Traditions and culture of old believers in Poland

Tradycje i kultura staroobrzędowców na ziemiach polskich

Author(s): Natalia Gburzyńska / Language(s): Polish / Issue: 4/2011

Keywords: old believers;schism;Russian Orthodox Church;

This article refers to traditions and culture of Old Believers (Russian: староверы or старообрядцы, starovery or staroobryadtsy) in Poland. Old Believers separated in 1654 from Russian Orthodox Church as a protest against church reforms. They were persecuted and forced to emigrate. To Poland they arrived from Pskov and Nowogród. Modern-day Old Believers in Poland live in the three areas – around Augustów, Suwałki and Masuria. Initially they followed Old Believer’s traditions (e.g. they refused to stay in hospital). Now we can see assimilation with the Polish culture. In this article described elements related to Old Believers faith (e.g. molenna, prayer, icons, canonical collection of texts) and elements related to everyday life (e.g. folklore, clothes, food e.t.c.). This article is based on Bachelor Thesis of Natalia Gburzyńska.

Basic mechanisms of e-participation of citizens in policy-making

Basic mechanisms of e-participation of citizens in policy-making

Author(s): Iryna Harechko / Language(s): English / Issue: 4/2011

Keywords: policy-making;e-participation

The author has proposed the division of the mechanisms of citizens’ e-participation in two groups - mandatory or recommendation. There is considered successful experience of the mechanism of e-elections/e-referendum and e-rulemaking, the results of which are binding on the central and local authorities. There are analyzed a number of advisory nature mechanisms (e.g., e-discussion, e-initiative, e-reference, etc.). It is concluded that e-mechanisms for citizens’ participation may improve the traditional democratic process, give more technical and political opportunities for the inclusion of citizens in the political process and cause the increasing of government’s transparency.

ICT fot the EU multilingualism

ICT fot the EU multilingualism

Author(s): Natalia Karpchuk / Language(s): English / Issue: 4/2011

Keywords: sign language;ICT;multilingualism;

“Multilingualism” is regarded as the ability of communities, groups and individuals to use more than one language on a regular basis in their daily activities, the way to unite “rich in diversity” Europe. ICT can make any necessary information available and accessible, help eliminate language barriers. The European Commission is developing 30 research and innovation projects of language technology which purpose is to help Internet users to get access to the information in their native languages. These projects include the protection of minor languages, the promotion of sign languages, the development of translation technologies.

Pakistan support for Sikh`s separatist movement

Wsparcie Pakistanu dla sikhijskiego ruchu separatystycznego

Author(s): Małgorzata Klimczak / Language(s): Polish / Issue: 4/2011

Keywords: Pakistan;Sikhs separatist movement;

In period between 1978 till 1995 on North West of India above all in Punjab took place conflict between Sikh’s separatist groups and Indian authorities . The reason of the conflict was Sikh’s separatists armed struggle for independent state Khalistan. It’s territory would include Indian state Punjab. Indian authorities could not allow for violation of Indian territorial integrity. Conflict last almost 20 years between the others thanks to Sikh’s diaspora and Pakistan support. The subject of article entitled ,, Pakistan support for Sikh’s separatist movement” is characteristic of this support: reasons, forms and answer for a question why it has been radically limited in the beginning of ninth decade of XX century.

The role of the foreign capital in transformation of the polish economy

Rola kapitału zagranicznego w transformacji polskiej gospodarki

Author(s): Piotr Siemiątkowski / Language(s): Polish / Issue: 4/2011

Keywords: foreign direct investment;transformation;

The article shows the role of foreign capital in the transformation of the Polish economy after 1989. The new, democratic government collided with a number of problems. One of them was a huge shortage of capital. This gap was filled in by foreign investors. This paper presents both size of capital that flowed to Poland and the key directions of impact on the economy reform.

Privacy in the british common-law system - an outline of issues

Ochrona prywatności w systemie brytyjskiego common-law - zarys problematyki

Author(s): Monika Bartczak / Language(s): Polish / Issue: 5/2012

Keywords: right to privacy;human rights;international law;

The article deals with an outline history of development of the right to privacy in the legal system of the United Kingdom. It is also to serve as a critical analysis of existing in this legal system contemporary model of privacy protection formed by the mutual relation between jurisdiction, statute law norms and the correlation between the right to privacy and the right to information and freedom of speech.

Polish public debt in period of integration with European Union

Polish public debt in period of integration with European Union

Author(s): Grzegorz Górniewicz / Language(s): English / Issue: 5/2012

Keywords: public debt;local government;demography;

Public debt is currently one of the biggest economic issue in Poland. In the last few years, its proportions systematically increased. The debt of government as well as local government sector grew. The ministry of finances made various efforts to reduce the public debt by prior buying of liabilities and accounting manipulations.

Application of human development index (HDI) for assessment of socio-economic development of European Union cuntries in the years 2004-2011

Zastosowanie wskaźnika rozwoju społecznego HDI do oceny sytuacji społeczno-gospodarczej krajów Unii Europejskiej w latach 2004-2011

Author(s): Ewa Jankowska / Language(s): Polish / Issue: 5/2012

Keywords: economic development;social development;human development index (HDI);

In the article attempts to assess the socio-economic situation of the EU in the period 2004–2011 using the Human Development Index HDI. In the first part of the paper the basic concepts associated with the Human Development Index HDI were presented. Next, the attempt of the analysis of changes in the level of development in both the social and economic situation in the countries of the European Union in the period 2004–2011 was undertaken. At the end, in order to determine the gap between the poorest countries to the richest in terms of the level of civilization development, the author presented the ranking of EU countries according to the value of HDI.

Poland and the peace with Germany - institutional solutions: The Ministry of Congress Work and the Bureau of Congress Work 1939-1948

Polska wobec pokoju z Niemcami - rozwiązania instytucjonalne: Ministerstwo Prac Kongresowych oraz Biuro Prac Kongresowych 1939-1948

Author(s): Katarzyna Kącka / Language(s): Polish / Issue: 5/2012

Keywords: Cureau of Congress Work; Ministry of Congress Wrok, Poland;Germany;

The purpose of this article is to present the institutional arrangements of the Polish Ministry of Foreign Affairs, related to the preparation for the time of peace with Germany during and after World War II. These solutions were a rather important element, and determined the activities of the department both during the war and after its end. The study’s main objective is to show in an organized, orderly manner the findings, present in historiography, concerning the activities of Polish Congress institutions in two different historical moments and in different organizational frameworks: firstly, the Ministry of Congress Work during wartime, and secondly – the Bureau of Congress Work after the war ended. Both activities of the Ministry of Congress Work (MPK) and the Bureau of Congress Work (BPK) were devoted entirely to studying materials about Germany and formulating theories – above all, theories about their future as a nation and as a state, and their new place in international structures.

The economic situation of Poland and selected countries of central and eastern Europe, two decades after the end of the transformation

Sytuacja gospodarcza Polski i wybranych krajów Europy Środkowowschodniej i dwie dekady po przełomie transformacyjnym

Author(s): Piotr Siemiątkowski / Language(s): Polish / Issue: 5/2012

Keywords: transformation;information society;demography;

In the present study compared the progress made in the countries of Central and Eastern Europe twenty years after the transition. The analysis have been selected economic aspects of the functioning of economies such former Eastern Bloc countries like Poland, the Czech Republic, Slovakia, Lithuania, Latvia, Estonia, Hungary, Ukraine and Belarus. The article in addition to countries, which together with the Polish came in 2004 to the European Union included, because of the immediate neighborhood, Ukraine and Belarus. Their inclusion in the analysis for comparative purposes seems to be the most appropriate, because they have chosen a different path from the rest of the development, as a sovereign country.

Selected aspects of transformatio of Lithuania, Germany, Poland, Czech Republic nad Ukraine to the information society

Wybrane aspekty transformacji Litwy, Niemiec, Polski, Republiki Czeskiej oraz Ukrainy do społeczeństwa informacyjnego

Author(s): Beata Stachowiak / Language(s): Polish / Issue: 5/2012

Keywords: information society;transformation;demography

This article will discuss selected aspects of the transformation of Lithuanian, German, Polish, Czech Republic and Ukraine to the information society. The author will conduct reflections of the historical and demographic perspectives. This approach to problems is rare, much more likely to be taken into account aspects of infrastructure and technology. In addition, reflections of the author will be enriched by the results of the level of preparation of students for active functioning in the information society. The research was conducted by the author in the academic year 2009/2010 at six universities in these countries.

Patryk Tomaszewski, book review: Zdzisław Polcikiewicz, Security Theory

Patryk Tomaszewski, recenzja ksiązki: Zdzisław Polcikiewicz, Teoria Bezpieczeństwa

Author(s): Patryk Tomaszewski / Language(s): Polish / Issue: 5/2012

Some Structural Features of the Transcripts of the Early Service of Constantine-Cyril the Philosopher

Някои структурни особености на преписите на ранната Служба за Констаптин-Кирил Философ

Author(s): Boyka Mirčeva / Language(s): Bulgarian / Issue: 1/1994

The article reviews the hymnographic works composed at different times and dedicated to Constantine-Cyril the Philosopher. Attention focuses on the early service, preserved in transcripts from the 12th to the 17th с. The study includes bibliographic information about the transcripts used, and a scheme of the distribution of the stichira and troparia with an appropriate commentary is given on the basis of 21 of them. Tables of the distribution of the transcripts in time and by origin, and the beginnings of the troparia and stichira are also appended. The principal conclusion is that as early as the 12th с. took shape two structural versions of the work which strongly differentiated the Russian from the South Slavonic transcripts.

Cyrillic Palimpsest Vat. Gr. 2502 and his Decoration

Der kyrillische Palimpsest in Cod. Vat. gr. 2502 und sein Schmuck

Author(s): Elisaveta Mussakova / Language(s): German / Issue: 1/1994

Analysis of ornaments leads to the conclusion that the manuscript is later than Савина книга and more likely it can be dated back to the first half of XI c.

Coincidences and Discrepancies in the Text and the Menology of Two Closely Related Gospel Manuscripts: the Curzon (Vidin) and Banica Gospels

Съвпадения и разлики в текста и в месецослова на два близки евангелски ръкописа: Кързоновото (Видинското) и Банишкото евангелие

Author(s): Cynthia M. Vakareliyska / Language(s): Bulgarian / Issue: 1/1994

The Curzon Gospel is an unpublished West Bulgarian tetraevangelion at the British Museum in London datable to c. 1354, the first year listed in its Easter/ Sexagesima calendar. As a datable manuscript, the Curzon Gospel provides a ecure chronological framework for evaluating both its own palaeography, orthography and linguistic features, and those of other, undated, Middle Bulgarian manuscripts, including the closely-related Banica Gospel, a well-known West Bulgarian tetraevangelion the dating of which is in dispute. Striking coincidences between the Curzon and Banica gospels, including identically located syntactic and lexical anomalies and homoeoteleuta in Mark, Luke, and John, and in the menologies and first synaxarion, indicate that these portions of the two manuscripts share a common antegraph Since the Curzon Gospel preserves intact the entire texts of Mark, Luke and John, it provides a supplement to those folia that are now missing from the Banica Gospel. Moreover, discrepancies between the Curzon and Banica full menologies in the listing of specific saints for certain days may provide clues about the dating of the Banica Gospel and the geographic origin of both manuscripts.

Planets and Planetary Systems in the Old Bulgarian Literature

За планетите и техните подредби в старобългарската книжнина

Author(s): Tatyana Slavova / Language(s): Bulgarian / Issue: 1/1994

The article deals with the question of planets and planetary systems in some Old Slavonic monuments of the 10th and 11th centuries. The men of letters of the Golden Age of the Old Bulgarian literature knew three planetary systems: Ptolemaic, harmonic and mediatory. Information of the three has reached us through Old Bulgarian translations of St. John of Damascus.

The Slavonic Translation of George Hamartolus Chronicle Edited by V. M. Istrin

Славянский перевод Хроники Георгия Амартола в издании В. М. Истрина

Author(s): Rostislav Stankov / Language(s): Russian / Issue: 1/1994

The article deals with the problem where and when was the oldest Slavonic translation of George Hamartolus Chronicle ("Vremennik") was made. It argues with V. M. Istrin's statement ascribing the translation to Kievan Russia. The analysis shows quite clearly that V. M. Istrin's criteria are pointless. To prove the Bulgarian origin of the Vremennik some new linguistic data unnoted in previous works, are adduced. The most probable supposition is that the Vremennik is a late tenth-century Bulgarian translation. It is possible that it was later revised in Kievan Russia.

Joint Endeavours and General Upsurge

Взаимни трудове и общ възход

Author(s): Nikolai Šivarov / Language(s): Bulgarian / Issue: 1/1994

The article analyses the consequences of the establishment of a separate ecclesiastical province on the territory of the Bulgarian State in 870: an Archbishopric within the framework of the Patriarchate of Constantinople. Special attention is paid to the introduction of Old Bulgarian as official language of the State and the Church which took place probably at the Council of Preslav in 893. Numerous written monuments, mainly translations, which marked the upsurge of the Old Bulgarian Christian literary culture, are also indicated, and it is pointed out that almost all its writers were clergymen. The upsurge of the Bulgarian State and the Bulgarian Church was mutually determined. It is noted that in Bulgaria during King Simeon's reign a certain orientation existed towards the example of the Patriarchate of Alexandria, first in rank next to Rome and Constantinople, and the question of the causes for this phenomenon is raised.

Pictorial Interpretation of the Sacred Image in Mediaeval Art

Живописна интерпретация на сакрализирания образ в средновековното изкуство

Author(s): Elka Bakalova / Language(s): Bulgarian / Issue: 1/1994

Based on the result of research into the emergence, formation of the iconography and dissemination of the images of the First Teachers of the Slavs and their Disciples, the authoress considers the appearance and spread of the painted image as a particular stage in the development of the cult of these saints in concrete historical circumstances. The ideological context in which this image appeared and the specific aspects of the cult of a particular saint what developed through the pictorial interpretation of his sacred image are also examined.

Vazhno izsledvane po slavjanska istoricheska akcentologia

Важно изследване по славянска историческа акцентология

Author(s): Andrey Todorov / Language(s): Bulgarian / Issue: 1/1994