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COOPERATION BETWEEN THE NORTH ATLANTIC TREATY ORGANIZATION AND THE EUROPEAN UNION – A NECESSITY IN THE CURRENT SECURITY ENVIRONMENT

COOPERATION BETWEEN THE NORTH ATLANTIC TREATY ORGANIZATION AND THE EUROPEAN UNION – A NECESSITY IN THE CURRENT SECURITY ENVIRONMENT

Author(s): Alina Alexandru / Language(s): English / Publication Year: 0

Keywords: NATO; EU; common security challenges; complementarity; synergy; interoperability.

NATO and EU reacted to the changes in the international security environment based on their own aim, capabilities, and level of ambition. Aside from intrinsic differences, both NATO and EU identified common security challenges, threats and risks, and have similar views of engagement. Against this background, NATO – EU cooperation has entered a new phase, based on the Joint Declarations signed by the two parties in 2016 and 2018 setting-up as domains of cooperation: countering hybrid threats; operational coordination; cyber security and defence; defence capabilities’ development; defence industry and research; exercises; support for Eastern and Southern partners. Progress has been made and is still ongoing on all seven directions. The following common priorities set for NATO – EU cooperation are military mobility; fighting terrorism; strengthening resilience; woman, peace and security. The proficient cooperation between NATO and EU is needed today to cover the large spectrum of common security threats, while the success of NATO – EU cooperation is conditioned by avoiding duplication of effort, ensuring complementarity and interoperability in terms of troops, capabilities and defence industry and research, and by enhancing Intelligence sharing.

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The Thin Writer’ of the 19th Century Midday in the Prose of Józef Ignacy Kraszewski and Felicjan Medard Faleński

„Chudy literat” południa XIX wieku w prozie Józefa Ignacego Kraszewskiego i Felicjana Medarda Faleńskiego

Author(s): Barbara Bobrowska / Language(s): Polish / Publication Year: 0

Keywords: publishing market; writers’s status; realism; grotesque; satire

The title of the presented paper refers to the archetypical fi gure of ‘the thin writer’ from the18th century satire by Adam Naruszewicz. The topic of this paper are the capitalist transformations ofthe publishing market at the 19th century midday, as well as the changes in the writers’s social statusand their material condition. These issues are thoroughly analyzed using the examples of Kraszewski’snovels such as Latarnia czarnoksięska (1843–1844), Powieść bez tytutłu (1853), Kopciuszek (1862), whichoffer satirical approach, as well as Faleński’s short story Na schyłku starego roku (1875), whose poeticsoscillates between melodrama and grotesque.

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In search of the teacher’s archetype: Reflections in the light of Bernie Neville’s concept

W poszukiwaniu archetypu nauczyciela. Rozważania w świetle koncepcji Berniego Neville’a

Author(s): Paweł Sporek / Language(s): Polish / Publication Year: 0

Keywords: education; teacher; school; myth; archetype

The author, referring to the theory of archetypes associated with variousmythological figures, reflects on the types of teachers and the attitudesthey present as well as their presence in the institutional space of theschool. Presenting the research findings of Bernie Neville, he situatesthem in relation to significant Polish studies in the field of pedagogy andgeneral didactics. The author reveals the mechanisms of the teacher’sinfluence on the student’s development and shows the relationship betweenthe pedagogue’s traits and the ways in which he or she shapesinterpersonal relationships in the workplace.

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Women and men in Polish-German and German-Polish dictionaries. Based on Wielki słownik by Jan Piprek and Juliusz Ippoldt (1969–1970, 1971–1974) and PWN’s Wielki słownik (2008, 2010)

O kobiecie i mężczyźnie w słownikach polsko-niemieckich i niemiecko-polskich. Na podstawie Wielkiego słownika Jana Pipreka/Juliusza Ippoldta (1969–1970, 1971–1974) i Wielkiego słownika PWN (2008, 2010)

Author(s): Agnieszka Frączek / Language(s): Polish,German / Publication Year: 0

Keywords: lexicography; dictionary; (gender) stereotypes

The article is an attempt to examine some of the sentences contained in the microstructure of Polish-German and German-Polish dictionaries in terms of gender stereotypes. Two large dictionaries were selected for analysis: Wielki słownik by Jan Piprek and Juliusz Ippoldt and PWN’s Wielki słownik. The research provided the basis for an attempt to answer the question whether there are differences in the way women and men were presented in the 1970s and the way they are presented in the first decade of the 21st century.

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Edition of the documents from the Ringelblum Archive – theory and practice

Edycja dokumentów z Archiwum Ringelbluma – między teorią a praktyką

Author(s): Tadeusz Epsztein / Language(s): Polish / Publication Year: 0

Keywords: The Ringelblum Archive; Emanuel Ringelblum; the Warsaw Ghetto; the Jewish Historical Institute

The Ringelblum Archive, also referred to as the Underground Archive of the Warsaw Ghetto (ARG), is one of the most important testimonies of the history of the Holocaust of Jews in Poland during World War II. The collection was started in Warsaw in 1940 by an underground group called “Oneg Szabat”, founded and led by Dr. Emanuel Ringelblum (1900–1944), a historian and a social activist as well as a student of Marceli Handelsman. After the liquidation of the Warsaw Ghetto in the summer of 1942 the first part of the archive was hidden in the cellars at 68 Nowolipki St., and the second part was buried in the same place in early February 1943. In September 1946 the first part was found; the second part of the archive was unearthed by accident only in December 1950. They are stored in the collections of the Jewish Historical Institute in Warsaw (JHI). The entire Archive contains several thousand documents (manuscripts, prints and photographs). A large part of the materials collected in the Ringelblum Archive are unique sources: testimonies, letters flowing into the Warsaw ghetto, studies prepared by the Oneg Szabat team, underground prints from the ghetto, texts of literary works created there, private documents (legacy), etc. The need to publish the ARG has been discussed since 1946. In 1948 printing of the first documents from the collection – Emanuel Ringelblum’s notes – started. In the following decades editorial work continued, but until the end of the 1970s no broader measures could be taken. Foreign editions of ARG documents from this period are equally modest. It was only at the turn of the 1970s and 1980s that some revival took place, mainly in Israel, thanks to the initiative of Josef Kermish. At the same time Dr. Ruta Sakowska in the Jewish Historical Institute undertook work in this field in Poland. Thanks to her work, in 1997 a series in Polish began to be published, titled “The Ringelblum Archive: The Conspiracy Archive of the Warsaw Ghetto” (ŻIH). The publication was led by Eleonora Bergman and Tadeusz Epsztein when it got to volume 4. In 2019 the last fragments of the series, totaling 39 volumes, will be released. In 2017 the English edition of the series in the Jewish Historical Institute was begun.

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Not only the "second Slovak"... A contribution to parallel between Krzysztof Kamil Baczyński and Zygmunt Krasiński

Nie tylko „drugi Słowacki”… Przyczynek do paraleli między Krzysztofem Kamilem Baczyńskim a Zygmuntem Krasińskim

Author(s): Ewa Hoffmann-Piotrowska / Language(s): Polish / Publication Year: 0

Keywords: underground University of Warsaw; poetry; students; occupation literature; Warsaw Uprising; World War II

The book is a successful attempt to renew research on the literature of war and occupation conducted so far, and at the same time to present the phenomenon of the underground University of Warsaw and its educational, academic, and cultural activity in particular with regard to literary studies. The authors describe the profiles of young artists for whom the ideas of Romanticism were a constant point of reference in their writing and in the armed combat against the occupier.

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The New Diaspora’ And Interactive Media Campaigns: The Case Of Romanians Migrating To The Uk After Brexit

The New Diaspora’ And Interactive Media Campaigns: The Case Of Romanians Migrating To The Uk After Brexit

Author(s): Bianca-Florentina Cheregi / Language(s): English / Publication Year: 0

Keywords: The new diaspora; migration; interactive media campaigns; Brexit; multimodality;

This chapter focuses on discourses and counter-discourses in the specific context of Romanians migrating to the United Kingdom. The analysis reveals the role of Romanian and British journalists in the problematization of migration, taking into account two different contexts: the freedom of movement for Romanian and Bulgarian citizens to work inside the United Kingdom, starting with January 1, 2014 and the British referendum in June 23, 2016. In doing so, the corpus covers five interactive mass-media campaigns on Romanian migration - Don’t Come to Britain! (The Guardian, January 2013), Why Don’t You Come Over? (Gândul, January 2013), Let’s Change the Story! (Gândul, January 2014), The Truth about Romanians Migrating to the UK (Adevărul, March 2014) and Romanians Adopt Remainians (Gândul, June 2016) and 100 news articles around the campaigns. Methodologically, the analysis is based on qualitative research methods, combining multimodal analysis (Iedema, 2003; Kress & van Leeuwen, 2006) with critical discourse analysis (Van Dijk, 1993; van Leeuwen, 2008) and dispositif analysis (Charaudeau, 2005; Lochard, 2005, 2006; Soulages, 2007). Generally, the analysis proves that Romanian journalists have overcome their role as professionals (they no longer adopt a traditional role), by involving the citizens in the public debate on migration, and, more extensively, on the country image problem.

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Political values ​​of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth Nations and axiological limits of civilization European – a few final reflections

Wartości polityczne Rzeczypospolitej Obojga Narodów a granice aksjologiczne cywilizacji europejskiej – kilka refleksji końcowych

Author(s): Jan Kieniewicz / Language(s): Polish / Publication Year: 0

Keywords: public life of the First Republic; political culture; political journalism; state; community of citizens

The authors present the political values functioning in the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth – primarily, but not only, in the community of politically active noble citizens. They try to recreate them on the basis of a thorough analysis of various sources – treaties and political journalism, public speeches at the Sejm and regional councils, but also unofficial statements, private exchange of views between participants in political life. The subject of the analysis is, inter alia, the ideal of the state as a community of citizens present in the political discourse, as well as the contemporary vision of a man-citizen, a member of the political community, and his obligations towards it. The authors also present and interpret the then understanding of the concepts of homeland or patriotism, and devote a lot of attention to the fundamental values of the political life of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth, such as law and freedom. They show the analyzed issues not only in a broader European context, but also in different epochs, which allows to follow the evolution in the understanding and evaluation of political concepts and ideals. The 12-volume series of monographs „Kultura Pierwszej Rzeczpospolitej w dialogu z Europą. Hermeneutyka wartości” presents the cultural heritage of the 15th and 18th centuries as an integral but original part of European culture. The research goal is to identify the ways and forms of the mutual transmission of aesthetic, political and religious values and to present in a broad, multilateral comparative context the axiological structure of Polish culture of the past epochs. Cultural texts are examined from an internal perspective as records of acts aimed at understanding values, and from an external perspective as statements that join European literary-aesthetic, political and religious discussions. In an intense dialogue, the culture of the Republic of Poland shows not only a receptivity to new ideas, but also creativity and dynamics of action in Europe.

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Literature in/of the City – Introductory Comments

Literature in/of the City – Introductory Comments

Author(s): Magdalena Lachman / Language(s): English / Publication Year: 0

Keywords: literature;space of the city;literature’s circulation;urban studies;new forms of expression

The article attempts to describe a variety of possible ways in which literature makes itself present within the space of the city. It assumes two basic perspectives to investigate the issue. First of all, the article analyses how the city and its multiple institutions support the literature’s circulation and availability for the readers. The city offers a number of venues for writers to present their works and promote them through precisely targeted events and literary festivals. The city is seen as a stage or background on which literary works and events can become fully available. Secondly, the article analyses how literary critics or more broadly philosophers and sociologists interested in urban studies use literature to understand and describe the city in its artistic and everyday dimensions. The fruitful collaboration between city as an active factor shaping artistic imagination and writers leads to developing new forms of expression as well as formulating new ideas about art. It also offers a possibility to communicate with readers in ways which are better accommodated to modern visual imagination and different forms of everyday activity.

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Balkan EU Member States in the European Energy Architecture: The Energy Policies of Greece and Romania

Балканските членки на ЕС в европейската енергийна архитектура: енергийни политики на Гърция и Румъния

Author(s): Elisabeth Yoneva / Language(s): Bulgarian / Publication Year: 0

Keywords: European Union; Energy Policy; EU Energy Policy; Balkans; Energy Security

The paper explores the dimensions of energy architecture in South East Europe from the perspective of the geopolitical challenges, outlining its evolution as a regional framework. The case study examples are focused on the energy policies of Greece and Romania.

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The Future of Healthcare around the World: Four indices integrating Technology, Productivity, Anti-Corruption, Healthcare and Market Financialization

The Future of Healthcare around the World: Four indices integrating Technology, Productivity, Anti-Corruption, Healthcare and Market Financialization

Author(s): Julia M. Puaschunder,Dirk Beerbaum / Language(s): English / Publication Year: 0

Keywords: Access to healthcare; Advancements; AI-GDP Index; Apps; Artificial Intelligence;

The currently ongoing COVID-19 crisis has challenged healthcare around the world. The global solution against global pandemic spreads but also to provide essential healthcare is likely to feature components of technological advancement and economic productivity as a starting ground for vital solution finding. Anti-corruption is a necessary prerequisite for access to and quality of healthcare provision in the public sphere. Market innovation financialization of a society raises private sector funds for research and development but also funds the market-oriented implementation of healthcare, which appears beneficial and efficient in combating future healthcare crises. Technology-driven growth, corruption free-healthcare and well-funded markets fostering innovation account for the most prospective public and private sector remedies of the global COVID-19 crisis. These ingredients differ vastly around the world. This paper innovatively combines the mentioned facets in four indices. Highlighting international differences in economic starting positions as well as public and private sector healthcare provision potential around the world serves as indicator where in the world global pandemic medical solutions may thrive in the future. Reflecting the different pandemic crisis alleviation ingredients concurrently allows to capture unknown interaction effects. Pegging remedy credentials to certain regions of the world also holds invaluable insights on what territories of the world should take the lead in different sectors when bundling our common world efforts to overcome the COVID-19 pandemic together. Index 1 highlights the connectedness of Artificial Intelligence (AI) – as operationalized by internet connectivity – with economic productivity – measured in Gross Domestic Products (GDP) – around the world. Index 2 captures the degree of anti-corruption in its relation with a strong public healthcare sector over an entire world sample. Index 3 integrates internet connectivity with anti-corruption and promising healthcare internationally. Index 4 shows the impact of internet connectivity, GDP, anti-corruption, healthcare in light of market capitalization prospects with special attention to technological innovations in the digital age. In its entirety, the four indices highlight different facets of the future of medical care in order to bundle our common efforts strategically in overcoming COVID-19 and thriving in a healthier and more digitalized world to come.

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Considerations on the Admissibility of the Enforcement Appeal Requesting the Reduction or Elimination of the Penalties Established for the Non-Enforcement of a Court Decision Pronounced in the Matter of Administrative Litigation

Considerations on the Admissibility of the Enforcement Appeal Requesting the Reduction or Elimination of the Penalties Established for the Non-Enforcement of a Court Decision Pronounced in the Matter of Administrative Litigation

Author(s): Nicolae-Horia Țiț / Language(s): English / Publication Year: 0

Keywords: enforcement appeal; admissibility; administrative litigation; penalty;

The study analyses the admissibility of the enforcement appeal formulated pursuant to art. 906 para. (5) of the Code of Civil Procedure, in case there have been established penalties for the non-execution in due time of a decision pronounced in the matter administrative litigation, based on art. 24 para. (4) of the Law no. 554/2004. Herein are analysed the common law provisions comprised in the Code of Civil Procedure, their compatibility with the special procedure regulated by art. 24 of the Law no. 554/2004 and the relevant elements of distinction for formulating the conclusions are being highlighted. Arguments from the jurisprudence of the High Court of Cassation and Justice and the Constitutional Court, as well as the opinions expressed in the doctrine, both in civil procedural law and in administrative law, are used for the purpose of the analysis. The conclusions of the study also highlight the manner in which the current regulation could be improved, through de lege ferenda proposals.

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MICKIEWICZ – THE MYSTIC-POLITICIAN?

Czy Mickiewicz był „mistycznym politykiem”?

Author(s): Jerzy Fiećko / Language(s): Polish / Publication Year: 0

Keywords: Adam Mickiewicz; Romanticism; politics and history; mysticism; Revolutions of 1848

The author of the article argues the thesis, which has been widely accepted in the research tradition, on mystical irrationality of Mickiewicz’s actions in the area of politics. Analysing the matter from this point of view, the author investigates Mickiewicz’s activity in the period of the Revolutions of 1848, trying to reconstruct poet’s concepts in terms of strategy and here and now tactics. The author of the study proves that the idealism and religion factors, visible in Mickiewicz’s political reasoning and actions, were at the same time well balanced by other equally important ideas and assumptions which Mickiewicz regarded as rational and which took into account the reality and mechanisms that governed the world of politics.

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A Bardophobe? A Short Defence of Jan Śniadecki

Szekspirofobia? Mowa krótka w Jana Śniadeckiego obronie

Author(s): Anna Janicka,Jarosław Ławski / Language(s): English,Polish / Publication Year: 0

Keywords: Jan Śniadecki; Enlightenment period; Shakespeare; Polish modern culture

This article focuses on Jan Śniadecki (1756–1830), an eminent Polish philosopher of the late Enlightenment period, and on his attitude to Shakespeare. Jan Śniadecki was a major figure in the debate on the shape of modern literature and culture in Poland in 1818–1825. A representative of classicising Enlightenment values, Śniadecki was seen as a conservative and an opponent of Romanticism, and as such he famously makes an appearance in Adam Mickiewicz’s ballad “Romantyczność”, a poem whose motto is taken from Shakespeare. Śniadecki has been accused of harbouring an aversion to Shakespeare, and he has met with ridicule for a passage in one of his treatises where he wonders if a more polished and well-educated 19th-century Shakespeare would have made a better playwright. As shown by the authors of this study, Śniadecki was not actually hostile to Shakespeare, whose genius he hailed on numerous occasions. What he found objectionable was the unquestioning adulation for the author of Richard III, a phenomenon we now call Bardolatry, as distinct from the more positive term of “Shakespeare mania” which denotes a broad fascination with the assimilated heritage of the English playwright. It appears that Śniadecki has fallen victim to a stereotype made permanent by the lasting success of the Romantic aesthetic in Polish culture.

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Dialogue with landscape. About »Cienie w pieczarze« (Shadows in the Cavern) by Stefan Kisielewski

Dialog z pejzażem. O »Cieniach w pieczarze« Stefana Kisielewskiego

Author(s): Piotr Bajer / Language(s): Polish / Publication Year: 0

Keywords: Stefan Kisielewski;

This article is an attempt at analyzing the problem of the relation of a literary hero with the reality of historical achievements, written in a shape of the world of matter and elements. The author’s argument concerns the novel written by Stefan Kisielewski entitled Shadows in the Cavern, and the main character in particular - Roman Zaleski. In the further parts of the article, the author takes up various aspects of reading the signs of historical transformations of the modern history of Poland, penetrating the psychology of human ideas about own presence in time and achievements. The interpretation of the phenomenon includes a paradox of constancy and changeability as the chief idea for the prose of Kisielewski. That is why the author of the analysis locates the figure of a literary hero in different referential contexts, which create a motive of intelligentsia reckonings with the old world. Much attention is drawn to the explication of permanent relations connecting the sensitivity of a created figure of the hero with the passing of physical and non-physical world. That is why the article is set in the psychological investigations into recognition of reality in its various issues and openings. // A taking up of the problem of searching for a literary form in order to properly express the most important experiences of a highbrow in a world constrained by totalitarian ideas. A struggle with the form is a necessary stage in creating an image of a man wanting to tell about his experiences in only seemingly normal rule of existence. // At the end of the article, the author suggests that the idea of postmodernity appears in the novel. Postmodernity would result in a destruction of a personality of a man in the world of consumption, divestation of axiological identity and departure from historical necessity of making a testimony about oneself.

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Romantic expression as a formation process

Ekspresja romantyczna jako formowanie

Author(s): Magdalena Saganiak / Language(s): Polish / Publication Year: 0

Keywords: romantic expression; lyricism; external experience; inner experience; sense of existence; consciousness; spiritual world; creative powers of nature; synthesis of the internal world

The article deals with a widespread belief that combines romantic expression with lyricism and external experience with an epic quality, showing that the expression of inner experience also leads to the emergence of epic and dramatic forms that reveal the dynamics of transformation and the development of an experiencing subject. This issue is contemplated against the background of the views of F. von Schlegel, J.G. Herder, F.W.J. Schelling, M. Mochnacki, A. Mickiewicz and J. Słowacki. The most important feature which the soul discovers by communing with itself in the inner experience is the sense of existence as a creative entity capable of acting out of its own power and leading to consciousness that enables to invent language and forms of art. One of the cognitive gains of the soul is its union with the spiritual world or the creative powers of nature, whose disclosure can take the form of narratives about the creation of the world. A separate issue discussed in the article is Mickiewicz’s late approach to expression, in which it becomes an act understood as a synthesis of the internal world with the external one that takes place in the name of the Truth.

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On God’s humanity and man’s divinity. Parallels of creation in Mickiewicz’s lyric poetry

O człowieczeństwie Boga i bóstwie człowieka. Paralele kreacjonistyczne w liryce Mickiewicza

Author(s): Olaf Krysowski / Language(s): Polish / Publication Year: 0

Keywords: creations of the figure of God; images of a man; Creator; God and man; divine and human virtue; God-man relationship; Mickiewicz’s poems; Schellingian idea of genius; Thomas à Kempis

Looking at the creations of the figure of God in Mickiewicz’s lyric poetry, one can notice that they are closely related to the images of a man who aspires to be treated as an important, unique subject and a reflection of the Creator. In this context not only do the ways of thinking about God, the epithets that the poet attributes to Him, become interesting, but also the numerous parallelisms between Him and the man in the lyric, which allow us to look at the human individual in the perspective of creative predispositions and talents. An idea of an artistic genius plays an important role in thinking about God and man in Mickiewicz’s poems. In these poems being an artist appears to be a divine and human virtue at the same time. The artist resembles God in the manner He creates things, but the artist suffers being rejected by people. Like wise,anything that is divine such as infinite wisdom, love, goodness, was suffering in Christ who was surrounded by enmity and misunderstanding. This kind of approach to God-man relationship encourages to interpret Mickiewicz’s poems from the point of view of the Schellingian idea of genius on the one hand, and from the point of view of the attitude described by Thomas à Kempis in his work The Imitation of Christ on the other.

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Petrarch in Polish and Petrarch Unknown

Petrarka spolszczony i nieznany

Author(s): Piotr Salwa / Language(s): Polish / Publication Year: 0

Keywords: European classic; Italian lyricism; Petrarch; popularization; stereotypes

The essay presents a concise review of Polish translations of Petrarch’s works and points out the biased vision they offer of the Italian poet’s accomplishments. Some of his Latin works have been translated only recently while the most important ones are still waiting for a Polish version and the famous Canzoniere is familiar to the Polish audience only in a relatively poor and highly stereotyped selection of love sonnets.

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Norms of Criminal Procedure at the Intersection between the Jurisprudence of the Constitutional Court and the European Court of Human Rights

Normele de procedură penală la intersecția jurisprudenței Curții Constituționale și a Curții Europene a Drepturilor Omului

Author(s): Alina-Mirabela Gentimir / Language(s): Romanian / Publication Year: 0

Keywords: pretrial chamber; judge of pretrial chamber; decision; remedy; appeal;

Current paper underlines the difficulty to establish a unitary approach, necessary for interpretation or for enforcement of legal concepts recently introduced in Romanian legislation by national or European jurisdictions. Between all new concepts specific for criminal trial, the concept of pretrial chamber represents a legal novelty challenged both from the perspective of its opportunity and its availability

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Influencers: the path from consumers to professionals

Influencers: the path from consumers to professionals

Author(s): Aura-Elena Amironesei / Language(s): English / Publication Year: 0

Keywords: professional; trader; influencer; marketing;

The concept of ‘influencer’ stands at the confluence of law, economy, marketing, sociology and psychology, being in a continuous grinding, generated by the development of social media tools and the diversification of the activities that can be carried out on social media. The influencer has crystallized his presence within the virtual environment, as he started to use social media from the position of a consumer. At the moment, he evolved into an entity that shirks the national imperative legal provisions and has a series of attributes which cannot characterise any other existing and conceptualised entity. The uniqueness of the influencer, along with his constant developing characteristics, have led to several difficulties in the process of regulating his activity. Nevertheless, the time that has passed since their emergence on the market is more than sufficient for providing the possibility of describing the influencers and confining them within a legal regime. Our analysis focuses on the compatibility between the status of a professional, as it is regulated in the Romanian law, and the status of influencer. Then, we will briefly discuss the possible consequences, determined by the compatibility, on the activity of the influencer and on his digital content.

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