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Human Rights in the European Union-a Thorny Path from the Intent to the Obligation of the EU's Accession to the ECHR

Људска права у Европској унији-трновит пут од идеје о заштити до обавезе приступања Европској конвенцији о људским правима

Author(s): Sanja Kreštalica / Language(s): Serbian / Publication Year: 0

Keywords: European Union; Convention for the Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms; Charter of Fundamental Rights of the European Union; Court of Justice of the European Union;

The aim of this paper is to analyse the development of the human rights protection policy in the European integration process. Starting with the premise of the lack of a consistent policy towards human rights in the beginnings of the development of the European Communities, the author analyzes the position of human rights in the various stages of the European integration process since the end of World War II. Human rights found their place relatively late in the Community legal order. From “negligence”policy towards human rights issues, noticeable in the early beginnings of the creation of European Communities, until acceptance of binding instruments for the protection of human rights passed half a century. The circle, however,is not yet closed.Well aware of the difficulty of the task at hand, and the numerous restrictions, the author chooses to highlight key moments resulting from the analysis of the rich literature on human rights protection in the process of European integration. Special attention is given to the idea of the EU`s accession to the Convention for the Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms, which has been pressing for some time now, but the process, however, is not yet complete. The conditions for the accession to the Convention were met in 2009 with the entry into force of the Lisbon Treaty. However, although the formal legal obstacles are no longer present,it is obvious that further consultations are needed. We believe that the accession to the European Convention on Human Rights, is an important step in developing a unique system and a key factor of preservation of legal certainty and effective protection of human rights and freedoms in Europe.

The European Integration Project in the Context of the European Communities and the European Union

Европски интеграциони пројекат у контексту европских заједница и Европске уније

Author(s): Ivana Dragić / Language(s): Serbian / Publication Year: 0

Keywords: European integration; ECSC; EEC; Euroatom; Federalism; Functionalism; Neofunctionalism; Intergovernmentalism;

A proper consideration of evolution that extends from the European Community to the European Union is possible by applying contextual approach, specifically pointing out the political and economic environment that caused certain institutional arrangements and their legal contours.Therefore, in order to illustrate the past six decades of the European economic and political integration, it is useful to indicate conditions that influenced the dynamics of the project of voluntary structuring that will homogenize European countries.The twentieth century has compromised sovereign state as an exclusive modality of society coordination. Since the concept of sovereign states proved to be dysfunctional, due to its conservatism and particularism, the idea of mobilizing and synchronizing capacities within Europe emerged asan alternative. After 1945, the West European nation-states realized they had to deviate from the autistic power politics and transfer or more usually associate their sovereign powers in a collective enterprise. Peace was the the most explicit and evocative of ideals which were regarded as spiritus movens of the integrative process.The federalist approach undoubtedly determines European integration,and is considered as objective and strategy for its implementation at the same time. Yet, the major perspective from which the processes of European integration were studied was the normative and deterministic functional theory, until it was replaced by neofunctionalism, as the analytical and probabilistic theoretical paradigm. Finally, one of the contemporary models of European integration, intergovernmentalism, which has long been seenas the rival and alternative to neofunctionalism, presents a state-centric and rational approach to European integration. However, the very same prominent theories have failed to explain or predict the evolutionary pattern of the integrative efforts.

Body as a sign in the textual space. Some reflections on identity in Teji Grover’s Blue

Ciało jako znak w przestrzeni tekstu. Rozważania tożsamościowe wokół Błękitu Tedźi Grower

Author(s): Kamila Junik-Łuniewska / Language(s): Polish / Publication Year: 0

Keywords: corporality; identity; subject; sign; body; text

In her article, the author discusses the problem of corporality (body) of a subject, in reference to the writer’s/narrator’s search for her or his own identity. The analyses are based on a prose piece by Teji Grover [Tejī Grovar], a contemporary Hindi writer.The subject’s identity is unstable, changeable, reveals a breakage and, thus, remains in a constant need of auto-creation. The author of the article supports the main idea by referring to the concept of self and showing that the contemporary subject is of a dual nature, divided between I and me – being simultaneously the subject and object of its own actions and reactions. The subject in the novel, she argues, experiences her own body in three ways: in relation to touch (by a man/lover); by changing the narrative’s “I” into “she” and/or by producing own replica(s) (images), separate from her sexuality and desire, in order to make the body visible, present, accessible; by changing her body into text. The latter may be explained literally – as forming the body from letters, constructing a literary corpus, and metaphorically: as writing about carnal experiences in the very text of the novel. There, the subject re-fashions her body into the textual space of own writing, and in this way re-presents and re-creates her own identity.

Shame as a mechanism of culture

Wstyd jako mechanizm kultury

Author(s): Dorota Jewdokimow / Language(s): Polish / Publication Year: 0

Keywords: shame; culture; text; sexual revolution; Tartu-Moscow School

This text is an attempt to present the anthropological and axiological category of shame within the framework of semiotic description. The aim of this text is to present the role which is played by shame in culture, the role which controls behavior patterns of its representatives. I will present shame as a mechanism which constitutes the inner content of culture, which divides the areas of culture, non-culture and anti-culture. In order to do so, I will use the notions developed by the Tartu-Moscow School. Applying the semiotic theory I will also derive from the concepts put forth under different approaches to culture, to an extent which will allow me to develop my considerations. The tools developed by the Tartu-Moscow School, enriched by the elements of hermeneutics, allow conducting a historical and cultural analysis of shame in its axiological and psychological dimension. They make it possible to determine how the mechanism of shame functions as a culture-producing pattern.

Semiotics of multicultural urban space: geographical approach

Semiotyka miasta wielokulturowego w ujęciu geograficznym

Author(s): Armina Kapusta / Language(s): Polish / Publication Year: 0

Keywords: semiotics of multicultural urban space; Subotica; semiotics vs urban geography

This article addresses the issue of geographical and semiotic analysis of urban space. A review of the literature on the topic of semiotic approach to the city allowed to indicate the theoretical perspectives and barriers of such studies. A research method was developed by the author of the article, in order to allow decoding meanings in a multicultural city. It was then verified on the example of Subotica and allowed to evaluate the conditions, advantages and limitations of conducting this type of research.

From Xenophoby to Discrimination

Od ksenofobii do dyskryminacji

Author(s): Kamil Exner / Language(s): Polish / Publication Year: 0

Keywords: migrations;ethnicity;nationalism;xenophobia;discrimination;Ukraine;Poland

Kamil Exner in the chapter From xenophobia to discrimination presents the current situation of middle-class young Ukrainian migrants living in Krakow. The author points out and problematises the tensions on the boundary of both ethnical groups—Poles and Ukrainians—looking for the sources of potential conflicts and their repercussions. The international relations between Poland and Ukraine, particularly in the last five years, have not been created any obstacles for intense and decades lasting migration from the East to the West. They were (and still are) caused by a number of reasons—political, economic, or personal. The text presents the results of Exner’s several months’ research. The fieldwork, engaging young Ukrainian speaking people arrived into Krakow not earlier than in 2012, has denuded all the difficulties, complexity of their relations with Poles, and stereotypes basing on historical background and stigmas (sensu Ervin Goffman). The author tries to re-define the concept ‘discrimination’ for the needs of social sciences, which leads to the risky conclusion that all the acts of micro-aggression, hate-speech, or symbolic power against one’s interlocutors are not fulfilling all criteria of a the said phenomenon. Exner therefore proposes to introduce the term of ‘discriminational behaviours’ to differentiate miscellaneous situations and tensions occurring within the multifaceted and ambivalent relations between Ukrainians and Poles as well as in the context of the Revolution of Dignity and revival of the Volhynia debate.

Discursive Means of Producing Otherness in Magdalena Tulli's Fiction

Dyskursywne mechanizmy wytwarzania obcości w prozie Magdaleny Tulli

Author(s): Agnieszka Wójtowicz-Zając / Language(s): Polish / Publication Year: 0

Keywords: Magdalena Tulli;Polish literature after 1989;discours;otherness;hatespeech

The chapter concerns Magdalena Tulli’s novels, such as "Sny i kamienie" (1995), "W czerwieni" (1998), "Tryby" (2003), Skaza (2006), with the exception of her autobiographical prose "Włoskie szpilki" and "Szum". Wójtowicz-Zając focuses here on the discursive means of producing otherness in "Zamiast procesu. Raport o mowie nienawiści" (2003), compiled by Magdalena Tulli and Sergiusz Kowalski, used as a predominant reference for presented interpretation. The report offers an overview of otherness and foreignness presented throughout the analyses of storylines, vocabulary, idioms, style, or other language tools used for constructing the other in radical right-wing newspapers. Almost every Tulli’s novel, from "Sny i kamienie" to "Szum", reiterates the aforementioned issues, either as the main topic ("Skaza", 2006), or part of author’s personal experience ("Włoskie szpilki", "Szum"), or embedded as a secondary plot, initiated in some point of narration ("W czerwieni", 1998, "Tryby", 2003). "Sny i kamienie", Tulli’s literary debut, on the other hand, is shown as a tractate on creational powers of language which completes analyses from "Zamiast procesu". An emphasis on this creational powers of language in Tulli’s novels leads to comparing the report’s conclusions, that envision the world presented in selected newspapers, with linguistic rules composing the narrative in Tulli’s novels. The work of the metaphor, realized through its literalization, backgrounds her writing style allowing to emphasize the discursive power of creating divisions between the self and the other as well as between individual as a victim. The article tracks down how the observations from the report interweave with individual plots which span from literary tractates on the creational power of language (Sny i kamienie) to meticulous observations of the nature of separating, excluding, and naming of the other. Magdalena Tulli’s novels are therefore, argued to serve as a perfect ‘laboratory’ for studying discursive means of producing the otherness and exclusion alike.

Simmel's Model of the Other in a Dystopian World of Margaret Attwood's "Maddaddam" Trilogy

Simmelowski model Obcego w dystopijnym świecie na przykładzie trylogii "MaddAddam" Margaret Atwood

Author(s): Maria Banaś / Language(s): Polish / Publication Year: 0

Keywords: sociology of literature;stranger;dystopia;social microstructure;interaction

The paper investigates various aspects of the stranger category as they are presented in one of the best-known modern utopias, “MaddAddam” by the Canadian writer Margaret Atwood. The “MaddAddam” trilogy envisions a dark, dystopian world and, as such, it might be regarded as a drastic, exaggerated attempt to draw attention towards a negative side of the Western civilization. It is, therefore, both a literary and an intellectual attempt to diagnose the state of the modern world. This diagnosis dates back not only to the classical dystopian novels such as George Orwell’s “1984” or Aldous Huxley’s “Brave New World”, but also to recently published novels, such as “Homo Novus” by Aldona Likus-Canon. This elaborated futuristic world-building urges the reader to ponder upon why even the most sophisticated visions of well-planned perfect societies—if only put into practice—can lead to inevitable catastrophes, the results of which are hard to imagine. The main analytical category of this research is the concept of the stranger coined by the German sociologist, Georg Simmel, for whom the alienation became an inseparable synthesis of the nearness and remoteness. The essential components of Simmel’s model of the stranger and, in particular, the specific interdependence between its components form the analytical background of this chapter. Banaś investigates here the aforementioned model and describes the mechanisms of the stranger’s functioning in the analysed dystopian world of MaddAddam.

Tito's Yugoslavism: Continuity or Discontinuity?

Jugoslovenstvo Josipa Broza Tita: kontinuitet ili diskontinuitet?

Author(s): Jovo Bakić / Language(s): Serbian / Publication Year: 0

Keywords: Tito; Yugoslavism; continuity; discontinuity; Serbian variant of Yugoslavism; Croatian variant of Yugoslavism; communist Yugoslavism;

The paper considers Josip Broz Tito’s relation towards Yugoslavism, and perception of his Yugoslavism in Anglo-American and Yugoslav Cold War and post-Cold War historiography. It answers the question whether Tito could have had independent view of Yugoslavism in relation to the Communist Party of Yugoslavia and the League of the Communists of Yugoslavia, which he led continuously for 43 years between 1937 and 1980. Therefore, in context of structural interconnectedness of the authoritarian Party, and after the WWII authoritarian Party and state, and its leader, one has to investigate Tito’s relation towards national question in Kingdom and socialist Yugoslavia. Main hypothesis is that an authoritarian party and its leader cannot hold different views of such an important question as national one is in a multinational political community. In other words, he was able to influence decisively on programmatic documents of the CPY (LCY) and definitions of recognized national categories in the population censuses, and they had to reflect convictions of the leader. However, these documents had remained unchanged between 1937 and 1980 in terms of Yugoslavia as a multinational federation, and the censuses had never had an unambiguously used national label ‘Yugoslav’. That is why rare occasions when Josip Broz delivered speeches in favor of a ‘Yugoslav nation’ between 1948 and 1956 meant that he only tactically used Yugoslavism before foreign and domestic public in order to empower Yugoslav resistance and Western support to it against the Stalin USSR. As danger of the USSR had become weaker after Stalin death, Tito's tactical national Yugoslavism came back to strategic communist minimal Croatian variant of Yugoslavism and Yugoslavia as a multinational, and not national state.

Verbal fluency in vascular dementia – clinical approach

Fluencja słowna w otępieniu naczyniopochodnym – ujęcie kliniczne

Author(s): Renata Gliwa / Language(s): Polish / Publication Year: 0

Keywords: verbal fluency test; semantic fluence; formal fluency; vascular dementia

The assumption of this study was the characterization of verbal fluency in vascular dementia. The verbal fluency test was used for the tests. The experimental group included 42 people. Quantitative and qualitative analysis of the research material was made. Problems with verbal fluency have been described: formal and categorial in patients with vascular dementia in the light, middle and deep degree.

Performative Shift in Video Game Visuality, or Who is Prosument

Zwrot performatywny w obrazowości gry komputerowej, czyli kim jest prosument

Author(s): Mariola Lekszycka / Language(s): Polish / Publication Year: 0

Polish Game Studies Bibliography (1995-2018)

Polska bibliografia groznawcza (1995-2018)

Author(s): Stanisław Krawczyk / Language(s): Polish / Publication Year: 0

“Po drugiej stronie czasu”. Return as a negative (?) category in the poetry of the 70’s

„Po drugiej stronie czasu”. Powrót jako kategoria negatywna (?) w poezji roczników siedemdziesiątych

Author(s): Magdalena Piotrowska-Grot / Language(s): Polish / Publication Year: 0

The present article is an attempt at an analytical assessment of the poetic world of “poetry of the seventies” (Różycki, Siwczyk, Barański, Jarosz, Podgórnik). The argument lacks an attempt to define the character and aesthetics of the group in question (after all, the analysis concerns only a few of its representatives), focusing instead on the analysis of selected poetic works in order to show the specific way of dealing with the category of return variously defined in this poetry. Such a way of constructing the subject is inspired by the achievements of the Geneva school of literary criticism. Subsequent analyses show not only the importance and frequency of the selected category in the poetry of the group, but also the significant similarities and differences in the poetic presentation of the different types and effects of “return”. In the case of the poems discussed in the article, we deal with a return often marked by failure, devoid of the positive traits of sightseeing, cognition, travelling, which is followed by “being at home”. Despite the ambivalence in the perception of this category in individual works, the analyses conducted prove that the return is an unambiguously negative experience, after all it can also be a return home, to one’s own place, but often it becomes a bittersweet soothing, always questioning the sense of the leaving that started everything, closing the individual in a paradoxical trap.

Erudition and Creed. On Annotations in Cyprian Norwid’s Works (Reconnaissance)

Erudycja i wyznanie… O przypisach w twórczości Cypriana Norwida (rekonesans)

Author(s): Agata Seweryn / Language(s): Polish / Publication Year: 0

The annotations in Norwid’s writings reveal a tension between the rhetorical and the lyrical, characteristic for his works. On the one hand, conventional explanations and philological commentaries (occasionally erroneous due to the poet’s lack of knowledge or memory), initiating the conventions proper to the rhetorical function of docere, fit into the tradition of a classical erudition. On the other hand, their associativity and hermetism, demanding increased attention from a researcher, impose specific Norwidian perspective of the intertpretation of reality. They reveal the authorial „I” and become lyrically and personally charged. In this context, it is worth mentioning particularly the commentaries that – being at odds with Norwid’s principle of „omissions and understatements” – appear to be redundant to the main content. The uniqueness of many of the annotations by Norwid also lies in the fact that they frequently explain very little objectively and hence require explanatory notes themselves, thus prompting an increased intellectual effort in a reader. Therefore, they can be read, to a certain extent, as parallel to the content of the poem Ciemność, among others.

The Future of Artificial Intelligence in International Healthcare: An Index

The Future of Artificial Intelligence in International Healthcare: An Index

Author(s): Julia M. Puaschunder / Language(s): English / Publication Year: 0

Keywords: Access to healthcare; Advancements; AI-GDP Index; Apps;

The currently ongoing COVID-19 crisis has challenged healthcare around the world. The call for global solutions in international healthcare pandemic crisis and risk management has reached unprecedented momentum. Digitalization, Artificial Intelligence (AI) and big data-derived inferences are supporting human decision making as essential healthcare enhancements as never before in the history of medicine. In today’s healthcare sector and medical profession, AI, algorithms, robotics and big data are used for monitoring of large-scale medical trends by detecting and measuring individual risks based on big data-driven estimations. This article provides a snapshot of the current state-of-the-art of AI, algorithms, big data-derived inferences and robotics in healthcare but also medical responses to COVID-19 in the international arena. International differences in the approaches to combat global pandemics become apparent serving as interesting case study on how to avert global pandemics successfully with AI in the future. Empirically, the article answers what countries have favourable conditions to provide AI solutions for global healthcare and pandemic crises monitoring and alleviation when compared over the entire world? First, an index based on internet connectivity – as a proxy for digitalization and AI advancement– as well as Gross Domestic Product (GDP) – as indicator for economic productivity – is calculated to outline global pandemic healthcare solution innovation hubs with economic impetus around the world. The parts of the world that feature internet connectivity and high GDP are likely to lead on AI-driven big data monitoring insights for pandemic prevention. When comparing countries worldwide, AI advancement is found to be positively correlated with anti-corruption. AI thus springs from non-corrupt territories of the world. Second, a novel anti-corruption artificial healthcare index is therefore presented that highlights those countries in the world that have vital AI growth in a non-corrupt environment. These non-corrupt AI centres hold comparative advantages to lead on global artificial healthcare solutions against COVID-19 and serve as pandemic crisis and risk management innovators of the future. Anti-corruption is also positively related with better general healthcare. Therefore, finally, a third index that combines internet connectivity, anti-corruption as well as healthcare access and quality is presented. The countries that score high on AI, anti-corruption and healthcare excellence are presented as ultimate world-leading, innovative global pandemic alleviation centres. The advantages but also potential shortfalls and ethical cliffs in the novel use of monitoring Apps, big data inferences and telemedicine to prevent pandemics are discussed.

The teacher’s role in fostering interests and developing an aptitude for mathematics in children

Rola nauczyciela w rozbudzaniu zainteresowań i rozwijaniu uzdolnień matematycznych dzieci

Author(s): Karolina Skarbek / Language(s): Polish / Publication Year: 0

Keywords: mathematical abilities; primary education; the role of the teacher.

The initial years of education have a huge impact on the entire school career. First educational experiences can be extremely valuable in developing an aptitude for mathematics. It could be the begin Rola nauczyciela w rozbudzaniu zainteresowań ning of a fascinating intellectual adventure, but it can also contribute to triggering the mechanisms responsible for blocking the mathematical talents. Teachers play an important role in developing mathematical abilities. They should support children in developing cognitive curiosity and courage to ask questions and seek answers.

The Faces of Władysław Broniewski On the Margins of “Diaries” and Journalistic Writing

Twarze Władysława Broniewskiego Na marginesie „pamiętnika” i publicystyki

Author(s): Paweł Majerski / Language(s): Polish / Publication Year: 0

Keywords: Władysław Broniewski; Polish Legions; diary; journalism;biography;

The author of the article is interested predominantly in the writings of Władysław Broniewski dated 1918–1922 (the poet referred to them as his diaries) as well as his journalistic writings. On their basis; the article analyzes two faces of the writer: the private and the official one. In his Diaries Broniewski touches upon a variety of different experiences: war memories; creative experiences connected with his desire to become a prominent figure in the literary sphere; the presence of women. Moreover; the article traces the instances of autothematic mentions and attempts at self-assessment; as well as the notes on preservation of the artistic output (both explicit and implicit). In his numerous articles; reviews; commentaries and essays; Broniewski the journalist was capable of approaching the discussed pieces in a serious manner (what is important: in the spheres of poetics; ideology and politics) while at the same time engaging in promotional activities. In the post-war reality of the Polish People’s Republic the writer was able to utilize his public presence to the full extent; however; the article argues that until the end; the public Broniewski always coexisted–though that coexistence proved consistently difficult–with the private Broniewski.

The Diary of Rutka Laskier On the Social Reception of Witnessing

Pamiętnik Rutki Laskier O społecznej recepcji świadectwa

Author(s): Anita Jasińska / Language(s): Polish / Publication Year: 0

Keywords: Holocaust ;diary;personal witness account ;Będzin ;ghetto;

The article focuses on the civic disagreements concerning the diary of a Jewish fourteen-year-old; Rutka Laskier. The main part of the article comprises a study of the changes in attitudes of the inhabitants of Będzin; brought about by the discover of the diary in 2006; as well as the readings of the diary by the contemporaries. As the author aims to argue; the reading of such a witness account is subject to a significant transformation. The deformation happens in a twofold manner; erasing the traces of the past. What was supposed to “return” Rutka to the city and save her from oblivion became the source of political conflict; social disagreement and even potentially international scandals.

Subjectivity On White. Notes from Africa by Marcin Kydryński

Subiektyw O Bieli. Notatkach z Afryki Marcina Kydryńskiego

Author(s): Elżbieta Dutka / Language(s): Polish / Publication Year: 0

Keywords: Kydryński; Africa; photography; subjectivity;intercultural communication;

The article presents an attempt at interpretation of a hybrid publication White. Notes from Africa by a famous music journalist and photographer Marcin Kydryński. The author; paying particular attention to the photographic aspect of the publication (which contains not only numerous reprints of photographs; but also various comments on the art of photography); discusses the original – because of its subjectivity; doubt and self-criticism – approach to the far-away continent. The analyzed “notes” are interpreted as an attempt at looking at the Other and the Self as the Other in the context of intercultural communication.

Spectacular Arts, or Theatrology in Wrocław Style (with Supplements)

Sztuki widowiskowe, czyli Teatrologia po wrocławsku (z dodatkami)

Author(s): Milan Lesiak,Piotr Rudzki / Language(s): Polish / Publication Year: 0

The article, divided into three main parts (and Intro plus Finale), delineates the way in which university theatre science has become the full-time “employee” at the local academy. The authors present theatre science as the platform which has been consequently growing at Wrocław University after the Second World War. The main point focuses on the historical researching of the department, their current workplace. With their co-partners, Milan Lesiak and Piotr Rudzki are building the present form of this university institution, where students can explore and fathom their practical and theoretical abilities. Discussions about the contemporary condition of the theatre are always inspiring and necessary. In a sense, they arrange the mental venue of the exchange of ideas between artists, scientists and mainly students. These discussions also make it possible to bring the theatre back to theatrology, performing arts and dramatics.