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Phonetic Realization of Acronyms in Spanish and Polish

Phonetic Realization of Acronyms in Spanish and Polish

Realización fonética de las formaciones siglares en español y polaco

Author(s): Marta Wicherek / Language(s): Spanish / Issue: 10/2011

Keywords: abbreviation; borrowed abbreviation; acronym; phonetic realization; pronunciation

The purpose of the present article is to present different types of the phonetic realization of abbreviations which function contemporarily in Spanish and Polish. These constructions are special linguistic elements because their graphics are accepted in spite of phonetic and orthographic breakings of patterns of any language. Because of this fact, the pronunciation is one of the most important problems concerning this phenomenon. The main emphasis of the article is put on the presentation of the typology of abbreviations: a distinction is carried out between the elements which can be pronounced as one word and these which, on the other hand, are spelled out. Furthermore, the different solutions of phonetic realizations of borrowed abbreviations in Polish and Spanish are presented.

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What Do I Owe to Ernesto Cardenal

What Do I Owe to Ernesto Cardenal

Lo que me ha dejado Ernesto Cardenal

Author(s): Klaus Pörtl / Language(s): Spanish / Issue: 10/2011

Keywords: political poetry; ideology; liberation theology; Ernesto Cardenal

The author is tracking down a peculiar trend in the poetry of Nicaraguan poet Ernesto Cardenal, which matches two traditionaly opposing ideas: the Christian doctrine and the communist ideology within the so called “liberation theology”. The paper points out the inventive and revolutionary nature of the marriage of ideas present in the political poetry of Cardenal.

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Language policy in Georgia with focus on non-Georgian minorities

Language policy in Georgia with focus on non-Georgian minorities

Language policy in Georgia with focus on non-Georgian minorities

Author(s): Lenka Kopečková / Language(s): English / Issue: 06/2012

Keywords: Kists; non-Georgian minorities; Georgia; diglossia; minority rights; native language

The paper reports on the Georgian government’s language policy towards some of Georgia’s ethnic and linguistic minorities of non-Georgian stock with focus on the Kists. It presents the results of the original ethnographic research carried out in Georgia in August 2011. The research primarily aimed to investigate the linguistic situation of the Kists, a linguistic and national minority living in the Pankisi Gorge in north-eastern Georgia, and to identify their language needs, as well as analyze the Kists’ attitude to the governmental language policy. The ethnographic method of expert semi-structured interview was used as well, along with the study of official governmental documents and secondary resources of ethnographers and sociolinguists working in the field.

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Valencian Identity, Language and Language Policy

Valencian Identity, Language and Language Policy

Valencian Identity, Language and Language Policy

Author(s): Karel Höfer / Language(s): English / Issue: 06/2012

Keywords: Valencian community; Valencian region; Valencian identity; Valencian language; Valencian language policy; Spanish language policy

The general aim of this paper is to analyze Valencian language policy and Valencian language itself. Specifically it means, whether there are certain specific features in the Valencia region that distinguish it from the other Spanish regions, including a specific regional identity, language and other attributes. This issue is examined from broader historical, institutional, identitical, linguistic and political angles. Particular emphasis is placed on the Spanish decentralization process and on the specifics of the Valencian history, identity, politics and language.

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Māori rights to language protection in New Zealand within the scope of human rights protection

Māori rights to language protection in New Zealand within the scope of human rights protection

Māori rights to language protection in New Zealand within the scope of human rights protection

Author(s): Tatiana Tökölyová / Language(s): English / Issue: 06/2012

Keywords: Māori; national identity; language; ethnicity; ethnic diversity; assimilation; Treaty of Waitangi; protection

This paper analysis protection of Māori language while providing the most fundamental and crucial elements and moments of its status in the past and gradual revitalisation through implementation of international obligations of New Zealand and the national legal framework. It points out mainly at the language aspect of the human rights protection through analysing the loss of monolingual character of the country through bilingualism to the present multilingualism in the background of human rights protection, namely protection of right to language and culture.

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Subtitling and dubbing – An Overview of a few EU Countries

Subtitling and dubbing – An Overview of a few EU Countries

Subtitling and dubbing – An Overview of a few EU Countries

Author(s): Mireille Pelletier / Language(s): English / Issue: 06/2012

Keywords: subtitling; dubbing; European Union; language learning skills;

This essay aims to be giving an overview of the different uses of dubbing and subtitling found in the EU, in order to assess the different ways certain countries, with certain languages, are translating in their own language. First, there will be given examples of countries who are mostly using subtitling and it will be possible to take a look at their stance on that matter. Then, the same exercise will be done with the dubbing policies of other countries. In the conclusion, there will be a discussion about the impacts of subtitling or dubbing found in diverse works conducted by researchers on the subject, mostly related to the improvement of the foreign-language learning skills. In this essay, the EU countries are depicted as examples of the use of either subtitling or dubbing, but the legal frameworks of the subtitling and dubbing policies are not being thoroughly examined. This paper aims at a cultural comparison of the different methods and their impact on certain EU countries

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It was worth it.

It was worth it.

Warto było...

Author(s): Marek Bik,Mirosław Lewandowski / Language(s): Polish / Issue: 42/2013

Mirosław Lewandowski’s conversation with Marek Bik

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The war in the Borderlands seen through the eyes of a child

The war in the Borderlands seen through the eyes of a child

Wojna na Kresach widziana oczami dziecka

Author(s): Maria Zofia Bejska / Language(s): Polish / Issue: 42/2013

Muszę zaznaczyć, że niechętnie wróciłam do moich wspomnień z dzieciństwa. Zmusiła mnie do tego moja wnuczka Karolina, uczennica szkoły podstawowej. Pewnego dnia, wracając po lekcjach ze szkoły, dziewczynki, tzn. Karolina i jej koleżanka, dyskutowały ze sobą na temat II wojny światowej. W pewnym momencie wnuczka zadała mi pytanie: „Babciu, czy ty byłaś Żydówką? W czasie wojny byłaś bardzo mała. Czy pamiętasz coś z tego okresu? Nigdy na ten temat nic nie mówisz – Polacy chyba nie przechodzili tak ciężko tego, co Żydzi? Ty ani twoja mama na ten temat nie rozmawiacie. Masz bliznę na ręce i na nodze – gdy pytam się dlaczego, z jakiego powodu, zbywasz moje pytanie. Boisz się, jak jest burza; błyskawice, grzmoty i sztuczne ognie – oraz wszelkie huki wywołują u ciebie lęk i przerażenie. Odruchowo kulisz się i chowasz głowę. Powiedz – czemu? Czy winne są temu jakieś przeżycia? Nieraz śmiejemy się z ciebie, że tak się wszystkiego boisz”. Dzięki tym pytaniom, po dłuższym okresie, uzmysłowiłam sobie, że dzięki Bogu moja córka i jej dzieci nie przeżywają tego, co ja przeszłam w czasie wojny, mając cztery, pięć lat.

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Reports

Reports

Sprawozdania

Author(s): Andrzej Fischer,Włodzimierz Śliwczyński,Adam Roliński / Language(s): Polish / Issue: 42/2013

Sprawozdanie z działalności Komitetu Opieki nad Kopcem Józefa Piłsudskiego w 2011 roku (report of the activity of the Committee for the Maintenance of the Józef Piłsudski Mound in 2011) Sprawozdanie z przebiegu prac na Kopcu Józefa Piłsudskiego w 2011 roku (A report of the course of works undertaken on the Józef Piłsudski Mound in 2011) Sprawozdanie z działalności Fundacji Centrum Dokumentacji Czynu Niepodległościowego w 2011 roku (A report of the activity of the Foundation – Center for the Research and the Documentation of the Polish Struggles for the Independence in 2011)

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Selected international aspects of the crime perpetrated in Katyń

Selected international aspects of the crime perpetrated in Katyń

Wybrane międzynarodowe wątki dotyczące zbrodni katyńskiej

Author(s): Mateusz Zemla / Language(s): Polish / Issue: 42/2013

Keywords: history of Poland; Katyń; Commission of Madden; the Katyń monument; Sweden; the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland; the USA; Germany; the Soviet Union; Soviet genocide; Polish officers; Polish Army; World War II

The crime perpetrated in Katyń emerged in international politics during the times of World War II, but the Allies did not recognise the basic facts concerning the Soviet genocide perpetrated upon the Polish officers in Katyń. An objective stand upon the events which happened in Katyń was not taken with regard to the USSR. The present article, which has the nature of an overview, presents some of the aspects of the Katyń crime in the political and social history of the USA, Great Britain and Sweden. The denial or the tendency to pass over in silence the Soviet agency of this act of genocide met with animated social opposition of the representatives of the Polish community in the West. The latter used their own resources to sent a message of the truth about the events in Katyń to the citizens of some of the democratic countries in the West through the mass media and to commemorate the victims of the crime perpetrated in Katyń e.g. through the construction of monuments.

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Ludomir

Ludomir

Odeszli od nas

Author(s): Ludomir Olkuśnik,Jerzy Bukowski / Language(s): Polish / Issue: 42/2013

Roman Hnatowicz 1931-2012

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Reviews

Reviews

Recenzje

Author(s): Janusz Mierzwa / Language(s): Polish / Issue: 42/2013

T. Furgalski „Wyrwa”, Dziennik 1913-1916, wstęp i oprac. P. Cichoracki, Kraków 2011, ss. 192; Na szlaku bojowym z I Brygadą Legionów Polskich. Pamiętnik Wilhelma Wilczyńskiego, wstęp i oprac. A. Jędrzejewska i P. Waingertner, Warszawa–Bełchatów 2012, ss. 274

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The employment of modern geodesic technology in the analysis of the Józef Piłsudski Mound

The employment of modern geodesic technology in the analysis of the Józef Piłsudski Mound

Wykorzystanie nowoczesnych technologii geodezyjnych w inwentaryzacji Kopca im. Józefa Piłsudskiego

Author(s): Rafał Gawałkiewicz / Language(s): Polish / Issue: 42/2013

Keywords: Józef Piłsudski Mound; Sowiniec; geodesic technology; geodesic research of the Józef Piłsudski Mound

The mounds in Kraków belong to the category of special works of engineering in Poland due to their structure, shape and purpose. They were constructed throughout the centuries of the existence of the Polish state thanks to a series of social initiatives as objects of religious cult, places where special events or people who contributed to the formation of Polish statehood were commemorated. Today, thanks to their remarkable position, towering over the city, they constitute a perfect overlook which offers a great panorama of Kraków and the adjacent regions. Despite the fact that these structures are subject to conservatory maintenance, they are susceptible to permanent deformations of geometry. To ensure the safety of these structures they should be periodically monitored by the geodesic service and scientific institutions. Due to their very delicate and peculiar structure, the mounds are particularly susceptible to the influence of changing atmospheric conditions. The latter repeatedly caused damage of the earth structure i.e. landslides. The influence of natural forces and human activity frequently caused considerable changes in the appearance of these structures. The form of the Józef Piłsudski Mound in Sowiniec deserves special attention as the greatest structure of this kind in Poland. The study familiarises the reader with the contemporary history of the mound seen through the eyes of a geodesist thanks to the presentation of contemporary cartographic research made during the last 30 years which are preserved in the archives of the Committee for the Maintenance of the Józef Piłsudski Mound and of the Municipal Centre of Geodesic and Cartographic Documentation in Kraków. Furthermore, the author presents in his article the results of a detailed analysis of its structure with reference to decorative structures. The analysis was conducted with the aid of the most recent geodesic technology furnished by Trimble and computer technology which facilitated the parametrisation of the geometry of the structure and a representation of its current state.

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Bar has been taken or the true history of the 1st May 1985 in Kraków

Bar has been taken or the true history of the 1st May 1985 in Kraków

„Bar wzięty” czyli prawdziwa historia 1 maja 1985 roku w Krakowie

Author(s): Tomasz Gugała / Language(s): Polish / Issue: 42/2013

W połowie lat 90. XX w. mój Ojciec zdecydował się ujawnić konspiracyjną przeszłość z okresu niemieckiej okupacji. Zwlekał z tym 50 lat z uwagi na przynależność do Narodowych Sił Zbrojnych. W szeregach tej formacji uczestniczył w powstaniu warszawskim. Gdy w końcu zawiózł do Warszawy opis akcji, w której czynnie uczestniczył, został poinformowany, że wpłynęło już kilkanaście niewiele różniących się opisów, tyle że osoby dokonujące rozbrojenia żołnierza Werhmachtu w każdym z nich były różne. Wytłumaczono Ojcu, że po ponad pół wieku wielu świadków akcji rozbrajania – bez złej woli – uwierzyło, że byli jej uczestnikami, a nie widzami. Podobne przypadki zarejestrowano również w innych opisach akcji powstańczych.

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A Word from the Editor

A Word from the Editor

Słowo od redaktora

Author(s): Tomasz Gąsowski / Language(s): Polish / Issue: 42/2013

Drodzy Czytelnicy „Sowińca”, Oddajemy w Wasze ręce kolejny, już czterdziesty drugi numer naszego półrocznika, licząc na jego życzliwe – jak dotychczas to miało miejsce – przyjęcie. Jego tematyczna zawartość koncentruje się niezmiennie wokół szeroko rozumianych dążeń i wysiłków niepodległościowych Polaków w minionym już XX stuleciu. Prezentuje najnowsze rezultaty poświęconych im badań naukowych, ale także służy kultywowaniu pamięci o nich i wskazywaniu świadectw ich ciągle żywej tradycji. Staramy się, aby wydawany przez Fundację CDCN wspólnie z Komitetem Opieki nad Kopcem Józefa Piłsudskiego periodyk był interesującą i pożyteczną lekturą dla wszystkich, zainteresowanych historią najnowszą, a w jej ramach losami Polaków podążających w XX wieku różnymi drogami ku wolności narodu i państwa – niepodległej Rzeczpospolitej.

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The non-military activities of the Border Defence Corps in the light of the reports and literary output of the soldiers who belonged to this formatio

The non-military activities of the Border Defence Corps in the light of the reports and literary output of the soldiers who belonged to this formatio

Pozamilitarna działalność Korpusu Ochrony Pogranicza 1924-1939 w oczach żołnierzy tej jednostki

Author(s): Mateusz Werner / Language(s): Polish / Issue: 42/2013

Keywords: history; the Second Republic of Poland; the Polish Army; the Border Defence Corps (1924-1939); civilizing mission; eastern borderlands of Poland; literature; poetry; songs; military reports; Polish culture; sports

The article attempts to describe the operations of the Border Defence Corps. These operations can be seen as a civilizing mission led by the army in the eastern borderlands. After presenting an overview of the state of research and the origin of the formation, the author elaborates upon the activity of BDC dividing it into two types. Indirect actions were connected with the military presence in the border zone. Direct actions were the initiatives of the soldiers deliberately directed at the local population. These actions concerned such spheres as: education, culture, sports or charity. The value of this text lies in the fact that the non-military activity of the BDC is shown through the eyes of the officers of this formation. The latter usually evaluated their work highly in official reports, poems and songs. This, however, is a more complex issue, which, due to methodological and source problems, could not be resolved in this article.

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The history of the search for the Konefał family

The history of the search for the Konefał family

Historia poszukiwań rodziny Konefał

Author(s): Dieter Konefal / Language(s): Polish / Issue: 42/2013

Uwieńczone sukcesem w 2004 r. starania Fundacji Centrum Dokumentacji Czynu Niepodległościowego sprowadzenia z USA do Biblioteki Jagiellońskiej archiwum Brygady Świętokrzyskiej Narodowych Sił Zbrojnych doprowadziły w rok później do uruchomienia poświęconej jej strony internetowej1. Obok informacji o zawartości kolekcji strona zawiera także krótkie noty biograficzne oficerów i żołnierzy Brygady Świętokrzyskiej przygotowane przez prof. Czesława Brzozę z Uniwersytetu Jagiellońskiego, edytora dwóch tomów rozkazów dziennych tej legendarnej jednostki wojskowej2. Przy bliższej analizie tych biogramów okazało się, że zdecydowana większość żołnierzy zasilających szeregi Brygady dołączyła do niej już na terenie Niemiec i byli to Polacy zwolnieni z niemieckich obozów, tzw. dipisi (Displaced Persons), powstańcy warszawscy, robotnicy przymusowi i uciekinierzy z kraju zajętego przez wojska sowieckie. Z czasem Brygada Świętokrzyska została przeorganizowana w Oddziały Wartownicze przy armii amerykańskiej, które w 1947 r. liczyły ponad 40 tys. żołnierzy. Zamieszczenie imiennych list oficerów i żołnierzy brygady w Internecie umożliwiło ich rodzinom poszukiwanie bliskich, o których często nie było wiadomości od czasów wojny. Najczęściej są to krewni zamieszkali w Polsce, którzy dzięki tym informacjom poznają losy zaginionych członków rodzin. Wyjątkiem na tym tle jest historia opowiedziana niejako „z drugiej strony”, przez Dietera Konefala z Altheim koło Münster w Niemczech, którego Ojciec, Stanisław, żołnierz Września 1939, po opuszczeniu stalagu trafił do Brygady Świętokrzyskiej NSZ. Zaintrygowany „tajemniczą” nazwą: „Brygada Świętokrzyska NSZ”, Dieter Konefal podjął szereg starań o ustalenie szczegółów swego pochodzenia. Jak się okazało, Stanisław Konefał jako „bezpaństwowiec” pozostał w Niemczech, gdzie założył rodzinę.

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Mjr Leon Franciszek Ulatowski – a legionary and an officer of the Second Republic of Poland. A Contribution to biography

Mjr Leon Franciszek Ulatowski – a legionary and an officer of the Second Republic of Poland. A Contribution to biography

Mjr Leon Franciszek Ulatowski – legionista, oficer II Rzeczypospolitej

Author(s): Piotr Tadeusz Rafalski / Language(s): Polish / Issue: 42/2013

Keywords: Leon Franciszek Ulatowski (1889-1973); history; Polish Legions (1914-1917); World War I; Polish- -Soviet War (1919-1920); the Polish Army (1918-1939); the Second Republic of Poland (1918 1939), Polish defensive war (1939); World War II

Leon Franciszek Ulatowski (1889-1973) was an officer of the Polish Army in the rank of major. He was a son of Jan, a farmer, and Maria (née Sokołowska). After he completed his education at a teachers’ college and then at the Business Academy [Akademia Handlowa] in Kraków, he studied agriculture in the Department of Philosophy of the Jagiellonian University and also in the Szkoła Główna Gospodarstwa Wiejskiego in Warsaw. Since 6 August 1914 he was a soldier of the Polish Legions which later became the 1st Infantry Regiment. He participated in the battle of Kostiuchnówka as the commander of the machinegun division of the VI battalion of the seventh infantry regiment. After the dissolution of the Legions he became the commanding officer of the Polish Military Organisation [Polska Organ izacja Wojskowa] in the Borysław area. On 1 November 1918 he entered the Polish Army in Kraków by joining the 5th infantry regiment of the Legions. In 1919 he assumed command of the machinegun department of the 1st infantry regiment of the Legions in the rank of captain and the command of the 4th machinegun company. He participated in the Polish-Soviet war with the 1st infantry regiment in 1920. In 1929 he became the executive officer of the 36th infantry regiment of the Academic League. In the years 1930-1932 he worked as the director of the Office of Military Training and Physical Education [Urząd Przysposobienia Wojskowego i Wychowania Fizycznego] in the Command of the Area of Corpus No. IV in Łódź. From 1932 to 1937 he was a staff officer in the Ministry of Military Affairs in Warsaw. Then, until the outbreak of World War II, he was delegated to the Ministry of Religious Denominations and Public Education [Ministerstwo Wyznań Religijnych i Oświecenia Publicznego]. In September 1939 he performed the function of the executive Quartermaster of the Defense of Warsaw. After the capitulation he was put into a POW camp in Murnau. In 1945 he returned to Poland and took employement in a dairy cooperative.

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To be a Jew: Obligation and lmpossibility

To be a Jew: Obligation and lmpossibility

Zsidónak lenni: kényszer és lehetetlenség

Author(s): Jean Améry / Language(s): Hungarian / Issue: 1/1999

Gyahan, amikor beszélgeté•sközben partnerem mintegy belleránt a többes számba- vagyis valamely összefüggésben rám vonatkoztatva- a "mi, zsidók" kifejezéssel él, elfog ,egy nem éppen kínzó, mégis mélyen bennem gyökerező szorongás. Sokáig próbáltam megtalálni e kínos fizikai rossz érzésnek a gyökerét, s nem ment éppen könnyen. Nekem, az egykori auschwitzi fogolynak igazán nem az alkalom hiányzott, hogy megtapasztaljam, mi is vagyok, mi vagyok kénytelen lenni. Egy ilyen helyzetben valószíniíleg az dolgozik bennem, hogy még mindig nem akarom magam zsidóként elfogadni, ugyanúgy, mint évtizedekkel korábban, amikor térdzoknit és térdig érő bőrnadrágot hordtam, és aggodalmasan hajoltam a tükörhöz, azt vizslatva, igazán egy derék német ifjút mutat-e. Természetesen nem azt mutatott.

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An Old-New Tour Guide

An Old-New Tour Guide

Régi-új útikalauz

Author(s): Uri Asaf / Language(s): Hungarian / Issue: 1/1999

Kánaán ozildate.-aszai megoárgult bordacsontokhoz hasonlóan világítanak a reggeli fényben. A megcsonkított teraszokon fákat ültettek, idegenből hozott fenyéíket. A gyúlékony ligetek közül előkandikálnak Jeruzsálem szapora elővárosai. A számítógépes turistaközpontban a kirándulóknak nem kell messzire gyalogolniuk, elektronikus panorámatérkép segítségével azonosítanak egy-egy távoli minaretet vagy háborús emlékművet. A betonépítmény hatalmas üzbég sapkaként fedi a legyalult kánaánita dom bot. Az épület tövében parányi mintakert illusztrálja a kánaáni múltat. A kertben néhány önkéntes 'roessiásváró kapálgat.

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