Alternative methods of use of the assistance fund managed by the Insurance Guarantee Fund (IGF)

Alternatywne metody wykorzystania funduszu pomocowego zarządzanego przez Ubezpieczeniowy Fundusz Gwarancyjny (UFG)

Author(s): Bogusław Bamber,Marek Monkiewicz,Grażyna Sordyl / Language(s): Polish / Issue: 342/2014

Keywords: insurance guarantee funds; insolvencies of insurance undertakings; risk minimizer; assistance function; repayable financial loan

The aim of the article is to explain the rules of the assistance function on the insurance market in Poland and provide an analysis of applied solutions in regard to selected countries. Stability of the Polish insurance sector is one of the key reasons of the lack of the assistance fund’s use. Another equally important factor to the current situation is that the IGF assistance fund has "fallen asleep” and that there are rigid legal solutions in this scope. Hence, a concept of alternative methods of use of the assistance fund has been formulated.

Consequences of the Russian accession to the WTO for the Russian insurance market

Konsekwencje wstąpienia Rosji do WTO dla rosyjskiego rynku ubezpieczeniowego

Author(s): Ryszard Pukala / Language(s): Polish / Issue: 342/2014

Keywords: WTO; integration; insurance market; foreign capital

The Russian accession to the WTO is an important step in the process of integrating this country with the global economy. It is also significant for Russia’s insurance sector, which has opened itself to the foreign capital. However, it is hard to prejudge its further development. The inflow of investors will certainly contribute to the sharpening of competition and mobilization of domestic insurance companies. It will stimulate the insurance development, particularly in the field of personal and life insurances. In consequence, the significance of insurances for the Russian economy, as an element supplementary to the public social security system, will grow as well. However, the question whether the market becomes dominated by foreign capital or remains in the hands of domestic market players, remains open.

Control of solvency of insurers of the Republic of Belarus

Doskonalenie monitorowania wypłacalności zakładów ubezpieczeń

Author(s): Tatiana Verezubova / Language(s): Polish / Issue: 342/2014

Keywords: insurance; solvency; control

The article is devoted to a conceptual change of the monitoring system of solvency of the Belarusian insurers on the basis of foreign experience of transition to application of the Directive of the European Union of Solvency II. Gathered experience of definition of the ratio between standard and actual size of margin of solvency is considered. It is proved that this system has become outdated and stopped to carry out the major function of indicator of insolvency of insurance company. Its main disadvantages of ignoring modern risks that are accompanying insurance activity are exposed.

Communication of insurance company with the environment in trust crisis

Komunikacja zakładu ubezpieczeń z otoczeniem w kryzysie zaufania

Author(s): Filip Przydróżny / Language(s): Polish / Issue: 342/2014

Keywords: communication; trust crisis; environment; insurance

The article tries to define the communication crisis of financial services. In the further part the author basing on the proposition of a communication pattern scheme and the model of the insurance company’s environment indicates places in which the communication crisis may appear and where it may have the most severe consequences. The elaboration ends with a proposition of information flows during the crisis, covering the most important elements of the insurance market that is insurers, customers, media, insurance brokers, universities, supervisory authority, ownership, opinion leaders, and consumer organizations. The goal that the author has set is connected with putting the attention of the academic and business environment on the necessity of creating a mutual communicational platform between insurance industry and the environment. Without that it will be difficult to reach success in perceiving the insurance institution society as trustworthy and allowing for building the sense of safety among its recipients.

Selected statistical values in decision-making when selecting private health insurance

Wybrane wielkości statystyczne w podejmowaniu decyzji o prywatnych ubezpieczeniach zdrowotnych

Author(s): Agnieszka Przybylska-Mazur / Language(s): Polish / Issue: 342/2014

Keywords: health care inflation rate; direct household expenditure on health care; additional non obligatory health insurances

The discussion about the place and the role of private health insurance in the health care financing system in Poland has been taking place for many years. In this paper we present the role of health care inflation rate and the dynamics of direct household expenditure on health care in the context of the decision-making when selscting additional non obligatory health insurances.

Supplementary old-age pension security – basic characteristics and main factors of its growth

Dodatkowe zabezpieczenie emerytalne – charakterystyka i czynniki rozwoju

Author(s): Joanna Rutecka-Góra / Language(s): Polish / Issue: 342/2014

Keywords: old-age pension system; occupational pension plans; individual pension plans; tax incentives

Demographic trends cause changes in many old-age pension systems all over the world. Public pension plans are being significantly transformed and reduced giving field to the development of supplementary old-age pension programs. These additional plans can operate as occupational or individual ones and use different benefit formulas. The coverage of supplementary pension system varies among countries and depends on many factors. The main ones are: level of benefits from mandatory old-age pension system, wealth of the society, savings behavior and financial literacy, tax incentives, employers’ participation and development of financial markets. The article presents the main features of supplementary pensions all over the world and analyses the development of supplementary pensions in selected countries.

The Altman model as a tool to predict bankruptcy f companies

Model Altmana jako narzędzie do oceny ryzyka upadłości przedsiębiorstw

Author(s): Magdalena Mosionek-Schweda / Language(s): Polish / Issue: 342/2014

Keywords: discriminant models; the Altman model; bankruptcy of companies

This article presents the results of multivariate linear discriminant analysis to evaluate the risk of bankruptcies. The aim of research was to evaluate the usefulness of discriminant models to predict bankruptcy of Polish companies. Four Altman models were used in research: a basic model for manufacturing companies and three models that are its adaptations and that are designed for private companies, trade and services companies, and emerging markets. The study was conducted among a group of five companies listed on the alternative trading system, called NewConnect, operating by the Warsaw Stock Exchange. Each of those companies went into bankruptcy. The choice of companies used in the analysis was made taking into consideration the access to the data needed to carry out the analyzes, as well as the specific profile of the NewConnect market and companies listed on this market.

Loss reserving using growth curve modeling

Loss reserving using growth curve modeling

Author(s): Alicja Wolny-Dominiak / Language(s): Polish / Issue: 342/2014

Keywords: loss reserving estimation; Cape Cod method; growth curve

In the non-life insurance, an important position in the insurance fund is total loss reserve (IBNR). The literature proposes a wide variety of stochastic methods for estimating the loss reserve, based largely on the chain-ladder technique [Mack 1993; Mack 1999; Wüthrich, Merz 2008]. This paper presents an approach based on the estimation of the growth curve for the cumulative value of losses paid in subsequent accident years. In the case study, the total reserve estimation procedure was carried out and as an input the paid loss triangle taken from [Zhang 2010] was investigated. The calculations were performed using the R [R Core Team 2012].

New bancassurance standards of insurance investment products and products with saving component

Nowe standardy rynku bancassurance w zakresie ubezpieczeń z elementem inwestycyjnym lub oszczędnościowym

Author(s): Piotr Pisarewicz / Language(s): Polish / Issue: 342/2014

Keywords: bancassurance; insurance companies; banks; insurance products; investment products

Bancassurance channel and products which are distributed via the insurance and investment have become more and more popular in the recent years. Data in this manner premiums written show that at the end of the IIIQ of 2012, life insurance companies gained higher percentage of income from this source (55%) than non-life (7%) ones. The insurance premium structure indicates the dominant role of investment products (IIIQ 2012 − 87.2% of premiums written). In parallel with the scale of growth in sales volume there is an increase in the failure scale and the decrease of market standards both in terms of product construction, information policy and the process of acquisition. The purpose of this paper is to present the elements of the sale of insurance products and investment banking networks, which have been subjected to criticism by the Insurance Ombudsman and the Financial Supervisory Commission and the reaction of the banking and insurance on the formulated charges. It had its expression in the recommendation approved in 2012 by the Polish Chamber of Insurance and the Association of Polish Banks. A response to comments from the Insurance Ombudsman and the Financial Supervision Commission confirmed the willingness of the two chambers of commerce and their representative bodies for the implementation of the new standards on the market.

The influence of gender structure of the insured on net single premiums in life insurance

Wpływ proporcji płci ubezpieczonych na wysokość jednorazowych składek netto w ubezpieczeniach na życie

Author(s): Beata Jackowska / Language(s): Polish / Issue: 342/2014

Keywords: life insurance; unisex life table; net single premium

Gender and age are key factors determining the force of mortality. Nondifferentiation of insurance premiums and benefits based on gender, introduced as of 21/12/2012, contributed to the fact that the gender structure of the portfolio of policies became an additional risk to the insurance company. This paper shows the impact of gender structure on net single premiums in basic types of life insurance on the basis of demographic data. For this purpose, unisex life tables were constructed under the assumption of various gender mix. The importance of having knowledge of the gender structure of the insured for the correct calculation of unisex premiums was visibly demonstrated.

Reality Imitates Art: on a Turn of Century Mental Motive

Zbilja oponaša umjetnost. O jednom mentalnom motivu na prijelomu stoljeća

Author(s): Viktor Žmegač / Language(s): Croatian / Issue: 1/1990

Der Aufsatz behandelt eine der eigentümlichsten, unter vergleichenden Gesichtspunkten noch nicht ausreichend erforschten Auffassungen des ausgehenden 19. Jahrhunderts: die These nämlich, daß die Wirklichkeit als ein Spiegel der Kunst aufgefaßt werden könne. Diese der herkömmlichen Anschauung von Mimesis widerstrebende Deutung ästhetischer Beziehungen, eine Form umgekehrter Mimesis«, wird vor allem anhand von Oscar Wildes Essay The Decay of Lying untersucht, es wird jedoch auch nachgewiesen, daä diese Auffassung auch eine sehr bemerkenswerte Vorgeschichte hat. Heine spielt dabei ebenso eine Rolle wie Max Nordau (mit einem längst vergessenen Essayband), besonders aber Hofmannsthal. Der Schlußteil beschäftigt sich mit den Grenzen und den inneren Widersprüchen der Denkfigur.

The Beauty of Sorrow; On Vidrić's Poem The Dead

Ljepota tuge. Uz Vidrićevu pjesmu Mrtvac

Author(s): Ivo Frangeš / Language(s): Croatian / Issue: 1/1990

Riconosciuto generalmente come una delle migliori poesie di Vidrić, Mrtvac (»Il Morto«) non ha avuto troppa fortuna nella critica. È stato soltanto Antun Barac, nel suo studio monografico Vidrić (Zagabria, 1940) a occuparsene dettagliatamente, citandola ben tre volte per intero. Negli ultimi anni (1984) interessanti le osservazioni di Mladen Dorkin. Essendo cosi il discorso sul valore estetico di questa poesia praticamente aperto, l'autore ha voluto riprenderlo mezzo secolo dopo le precisazioni di Barac. Il morto di Vidrić ha ricordato a Barac un'altra grande poesia e un altro grande poeta: Kranjčević e il suo Zadnji Adam (»L'ultimo Adamo«). Il raffronto si basa innanzitutto sulle identiche dimensioni evocate nelle due poesie: gli infiniti dello spazio e del tempo. Bisogna però riconoscere che l'eroe di Vidrić è molto più »modesto«; e se il suo »caso« trascende l'individuale, ciò dipende prima di tutto dai valori estetici. La morte è un'ingiustizia ineluttabile, che la muta natura commette senza rimorsi nć indugi. Sicché la poesia di Vidrić suona quasi come un monito: bisogna vivere la vita secondo una misura tutta nostra, personale, senza umiliarsi davanti alla natura. Poiché la »mano potente« che la governa tiene più alla propria forza che non alla nostra feticit,) personale.

The Reception of Semiotics in the Works of the Zagreb Literary Scholars

Recepcija semiotike u radovima zagrebačke znanosti o književnosti

Author(s): Vladimir Biti / Language(s): Croatian / Issue: 1/1990

Nach einer Einleitung, in der die methodologischen Voraussetzungen der darauf folgenden Erörterung erklärt werden, wird der Versuch unternommen, die Rezeption der semiotischen Ideen in den Arbeiten von Zdenko Škreb, Svetozar Petrović, Aleksandar Flaker, Viktor Žmegač und Milivoj Solar zu analysieren

Bibliography of Books, Studies and Papers by Aleksandar Flaker Published in Yugoslavia

Bibliografija knjiga, studija i članaka Aleksandra Flakera objavljenih u Jugoslaviji i

Author(s): Božidar Petrač / Language(s): Croatian / Issue: 1/1990

Bibliography of Books, Studies and Papers by Aleksandar Flaker Published in Yugoslavia Bibliography of Works by Aleksandar Flaker Published Abroad

Czech Literary Avantgarde: History, Theory - An Approach

Češka književna avangarda: povijest, teorija. Pristup

Author(s): Predrag Jirsak / Language(s): Croatian / Issue: 1/1990

The introductory consideration of the problematics of the Czech literary avantgarde stresses the discontinuity of its traditional context after the upsurge of the theoretical component (Teige, Honzl) of this literary movement (poetism), rich in literary achievements in the twenties (Nezval, Seifert, Biebl, Halas, Vančura). The theoretical horizon, delineated in its basic outlines, complements the preliminary draft of historical description. The conclusion emphasizes that the traditional discontinuity of the earlyavantgarde literary production (comprising the long period from the end of the thirties to the end of the fifties) can be traced in the theoretical reflection as well, in the brief but fertile period of the sixties (Mukarovsky, Bakoš, Chvatik, Kožmin, Grygar, Pešat, Blahynka, Effenberger, Klivoda, Sus, Marčok, Hamada). That is why (having in mind the share of foreign scholars and the efforts of the Czech Diaspora of the seventies and eighties), the question of the Czech literaryavantgarde remains open. In the rich inventory of the theoretical and literary blank spots in Czech twentieth century literature the question of the avantgarde imposes itself as an absolute imperative in recent theoretical discussions in Czech and Central European literary circles.

Linguistics Mediation in the Work of Professor Flaker

Jezikoslovna posredstva u opusu profesora Flakera

Author(s): Krunoslav Pranjic / Language(s): Croatian / Issue: 1/1990

Par sa formation de base, le Professeur Aleksandar Flaker est slaviste, par sa vocation actualisée, il est aussi yougoslaviste de taille (en détails même) et croatiste avant tout; selon la méthodologie qu'il applique, il est historien de littérature, critique et exégète littéraire, comparatiste (= intertextualiste); chercheur dans le domaine des média (correspondances des arts: littéraire, théâtrale, cinématographique, même musicale) - le Professeur Flaker est I'auteur - á l'heure actuelle - d'une oeuvre décalogique. Le présent article fait enregistrer, á titres de modéles, les interventions linguistiques (celles de stylographie y comprises) dont notre auteur se sert d'une manière complémentaire en élargissant son instrumentation analytique et en témoignant - bien que indirectement - d'une conviction selon laquelle c'est justement la langue qui est la substance de toute oeuvre littéraire et par conséquent l'objet légitime de la linguistique (et de la stylographie). À partir des critères selon lesquelles on peut affirmer que leur contenu traite en premier ordre des littératures yougosIaves, et de la littérature croate avant tout, le fond des ouvrages que nous allons utiliser pour illustrer ces interventions va être réduit à six titres; l'ordre d'enrégistrement et celui de leur apparition chronologique: 1. Stilovi i razdoblja (Les styles et les époques) 1964; 2. Knjitevne poredbe (Comparaisons littéraires) 1968; 3. Proza u trapericama (La prose en blue-jeans) 1976; 4. Stilske formacije (Formations de styles) 1976; 5. Poetika osporavanja (La poètique de contestations) 1982; 6. Nomadi ljepote (Les nomades de la beauté) 1988.

The institutional discourse: description through specific functions

Le discours institutionnel: description à travers les fonctions spécifiques

Author(s): Lavinia Suciu / Language(s): French / Issue: 04/2005

Keywords: institutional discourse; specific functions;

Le type de discours qui fait l’objet de notre analyse et qui est désigné comme discours institutionnel de type signature représente une de multiples formes d’actualisation de la communication institutionnelle. Notre attention est focalisée sur le domaine économique, sur le milieu des affaires, le climat favorable dans lequel ce discours s’exerce. Intimement lié au contexte social et économique, le discours-signature permet une approche centrée sur la manifestation de ses fonctions spécifiques, à savoir la fonction de signature, la fonction de signature, la fonction prescriptive et la fonction socio-symbolique, que nous considérons déterminantes pour établir le fonctionnement et la sémantique de ce discours.

Variable and invariable forms in GFL teaching

Variable und invariable Formen im DaF –Unterricht

Author(s): Anca Mihaela Carţiş / Language(s): German / Issue: 04/2005

Keywords: DaF unterricht; Kommunikation; Lehrmethoden

In der Dynamic der Entwicklung der menschlichen Gesellschaft spielt die Kooperation eine wesentliche Rolle, so dass die Kommunikation neue Dimensionen bekommt. Die Sprachen der europӓischen Union, unter denen sich auch die deutsche Sprache befindet, haben eine prӓferentielle Rolle, wobei das Interesse sich unter allen Altersgruppen offenbart. Die schnelle, richtige und flieβende Aneignung der gesprochenen und geschriebenen Sprache verpflichtet eine Auswahl der Lehrmethoden und ihre Adaptation sowohl fϋr den Interessenbereich (technischer, wissenschaftlicher, juristischer Art), den Altersstufen, als auch fϋr den intellektuellen Niveau der Kursteilnehmer, Tatsache auf der in der vorliegenden Arbeit eingegangen wurde.

Terminographic Contexts

Terminographic Contexts

Author(s): Georgeta Ciobanu / Language(s): English / Issue: 04/2005

Keywords: role of context; term understanding; flexible approach;

The paper approaches problems related to the role of contexts in terminography. The first section includes notes on the role of contexts in defining and understanding concepts. Special interest is paid to the most representative types of contexts. The analysis on the selected corpus of contexts aims at identifying patterns of contextual analysis to be used in creating new fields in terminological records.

Communicative Aspects of Foreign Language Teaching Process

Communicative Aspects of Foreign Language Teaching Process

Author(s): Mariusz WOLAŃSKI / Language(s): English / Issue: 04/2005

Keywords: communication; EFL teaching;

We live in a world of communication. Communication occurs whenever we speak to our students during the lesson, when we phone someone, watch tv or buy something. This is the base of human relations. People as races have more and more in common; nevertheless, we still do not speak the same language. Communication between countries is important, and real communication between nations means learning each other’s languages. Therefore, the main point of the process of foreign language learning is the development of communicative abilities.