with the local dialect of Morava e Epërme, where I have studied the following issues: – [SO] initial clusters (including clusters with liquids l and rr), – *[OS] final clusters, – Clusters [OSO] with an interobstruental sonorant, – Consonantal proclitics on strong morphological borders (t’, m’, n’, s’), – Occurences of vowel [ә]. Does it have phoneme status in this local diAlect? – Can sonorants and obstruents be syllabic? Our study has proved, that [NO] initial clusters have tendency for reduction: [mbyt], [ŋuʃt] instead of [mbyt], [ŋguʃt, whereas sporadic occurence of the twopeak initial clusters lO, rrO is phonetically conditioned (it means that this form occurs only after vowels [m‿ka‿ʎʃu:], [mu‿Rʣu:]). Final *[OS] clusters in Morava e Epërme, as in the standard Albanian, are completely extinct (they are usually split by vowel [ә]: [vetәm ktu], [natәn], [θupәr]). The same referes to the clusters [OSO], which usually occur with the syllabic sonorant or inserted vowel schwa [ә]. Dialect of Morava e Epërme tolerates syllabic sonorants and in some contexts also syllabic obstruents. The vowel [ә] appears very often, but never in unmotivated position. Therefore we can conclude that this sound does not have the phoneme status in this dialect. Dialect of Morava e Epërme neither has the typical onepeak syllable pattern (it tolerates twopeak initial clusters), nor it has a twopeak syllable model (it does not tolerate twopeak final clusters). This local dialect can be classified, the same as standard Albanian, as a one with onepeak syllable pattern, where, however, nasal sonorants should be distributionally classified as obstruents (and not as sonorants).

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History and origin of language borrowings in social vocabulary of Serbia and Montenegro to the beginnings of 20th century

Dzieje i pochodzenie zapożyczeń słownictwa z zakresu życia społecznego w Serbii i Czarnogórze do początku XX wieku

Author(s): Tomasz Kwoka / Language(s): Polish / Issue: 10/2010

Keywords: Serbian language; history of Serbian language; social vocabulary; language borrowings

The article presents the main sources of language borrowings which developed the Serbian vocabulary within the scope of broadly defined social relationships and encompasses the period of time from the main sources of language borrowings till the beginnings of the 20th century. First of all the form of addressing family leaders and the most important family structures, the form of addressing of political, military and church leaders, the nomenclature of social layers’ members, officers as well as administration units have been included in the social vocabulary. Except the example of ways such borrowings were included into the Serbian language the article also presents history and politics background and socio-cultural conditioning in which the contacts and inter-language meetings took place. Some medieval borrowings from roman languages (Latin, Dalmatian dialects, and then Romanian) and GreekByzantine, and Turkish have been presented. We have tried to describe a wide stream of Turkish influence (with limited Italian and Albanian influence. Later periods were characterized by: German, Hungarian, Russian and later French. The work constitutes sort of supplement to the article of P. Ivić (Domaći i strani elementi u terminologiјi društvenog, ekonomskog i pravnog života u srednjovekovnoј Srbiјi as well as Razvoј terminologiјe u јeziku srednjovekovnikh Srba) which describe the influence of examined lexemes on social lexis, the ways of their adaptation and geography in the Serbian language area including especially history as well as sociopolitical background.

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Croatian and Serbian text linguistics

Badania w zakresie lingwistyki tekstu w lingwistyce chorwackiej i serbskiej

Author(s): Maria Cichońska / Language(s): Polish / Issue: 10/2010

Keywords: text linguistics; text grammar; Croatian language; Serbian language.

This work reviews the actual state of research in the area of textual criticism. The monographic works of Croatian and Serbian linguists were investigated in view of the subject and the methodology being used as well as the contribution that they make to the Slavonic and non-Slavonic text linguistics. Included are the work dated from 1984 (the beginning of the text structure research in different styles of language), till the last publication in 2008. They show multidirectional approaches that were taken in studies, varing from the strictly grammatical analysis of the text that were typical to Croatian linguists, up to the more interdisciplinary ones – psycholinguistic and pragmatic present in the analysis of colloquial discurs in works of Serbian linguists

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Intracommunitary compositas – compounds with евро particle in Bulgarian

Composita wewnątrzwspólnotowe – wyrazy złożone z cząstką евро- w języku bułgarskim

Author(s): Natalia Długosz / Language(s): Polish / Issue: 10/2010

Keywords: word formation of a Bulgarian language; compounds with a particle евро.

From the observation of a contemporary Bulgarian word formation system results that the number of compounds which significant part is developed basing on new productive models is constantly increasing. Therefore the subject of this article constitute Bulgarian compounds with a disintegrated particle евро that are thematically connected with the process of European Integration. I begin the analysis from the description of compositas’ word formation construction. Then I go to semantic dissertation (I make an attempt to classify all mentioned structures thematically and I create a dictionary definition of the евро particle) and on to stylistic ones (I pay special attention to the functioning of the discussed units both in a text, and in a lexical system).

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Social Assistence in Prison

Author(s): Carmen-Gabriela Lăzăreanu / Language(s): English / Issue: 1/2012

Keywords: legal liability; delinquency; criminality; probation

Delinquency determines a reaction of the members of society who relate to social values. Although many institutions have been mobilized into the process of recovery, resocialization, reintegration, reconversion and re-education, the crime rate is high. The role of the social assistant is to work as a probation counsellor, who intervenes in the trial, promoting alternatives to detention and intervening when he is solicited.

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Solidarity as Applied Anthropology and Theology. Seniors as part of the Concerns of Religious Communities

Author(s): Dan Sandu / Language(s): English / Issue: 1/2012

Keywords: services for the elderly; religious communities; religious assistance; church groups; self-help groups

The concern for and about the elderly is deeply rooted in the biblical history, as witnessed in the Book of Psalms: “Do not forsake me in my old age” (Psalm 70: 19-20). The social services for the elderly have taken many forms in various cultures. Thus, tribal care was supplemented by dependence on the family, which in some countries is still the primary source of help for the elderly. For example, in countries such as USA, volunteers and families provide eighty percent of the help to the elderly. Families with elderly people themselves often need help. There is an aphorism claiming that two parents can support eight children, but eight children cannot support one parent. In other cultures, families are helped by church groups, guilds, humanitarian organizations and self-help groups, among others. The paper tries to look into the problem of the elderly and their dignity of being the “image and likeness of God” in Romania, providing an analysis of those situations in which they are either neglected or humiliated by a fast-changing society, that tends to leave them behind. They do not move, do not emigrate, have no power to strike, claim or start again, but often suffer in silence. It is a psychological and social trauma to move someone in his/her old age from his/her house into an institutional home for elderly. They need to “age in place” and be provided with decent living, less work, suitable living conditions and love from the community. Does the answer come from religious communities? If so, how far can they go? They need care-workers, especially in rural areas where the elderly tend to be sicker and more disabled than their urban counterparts.

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Methods of Oral Communication. Interrogative Methods Used by Saint John Chrysostom and Their Actuality

Author(s): Carmen-Maria Bolocan / Language(s): English / Issue: 1/2012

Keywords: Chrysostom; communication methods; interrogative methods; religion

Our research aims at developing a comparative presentation between the interrogative methods identified in the writings of St. Ioan Hrisostom and those used today in religious didactics. The most important fact is to show that this great holy father of the Church is a merited pedagogue and the founder of a series of didactic methods which stand even today in the 21st century.

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Biblical and Patristic Basis of Orthodox Monachism

Author(s): Petre Semen / Language(s): English / Issue: 1/2012

Keywords: asceticism; monks; anachorite; monachism; celibacy; Holy Fathers; solitude; life in Christ

While most monks, at least in theory, belong to a group living in a convent or monastery, it is not imperative that they live with the same group throughout all their life as a monk. Monastic life, completely different from the life of the world, must be oriented towards achieving the personal religious purpose (Matt. 16: 24; Mk. 8: 34). Some monks drew their names from their lifestyle or the clothing they wore. The model of the biblical prophets who indeed had a monk’s life in poverty and simplicity inspires the association of novices to a monk. In the Gospels, Christ recommends poverty and celibacy to be willingly chosen (Mathew 19: 21) and Saint Paul preferred a single life as to be more involved in his life as a preacher of the Gospel in the Roman world (I Corinthians 7). Given that our Saviour states without doubt that celibacy, and therefore monastic life, represent a special gift that is not given to anybody, it means that no one can be forced to live a celibacy life. Before examining the opinion of the Fathers on Monastic life, one must cleary state that not all the Fathers were monks. Much later, Saint Symeon the New Theologian dealt with monastic life, yet approaching it differently from John Chrysostom.

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Being, Existence and Spiritual Orientation in Theological Metaphysics. Relevant Aspects for the Dialogue between Religion and Science

Author(s): Gheorghe Popa / Language(s): English / Issue: 1/2012

Keywords: Metaphysics; Being; Existence; Spiritual Orientation

The theological metaphysics that we explore in the present paper was developed by the Fathers of the Church, during the time of its ecumenical unity, i.e. the first millennium of Christianity. In their role as servants of Christ, they constantly aimed for and promoted the communion with God and the sanctity of life, expressed in prayer, righteous deeds and fraternal love for all people. We believe that the metaphysical theology of the Church Fathers can be a source of inspiration for cultivating and embracing this convergence. The Church Fathers translated the existential and mystagogical dimension of faith into a coherent theological system. To achieve this, they relied on integrating hermeneutics which did not exclude, but rather transfigured the ontology and the epistemology of ancient philosophy. The fundamental premises of their approach and the relevance of this approach for the current dialogue between religion and science form the focus of this study.

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About Forms and Symbolic Configurations (II)

Author(s): Georgeta Merişor Dominte / Language(s): English / Issue: 1/2012

Keywords: informative and formative intentions; forms and symbolic configurations; theoretical and applicative sense

About Forms and Symbolic Configurations is elaborated with initials and derivative assertions, having informative and formative intentions at the same time. They propose, especially for the support of the apprenticeship stages, an overall and a detailed view, visually polarized between the macrocosmic and the microscopic, over some primary and derivative forms, organic and angular, natural and artistically created by the human being. Intending to make some inductions, which give the possibility for manifesting a creative continuum, for the emitter as well as for the receptors, I have thus conceived a wide corollary of some various visual ideas and expressions, for some symbolic configurations, which can be continued and developed on their specific coordinates, in a theoretical and applicative sense.

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The Role and Importance of History of Religions in the Faculties of Orthodox Theology

Author(s): Constantin-Iulian DAMIAN / Language(s): English / Issue: 1/2012

Keywords: History of Religions; faculties of Orthodox theology

History of Religions was introduced in the curriculum of the Orthodox educational institutions since 1948, but still there are voices which deny its utility for the theology student. There are a few arguments that contradict this opinion. First of all are the theological arguments, followed by the missionary ones. The first category includes the main threefold theological arguments (Adamic, Abrahamic and Christic), the role of History of Religions to complete the other theological disciplines and also its capacity to strengthen the faith. The missionary category of arguments consists in underlying the lack of a theology of religions, the missionary exigencies of the contemporary globalized world, the necessity of a religious dialogue, and the general status of the theologian in society.

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Crisis and Kairos of Meaning. Logotherapeutic Perspective

Author(s): Monika Ulrichová / Language(s): English / Issue: 1/2012

Keywords: death; crisis; Kairos; logotherapy; life

The paper deals with bereavement of a loved one which may be accompanied by a life crisis. Death of a family member will always be considered as a very painful, undesirable situation and family members often do not know how to deal with it. The paper also distinguishes various stages of death in man's life, death of a young person being often a real trauma for the family. In such cases, logotherapy helps people to overcome the feeling of emptiness and loneliness by looking at the life that existed once and emphasising that despite the death there are still things and facts that do not disappear with the passing away of the individual. It is necessary to realize that without the definiteness of human life we could hardly reach its fullness and maturity.

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Biblical Intertextuality in the 4th Lectionary of the Holy Sacrament of Unction

Author(s): Ilie Melniciuc-Puică / Language(s): English / Issue: 1/2012

Keywords: Biblical lecturers; intertextuality; christians; Jesus; healing

The study deals with the 4th group of biblical texts reading on oil sacrament of the sick. The goal is to express the linking between the texts in the Christian office, like in synagogue reading practice, developing theological themes. On read in synagogue cult the Law, Prophets and Writings (Lk 24:47). In the Christian worship Old Testament is present in Prokimenon that express a fragment of Psalms and New Testament by the Apostle corresponds to reading from the Prophets, Gospel replacing the reading of the law. God cares also lonely believer, even the communitarian harmony. Biblical readings found scriptural echoes in the 4th prayer of this sacrament, who follows the message of the sacred texts, synthesizing need of repentance, for the outpouring of the Holy Spirit grace over all who hear the word of God.

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Interlocking Directorates and Possible Conflict of Interest

Author(s): Joanna Szalacha / Language(s): English / Issue: 2/2011

Keywords: interlocking directorates; conflict of interest; elite; superclass; corpotate scndal.

The aim of this paper is to explore the concept of interlocking directorates in a context of possible misuse of power, especially such as conflict of interest (COI). The paper presents some results of current research made on interlocking directorates. Next it analyzes connections between this phenomenon and COI. One of a basic assumption for this paper is that COI is generally dangerous for a processes of industrial and market development of regions like CEE and therefore all phenomena COI-related (as interlocking directorates) must be well recognized by regional social sciences. The article will refer to such issues as threats to free market rules, violation of trust and formation of industrial elite.

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Rule of Law Reforms in the Shadow of Clientelism: The Limits of the EU's Transformative Power in Romania

Author(s): Martin Mendelski / Language(s): English / Issue: 2/2011

Keywords: Romania; Eu conditionality; rule of law; clientelism; state capture.

This study examines the role of theEuropean Union (EU) and domestic actors in the development of the rule of law (judicial quality) in Romania between 2000 and 2009. This study offers an empirical analysis of rule of law development across two key dimensions (1. judicial capacity, 2. judicial impartiality). The findings of the study show that, while the reform actions of domestic change agents and the EU led to improvement on the judicial capacity dimension of the rule of law (efficiency-related aspects), there was considerable persistence on the judicial impartiality dimension (power-related aspects). The limited transformative power of the EU is explained by the strong resistance of clientelistic veto players, who captured the reform process and undermined the creation of de facto rule of law.

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Politics and Trust in the South Caucasus, and in the East and West Europe

Author(s): Ken Roberts,Gary Pollock / Language(s): English / Issue: 2/2011

Keywords: democracy; globalisation; politics; social class; South Caucasus; trust.

Trust in political actors is currently low in all parts of Europe and the former Soviet Union. This paper proceeds by presenting recent evidence from the EU27 and the South Caucasus, and explores differences in levels of trust towards different political actors, between socio-demographic groups, and between countries. The differences are around generally low levels of trust. It is argued that this lack of trust needs to be set in the contexts of economic globalisation having widened inequalities while disempowering national politicians, and the absence of effective political checks on politicians' actions. Throughout the analysis, contrasts are drawn between the relatively mature democracies of the west and the new democracies of Eastern Europe. The paper concludes by suggesting why, in certain regions, trust has been most easily maintained or restored in relatively undemocratic political systems and actors.

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Coping with Low-Trust Situation in Eastern and Western Europe: On the Role of Justice and Corruption as Buffers of Interpersonal Distrust

Author(s): Georg P. Mueller / Language(s): English / Issue: 2/2011

Keywords: Interpersonal trust; corruption; law enforcement; locus of control; risk buffering; Eastern/Western Europe.

This article focuses on the impact of interpersonal distrust on the perceived locus of control of the concerned person. It is argued that distrust triggers a psychological shift of the perceived locus of control towards distrusted others-a process, which may however be slowed down or even stopped by appropriate subjective or objective buffers. E.g. reliable law enforcement may have this buffering effect as well as the instrumentalisation of the state by corrupt practices. On the bases of interview data form the European Values Study, the article first shows for a great number of Eastern and Western countries the existence of the postulated negative impact of distrust on the degree of perceived internal control. In a second step, the article also investigates the buffering effects of trustworthy law enforcement and corruption. The statistical analyses demonstrate that in Central and Eastern Europe, corruption has a much stronger buffering effect than law enforcement, whereas in Western Europe, the strengths of the two types of buffers are just the reverse.

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Beyond Conflict of Interest: Shadow Elites and the Challenge to Democracy and the Free Market

Author(s): Janine R Wedel / Language(s): English / Issue: 2/2011

Keywords: conflict of interest; acountability; democracy; free market; shadow elite; power; influence.

A new breed of power broker debuted with the diffusion of global authority, the growth of privatization, and new information technologies in the late twentieth and early twenty-first centuries. The success of these "shadow elites" stems from their ability to break new ground with regard to conflict of interest. They conflate official and private interests without violating the law. They test both governments' rules of accountability and businesses' codes of competition. Moving nimbly between official and private spheres, and sometimes erasing the distinction, these players can wield more power and influence than lobbyists, interest groups, "kitchen cabinets," and other influencers in democratic society. Largely beyond public input, they challenge the principles that have defined modern states, free markets, and democracy itself. Conventional categories are ill-suited to describe these operators and conventional means of holding them to account are also ill-equipped to do so.

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