The Germans in Albania (Summer - Autumn 1943)

Gjermanët në Shqipëri (verë-vjeshtë 1943)

Author(s): Muharrem Dezhgiu / Language(s): Albanian / Issue: 03-04/2010

Keywords: Germans in Albania ; 1943 ; Albania; Albanian History;

Based on the historical circumstances, created after the capitulation of Italy, this article presents different analyses on the political concernment of Albania. With its strategic importance regarding the plans and objectives of the Great Powers during World War II, Albania attired their attention. The attitude of the Great Powers towards the national interests of the Albanians, in some manner defined the latter's attitude regarding their relations with the fighting powers. This study tries to treat the specificities of the German occupation in Albania, as compared to the Italian one. In accord with the German policy of not engaging multiple military forces in Albania, the Albanian government gained a larger territory in the country's administration, without the direct interference of the Germans. After the arrival of the Germans in Albania, the Albanian politicians were lead by the conviction that they had to work in the interest of the Albanian Cause and, according to them, neutrality was the righter path towards the achievement of their goals by the end of the war. The position of Albania after the arrival of the Germans changed clearly as long as the independence and the neutrality of the Albanian government were concerned. This position can be also explained by the specificities of the German occupation, as it was spread through the Albanian territory.

The Western Politics towards Albania during the Albanian - Soviet Crisis

Politika e Perëndimit ndaj Shqipërisë gjatë krizës shqiptaro-sovjetike

Author(s): Hamit Kaba / Language(s): Albanian / Issue: 03-04/2010

Keywords: Western Politics ; Albanian - Soviet Crisis ; Albania; Albanian History;

The article "The Western Politics towards Albania during the Albanian - Soviet Crisis" deals with one of the most difficult and delicate times in the history of Albania. Albania's detachment from USSR and the rest of the countries of the Communist bloc marked one more cleavage inside the camp of the communist countries, weakening its unity even more. The Albanian - Soviet separation was accompanied by discussions, polemics and quarrels. Furthermore, it attired the attention of the western countries, especially of the USA and its politics. The United States, as a leader state of the democratic countries, would play a fundamental role in the definition and the formation of the position to keep towards the Albanian - Soviet crisis and would powerfully influence the politics of the other allied countries. The American politics attentively followed the Albanian - Soviet crisis, and tried to take advantage of it. The Stalinist nature of the Albanian regime and the identification of an ally on the Communist China and Mao Zedong, led the West to see Albania as a disruptive factor inside the Communist bloc, especially for the rapports between China and the USSR. Having good knowledge on the politics and the claims of the neighbors towards Albania, the American politics became a processor of the motto "take your hands off Albania". The particularities of the Albanian - Soviet crisis and the outlying interests of the USA on the Albanian matters made the Americans treat this case differently from the Soviet - Yugoslavian conflict of 1948. The Albanian Communist leadership never considered its orientation towards the western democratic countries a serious alternative. It simply made surveys on the re-establishment of the diplomatic relations with the United States and Great Britain, until the consolidation its strong rapports with the Popular Republic of China. This article was edited, principally based on the documentation found in the American and British archives, as well as in the Albanian documentary sources.

Scientific life

Jeta shkencore

Author(s): Jani Sota / Language(s): Albanian / Issue: 03-04/2010

Konferenca shkencore ndërkombëtare "Kongres kombëtar - shkollë kombëtare" (International Scientific Conference: "National Congress - National School")

Milan Shuflaj, Or the Rebelion of Albania

Milan Shuflaj, ose rizbulimi i Shqipërisë

Author(s): Pëllumb Xhufi / Language(s): Albanian / Issue: 03-04/2010

Keywords: Milan Shuflaj ; Rebelion of Albania ; Albania; Albanian History;

Në agim të kohëve moderne, shqiptarët dhe historia e tyre "u zbuluan" si rastësisht nga udhëtarë e studiues të huaj, të cilët u ndeshën me këtë popull gjatë kërkimeve të tyre për popuj të tjerë fqinj, grekët e sllavët. Ky kontakt i tyre me shqiptarët ndodhi në periferi ose jashtë habitatit historik të tyre, në Dalmaci apo në Greqi, ku gjatë mesjetës ishin krijuar ngulime masive shqiptare. Nga këta shqiptare "të periferisë" apo të diasporës morën shkas sprovat e para albanologjike të studiuesve, si: Pouqueville, Fallmerayer, Hahn, Sathas, Hopf, Miller, Reinhold, Evans etj. Edhe vetë Shuflaj ndeshi rastësisht në faktorin shqiptar ndërsa hulumtonte për të tjera gjëra në arkivat e qyteteve dalmate.

The wounds of the albanian school during the communist dictatorship

Plagët e shkollës shqiptare në diktaturën komuniste (Arsimi 8-vjeçar dhe i mesëm)

Author(s): Iljaz Gogaj / Language(s): Albanian / Issue: 03-04/2010

Keywords: albanian school ; communist dictatorship; Albania; Albanian History;

After the declaration of Independence, the Albanian school started to upraise and during 1920 - 1930s and until 1943, succeeded to install and consolidate an education system. Despite being limited in quantity and with material lacks, this system maintained the Balkan level in methods and substance. After the end of the World War II, this process was interrupted. Being under the doctrine of the communist ideology, school went downwards, at the expense of cultural, civil and patriotic formation of the generations to come in Albania. As soon as the communist government was installed, the reforms against the rotten, bourgeois education system begun, in order to create a new school, called Socialist, with communist aspirations. Under clear political purposes, the expansion of the school network started. Due to school's opening to masses, all school categories were expanded, without having the necessary material basis and obtaining a weak financial support. The education system during 1944 - 1948, adopted the Yugoslavian system rather than the Russian one, despite the fact that for the moment they were quite similar. It is not by chance that the period of the so-called 'further revolutionising' of school coincides with the empowerment of the relations with China. At the end of the '70s, after the interruption of the relations with China, school was even more politicized, harming thus even more the cultural formation of the school generations of that time. Straight after the War, the deterioration of the teacher's personality begun. There was no juridical status for the teacher, in order to regulate the relations of the teachers inside school and society, as a first-hand figure in the cultural evolution of the country. During the '80s, all the texts and subjects went through a deformation. Formation courses, courses of social sciences, principally history and literature, were mutilated in a degree that harmed the general formation of several generations in Albania. One of the greatest wounds that socialist school brought to the formation of the pupils was the great scarcity in the Albanian language. After the 1946 reform, the western foreign languages were withdrawn from the school programs. There were further measures for revolutionizing school, with the introduction of the so-called revolutionary triangle learning, productive work, physic and military education, all entirely based on the ideological axes of Marxism - Leninism. The objective of the Party - State was to transform school into the principal tool of communist indoctrination. The cultural upraising of generations was not fundamental. The teacher's personality was deteriorated, as well.

The Nationalists of Mat in the War for National Liberation (1939-1944)

Nacionalistët matjanë në luftën për çlirim kombëtar (1939-1944)

Author(s): Muharrem Dezhgiu / Language(s): Albanian / Issue: 03-04/2010

Keywords: Nationalists of Mat ; War for National Liberation ; 1939-1944; Albania; Albanian History;

Të gjithë ato forca apo individë që u udhëhoqën nga ideja e çlirimit kombëtar gjatë Luftës së Dytë Botërore do të identifikohen, në këtë trajtesë, me emrin nacionalistë. Pra, nacionalistët matjanë përfshijnë të gjitha ato forca e resurse njerëzore, që me veprimet e qëndrimet e tyre i kontribuan çështjes së çlirimit të Shqipërisë dhe më tej, çlirimit kombëtar

The thorny secrets of the Corfu Channel Incident

Të fshehtat djegëse të incidentit të Kanalit të Korfuzit

Author(s): Ana Lalaj / Language(s): Albanian / Issue: 03-04/2010

Keywords: Corfu Channel Incident ; Albania; Albanian History;

On 22 October 1946, while on the Albanian territorial waters of the Corfu Channel, two British warships fell on mines, leaving behind lost lives and material damages. Both the Albanian and the British Government got involved into reciprocal accusations. The affair was sent to the United Nations Security Council and afterwards to the International Court of Justice. The Court threw the responsibilities on Albania, which was charged to pay for the damages. Since that day, and up to now, the decision of the Court has provoked many debates among the specialists. One of the cornerstones of this process was the nature of the passage (sailing) of the warships on October 22. As they had already done in front of the Security Council, during their statement at the Court, the British insisted on the version that the passage of their warships through the Corfu Channel, on October 22, was made in accordance with the international customary law and that it was an innocent passage. The orders for the sailing of the British warships were kept in the head station of the Mediterranean Fleet and were taken from there on October 1, 1948. The documents XCU and XCU I explained that the sailing would be provocative towards the Albanian cost guards. However, even the Court failed in obtaining these documents. On their behalf, the Albanians argued that the passage had not been peaceful. On the contrary, it had been aggressive and provocative. Meanwhile, the Albanian archives as well keep direct and indirect proof of an Albanian secrecy, which seems to be as thorny as the British one. High figures of the Albanian government were aware of the mining of the Corfu Channel by the Yugoslavians. After the Yugo-Albanian rupture, Corfu kept being a common secret, just as all the secrets kept after a divorce. That is why the culpability for the incident of the Corfu Channel is mutual, British and Albanian. Albania was declared guilty by the International Court of Justice with indirect evidence. The accusation that the mines were installed by the Albanian side was reversed by the argument that the country did not possess any means or specialists for this purpose. On December 15, 1949, the International Court of Justice, with 12 votes for and 2 against decided that Albania should indemnify the United Kingdom with the amount of £843,947. The Corfu incident is part of the erroneous development of the Yugo-Albanian relations, while the process itself accompanied the rupture of this rapport.

The Anti Ottoman Uprising of 1910 according to the Austrian - Hungarian documentary

Kryengritja antiosmane e vitit 1910 sipas burimeve dokumentare austro-hungareze

Author(s): Marenglen Verli / Language(s): Albanian / Issue: 03-04/2010

Keywords: Anti Ottoman Uprising ; 1910 ; Austrian Hungarian documentary ; Albania; Albanian History;

Revolucioni xhonturk i 3 korrikut 1908 hapi "kutinë e Pandorës" në Perandorinë Osmane. Aspak unikë për rrugën që duhej ndjekur per shëndoshjen e "të sëmurit të Bosforit", turqit e rinj, në shumicën e tyre, vlerësuan politikën e centralizimit, të dorës së fortë dhe të ideologjisë panosmane, si shtegun nga duhej kaluar për të shmangur shkatërrimin. Por ishte pikërisht ky shteg që çoi në kolaps e pas 4 vjetësh në shembjen e Perandorisë. Të lejohej Kushtetuta, të krijohej parlament, të lejohej arsimimi në parim në gjuhën amtare, të tolerohej pluralizmi politik e mediatik dhe, nga ana tjetër, të luftohej per panosmanizmin, per vendosjen e "rregullit" të rreptë edhe aty ku qeveria nuk ofronte asnjë përmirësim konkret të kushteve të jetës, të ndërhyhej me çdo mënyrë për të penguar aspiratat nacionale, deri edhe në çështje të alfabetit, duke përdorur shpesh e me më pak takt se më parë dhunën ekstreme, të bëje pra bashkë të gjitha këto, ishte po aq e pamundur sa edhe të njësoje pole të kun

Epoche by Edmund Husserl – hortus conclusus

Epoche Edmunda Husserla – hortus conclusus

Author(s): Cezary Mordka / Language(s): Polish / Issue: 15/2015

Keywords: phenomenology; epistemology; pure consciousness; cognition

The author presents epoche as fundamental but unsuccessful way to reach perfect epistemology, and what follows it – the ultimate overcoming skepticism and relativism. Husserl considered his epoche to be the gate to phenomenology and probably the most important kind of transformation in the history of mankind. Unfortunately that transformation meets many difficulties, which the author discusses in the article. Those problems concern the right way of conducting epoche itself, vagueness of its effects, ambiguity of the Pure Consciousness and Transcendental Ego. Автор описывает epoche Э. Гуссерля как фундаментальное, но неудачное условие для достижения абсолютной теории познания, и что за этим следует – окончательного преодоления скептицизма или релятивизма. Гуссерль свою epoche считал вратами в феноменологию и неким видом личностного преображения, может быть, самого важного в истории человечества. К сожалению, это преображение сталкивается с множеством проблем, которые автор анализирует в статье. Это затруднения в связи с правильным проведением epoche, неясностью результатов такой процедуры, неясностью понятия чистого сознания и трансцендентного.

Philosophy as the Place of Meeting and Agreement in the Pluralistic World

Filozofia jako płaszczyzna spotkania i porozumienia w pluralistycznym społeczeństwie

Author(s): Jan Wadowski / Language(s): Polish / Issue: 15/2015

Keywords: metaphilosophy; marginalization; multidimensional crisis; reductionism; renaissance of philosophy

In the reductionist world philosophy is more and more often marginalized. However it is one of the most important expressions of humanity. Today philosophy becomes a cross-cultural discussion about basic human questions, which are the primal component of the human spirit (Hildebrand). Philosophizing is an action which allows a man to retain his proper dignity. Philosophy may create a space for different cultures and civilizations to meet. Philosophical activity – as a great achievement of democracy – may be very helpful in the time of multidimensional global crisis. The author thinks that the era of renaissance and maximalism in philosophy – as the most distinctive human activity in every age and culture – is approaching. В редукционалистическом мире философию все больше игнорируют. Однако она представляет собой одну из самых важных манифестаций человечества. Сегодня она становится сверхкультурной дискуссией над фундаментальными вопросами человека, которые являются первичным компонентом человеческого духа (Гильдебранд). Философствование – это деятельность, которая позволяет человеку сохранить свойственное ему достоинство. Философия может стать площадкой для встречи разных культур и цивилизаций. Философская деятельность может помочь в эпоху многоуровневого кризиса глобального масштаба, особенно тем, что она является одним из самых значимых достижений демократии. Автор считает, что приближается эпоха ренессанса и максимализма в философии как самых харак-терных активностей человека в каждую эпоху и в каждой культуре.

Philosophy – Criticism – Contemporary Society

Filozofia – kritika – súčasná spoločnosť

Author(s): Ľubomír Belás / Language(s): Slovak / Issue: 15/2015

Keywords: criticism; society; inequality; social injustice; new social contract; res publica

The paper offers a critical analysis of dynamic and fundamental antinomies of today’s social reality. The main points of philosophical criticism are represented by the ideas of I. Kant, J. Habermas and M. Horkheimer including basic norms of examining the contemporary society. The author focuses on examination of significant changes in Eastern Europe after the fall of the Berlin Wall, especially on the circumstances of the former Czechoslovakia and later the Czech Republic and the Slovak Republic. Статья представляет собой критический анализ динамических и фундаментальных антиномий современной общественной реальности. Опорными пунктами философской критики в нашей статье являются взгляды И. Канта, Ю. Хабермаса и М. Хоркхаймера, содержащие основные нормы оценки современного общества. В центре исследования автора находится анализ роковых перемен в Восточной Европе после падения Берлинской стены, которые повлияли на положение бывшей Чехословакии и ее приемных государств – Чешской и Словацкой Республик.

Cooperatism by Edward Abramowski and the Idea of Independence

Kooperatyzm Edwarda Abramowskiego a idea niepodległości

Author(s): Katarzyna Maria Cwynar / Language(s): Polish / Issue: 15/2015

Keywords: irredentism; political freedom; cooperatism; cooperative movement; democracy

In the situation of failures of consecutive uprisings and the power of the occupying countries, Edward Abramowski proposed an innovative idea of independence by Polish society. He considered that national liberation should be connected with the social and economic liberation. In his belief it was possible by reference to socialist ideas and idea of cooperatism. Polish society, especially the so-called impaired classes, organized in cooperatives, would create a economic and also the organizational network over the partitioners structure. Cooperatives would also have a goal to cultural and educational activities and also should allow for the formation of political culture. These actions were to prepare the Polish nation to regain a political freedom. В то время, как очередные повстанческие попытки были безуспешными, а страны-завоеватели – сильными, Эдвард Абрамовский выступил с новаторской идеей вернуть независимость польского общества. Он посчитал, что народное освобождение необходимо соединить с освобождением общественным и экономическим. Он был убежден, что это было возможным благодаря социалистическим идеям и идее кооперативизма. Польское общество, особенно т.н. отстающие слои, организованное в кооперативы должно было превратиться в экономическую и одновременно организационную сеть над структурой стран-завоевателей. Цель кооперативов состояла в культурно-образовательной деятельности, в том числе они должны были отвечать за формирование политической культуры. Эта деятельность должна была приготовить польское общество к обретению политической свободы.

To Which Manuscript do the Six Parchment Folia of the Grigorovich Collection No. 22 (M. 1704) Belong?

Към кой ръкопис принадлежат шестте пергаментни листа от сбирката на Виктор Григорович № 22

Author(s): Klimentina Ivanova / Language(s): Bulgarian,Old Bulgarian / Issue: 1/2016

The six parchment folia are preserved in the Collection of Victor Grigorovich, which is owned by the Russian State Library in Moscow. They date back to the first half of the 14th century and are written in Resava orthography. The folia were cut out from a Panegyricon manuscript consisting of texts for the movable cycle of feasts, copied from an old original going back to the period of the First Bulgarian kingdom (a so-called Staroizvoden Trioden Panegyric). The folia are identified as belonging to a manuscript from the National History Museum in Sofia (MS No. 24). This manuscript was intended for a monastic audience. It consists of three parts, all of them copied from old originals. The fragment in question belongs to the second part of the manuscript, which is the Panegyricon collection proper. This part comprises texts for the feasts of the period from the Sunday of the Publican and Pharisee to the Pentecost, the time after Easter being represented by fewer texts. The Grigorovich Folia are an important part of MS No. 24 from the National History Mu¬seum in Sofia. One of the texts in the fragment – the Apocryphal Acts of Apostle Thomas – is the only known copy of the Old Bulgarian translation of this apocryph.

Hermeneutical Analysis of the Old Bulgarian Service for St. Kliment of Ohrid

Херменевтичен анализ на старобългарската служба за св. Климент Охридски

Author(s): Veneta Savova / Language(s): Bulgarian,Old Bulgarian / Issue: 1/2016

The article is the first attempt to present a hermeneutical analysis of the original Old Bulgarian Service for St. Kliment of Ohrid. Each hymnographic unit of the service is analyzed independently and in relation to the entire composition. A new identification is proposed for two hymns: the troparia, mode 4, in the vespers and the glory sticheron, mode 4, at the end of the service. Comparison shows that the heirmoi and the theotokia in St. Kliment’s canon are identical to those in the Common canon for a Hierarch. In the course of the analysis the complete text of the office for St. Kliment is published.

‘The Old is in the New Revealed’: Prophetical Quotations from the Slavonic Translation of Doctrina Iacobi in the Literature of Early Kyivan Rus

‘The Old is in the New Revealed’: Prophetical Quotations from the Slavonic Translation of Doctrina Iacobi in the Literature of Early Kyivan Rus

Author(s): Alexander Pereswetoff-Morath / Language(s): English / Issue: 1/2016

The first part of this paper discusses a small number of quotations from the books of the prophets in the Philosopher’s Speech. In part, these have already been identified by L. Müller and O. V. Tvorogov as markedly different in form and/or language from their counterparts in those canonical translations of the books of the Bible that were available during the first centuries of Slavonic writing. In 2006, the author showed that the source of one of these quotations, an Ezraic agraphon on the crucifixion of Jesus, was in the Slavonic translation of Doctrina Iacobi, a Byzantine anti-Judaic work of the 7th century. The translation is extant only in East Slav manuscripts from the early 15th century onwards. In this part of the paper, it is shown that the quotations from Is 9:2, Is 56:7, Jer 17:9 (with a text that differs greatly from that of the Bible), Jer 38 (31):31/33, and Zech 7:13 in the Philosopher’s Speech share this origin in the Doctrina. L. Müller has posited (1962, 1971, 1988–1989) the existence in the literature of medieval Rus´ of a now lost (?) thematical collection of Old Testament quotations on the rejection of the Jews and the calling of a new people, which is reflected in the Philosopher’s Speech as well as in Hilarion of Kyiv’s Sermon on Law and Grace. In the second and last part of this paper, the author will analyse several quotations from the prophets in Hilarion’s sermon which diverge in form from those of the received translations. The aim is to determine their origin, to test Müller’s hypothesis of a prophetical florilegium, and to date more precisely the first appearance of the Doctrina in East Slav writing.

Unknown Letter of the Archbishop of Ohrid Parthenios to the Russian Czar Vasilij Šujskij

Unknown Letter of the Archbishop of Ohrid Parthenios to the Russian Czar Vasilij Šujskij

Author(s): Cyril Pavlikyanov / Language(s): English / Issue: 1/2016

The article publishes and analyses the text of an unknown until now Slavic Athonite document preserved in the Wallacho-Moldavian archives of the monastery of Vatopedi. This charter was composed by the Archbishop of Ochrid, Paisios (1605-1614 г.), as a letter of recommendation intending to facilitate a mission of an unspecified Athonite monastery, which was dispatched to the Russian Czar Vasiliy Ivanovich (Shuyskiy). The name of the monastery is intentionally omitted, so its identification is possible only thanks to the mention that St. Sava of Serbia had taken his monastic vows in one of its towers. According to the well known Athonite legend, this event had taken place in the Russian Athonite monastery of St. Panteleimon.

The First Volume of Cyrillo-Methodian Sources

Tом първи на кирило-методиевските извори

Author(s): Cvetomira Danova / Language(s): Bulgarian / Issue: 1/2016

A Unique Edition and Analysis of Simeon’s Miscellany (According to the Svjatoslav Copy of 1073) and Its Greek Sources

Уникално издание с изследване на Симеоновия сборник (по преписа от 1073 г.) и неговите гръцки извори

Author(s): Tatyana Slavova / Language(s): Bulgarian / Issue: 1/2016

Contribution to the Study of the Slavonic Translation of Isaac the Syrian

Принос към проучването на славянския превод на Исак Сирин

Author(s): Petko Petkov / Language(s): Bulgarian / Issue: 1/2016

Isaak der Syrer. Abhandlungen zur Askese. Facsimile der slavischen Kölner Handschrift aus dem XV. Jahrhundert mit deutscher Übersetzung. Herausgegeben von Angelina Minčeva und Irmgard Lorenz (= Bausteine zu slavischen Philologie und Kulturgeschichte. Reihe B: Editionen. Herausgegeben von: Roland Marti, Peter Thiergen, Ludger Udolph, Bodo Zelinsky und Daniel Bunčić. Bd. 28.1 und 28.2). Wien–Köln–Weimar, Böhlau Verlag, 2015. Bd. 1. 812 S.; Bd. 2. 343 S.