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EMOTIONAL EXPRESSION IN ‘SOCIOCENTRIC’ VS. ‘EGOCENTRIC’ SOCIETIES. A STUDY IN PSYCHOLOGICAL ANTHROPOLOGY

EMOTIONAL EXPRESSION IN ‘SOCIOCENTRIC’ VS. ‘EGOCENTRIC’ SOCIETIES. A STUDY IN PSYCHOLOGICAL ANTHROPOLOGY

Author(s): Adina Rădulescu / Language(s): English / Issue: 11/2/2012

Keywords: psychological anthropology; emotion; ‘sociocentric’ society; ‘egocentric’ society.

Is the expression of individual emotions culturally conditioned? Or is the human individuality too complex emotionally to be limited by cultural social norms? It is to these questions and many others that our study attempts to find new answers. The reason why the study of emotion is a relatively recent issue in psychological anthropology partially has to do with the negative attitude of social sciences towards this subject, which has been considered too ‘soft’ and too ‘subjective’ to be an appropriate topic for research. Since emotion was viewed in the West as a compulsive, irrational force arising within the individual and that could easily impair reason, it was mainly the subject of psychology that left aside all cultural contexts. Our paper focuses on how emotion is differently viewed and expressed in ‘sociocentric’ vs. ‘egocentric’ societies. While egocentric societies (the Western societies) tend to view emotional expression as a way of maintaining mental health and shaping an authentic identity, sociocentric societies (Japanese, Indian, Chinese, etc.) have intrinsic cultural codes on controlling, displaying or hiding emotions, depending on different cultural circumstances.

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Effect of slow-deep breathing exercise to reduce anxiety among adolescent school students in a selected higher secondary school in Coimbatore, India

Effect of slow-deep breathing exercise to reduce anxiety among adolescent school students in a selected higher secondary school in Coimbatore, India

Author(s): George Kannaiah Sellakumar / Language(s): / Issue: 1/2015

Keywords: anxiety; slow-deep breathing exercise; adolescents; school students

The present study explored the effect of slow-deep breathing exercise to reduce the level of anxiety among adolescent students. The study was designed as pre test post test control group design. Stratified random sample of 100 adolescent students studying in a higher secondary school was recruited for the study. The selected participants were randomly assigned to experimental and control groups. Speilberger’s state -trait anxiety inventory was administered to assess the level of anxiety. Slow- deep breathing exercise was taught and instructed the participants to practice 30 minutes every day for a period of 45 consecutive days. A post test was conducted to evaluate the effect of slow-deep breathing exercise after 45 days. The collected data were statistically treated. The result revealed that there is a significant effect of slow deep breathing exercise in reducing the level of anxiety. Hence, it can be concluded that slow deep breathing exercise facilitate to reduce anxiety. Furthermore, slow-deep breathing exercise can be incorporated in the daily activities of school students which will help students to perform well in the academic activities.

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HERE AND NOW, WITHOUT FEAR AND EXPECTATION MEDITATION PRACTICE AND TEMPORAL ORIENTATION

TU I TERAZ, BEZ OBAW I OCZEKIWAŃ PRAKTYKA MEDYTACYJNA A ORIENTACJA TEMPORALNA

Author(s): Magdalena Rydzewska / Language(s): / Issue: 15/2011

Keywords: organization; change; readiness to change

The article is focused on the relationship between meditation, degree of involvement in the practice and temporal orientation, in particular active concentration on present time called “Carpe diem”. Two hypotheses are tested: a) Practitioners, as compared to nonpractitioners, are presenting significantly higher active concentration on the present and lower orientation on the past, future and present fatalistic orientation; b) If involvement in meditation increases, active concentration on the present also increases. A survey has been carried out on a group of 160 practitioners of Karma Kagyu linage of Tibetan Buddhism in Poland and a group of 100 nonpractitioners. The results suggest, practitioners are more actively focused on present time and this active concentration increases with involvement in meditation.

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Resources for a better life. Applications of positive psychology in education

Resources for a better life. Applications of positive psychology in education

Author(s): Ioana Panc / Language(s): English / Issue: 16/2015

Keywords: positive psychology; education; wellbeing; flourishing; evidence-based interventions

In the intention to enhance the quality of the school experiences, which are known to be extremely important for the positive development of children, a significant number of educational and psychological interventions have been focusing on fixing what is broken, following the same problem-focused approach that guides mainstream literature. Education and positive psychology are both aiming to facilitate students’ thriving and performing at optimal level, as a whole person. Infusing some of the positive psychology interventions in education – either at the large scale of an entire school, or in a more targeted manner focusing on specific behaviors or outcomes, leads to promising results in the five areas of human flourishing – positive emotions, engagement in life and learning, positive relationships, a sense of meaning and purpose and accomplishments. The present article reviews the evidence supporting the use of positive interventions in education, describing some of the comprehensive programs targeted at entire school communities or more specific interventions, applied to smaller samples, investigating specific outcomes, as resources for improving the educational experience for students and lead to a better life.

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Three Waves of Cognitive Behavior Therapy – Developmental and Theoretical Assumptions

Trzy generacje terapii poznawczo-behawioralnych – rozwój i założenia teoretyczne

Author(s): Andrzej Śliwerski / Language(s): Polish / Issue: 20/2016

Keywords: cognitive behavior therapy; waves of cognitive behavior theories; mindfulness based theories;

Cognitive behavior theories are among the youngest paradigms in clinical psychology. They are subjected to constant modifications, which raises a lot of misunderstandings and misinterpretations. Some authors argue that this concept is inconsistent and personality traits recede into the background. They claim that cognitive theory is more the psychology of behavior, cognitive processes and structures than the psychology of human being (Sęk, 2005). The history of cognitive ideas development allows us to understand their assumptions, their current place in psychopathology, and the current state of knowledge. The division into the so-called three “waves” of the cognitive behavior theories renders it possible to separate stereotypes about this theory from its proper image. The article describes the current state of the cognitive behavior theories, with account given to the latest generation, which includes: Mindfulness Based Cognitive Therapy (MBCT), Acceptance and Commitment Therapy (ACT) as well as Schema Focused Therapy (SFT).

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Standing in Public Places: An Ethno-Zenic Experiment Aimed at Developing the Sociological Imagination and More Besides …

Standing in Public Places: An Ethno-Zenic Experiment Aimed at Developing the Sociological Imagination and More Besides …

Author(s): Krzysztof T. Konecki / Language(s): English / Issue: 06/2017

Keywords: qualitative methods; Zen Buddhism; public places; lived order; contemplative sociology; ethnomethodology

This article describes and analyses an ethno-Zenic experiment consisting of standing motionless in public places (for example, at the entrance to a shopping mall, in front of a petrol station, a bank or a shop, or on a street corner). The research was inspired by an ethnomethodological approach to lived order and psychological knowledge—derived from Buddhism—on how the mind works. Some inspiration was also drawn from symbolic interactionism. The experiment was aimed first at discovering the basic assumptions underlying our everyday activities. A second and more important goal was to deconstruct the work of the mind, especially with respect to the process of the looking-glass self and ‘producing’ emotions. The article also discusses the use of the self-study method (ethno-Zenic experiments) to deconstruct the mind as part of a lived order in a certain location and, in the wake of that, mindfulness.

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Buddhist economics: An overview

Buddhist economics: An overview

Author(s): Clair Brown,László Zsolnai / Language(s): English / Issue: 4/2018

Keywords: Buddhist economics; Buddhist enterprises; corporate mindfulness; Buddhist economy

Over the centuries, Buddhist monks applied economic models in the operations of their monasteries to make them sustainable while also observing Buddhist principles. The large variety of economic practices observed demonstrate the creativity of monastics in acquiring the resources to support their large monasteries in a way that was viewed as compatible with Buddhist ethics embodied in the Noble Eightfold Path. Researchers have analyzed the integration of faith-based and financially related monastic needs for different countries in different eras. The Buddhist economics approach as it has been developed in the last 40-50 years aims to create an alternative worldview that challenges the main underlying assumptions of Western economics. The mainstream Western economics model is originally based on the following assumptions: rational, selfish behavior; profit-maximization; competitive markets; and instrumental use of the environment. Buddhist economics is based on a different set of assumptions: dependent origination (“pratityasamutpada”), where people are interdependent with each other and with Earth; people are aware of enlightened self-interest based on interdependence and thus are altruistic; firms care about the well-being of workers, customers, shareholders, and community; and all activities include caring for the environment. With these assumptions, the Buddhist economic model has shared prosperity in a sustainable world with minimal suffering as its goal.

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Quality of life in a deep ecological perspective. The need for a transformation of the Western mindset?

Quality of life in a deep ecological perspective. The need for a transformation of the Western mindset?

Author(s): Knut J. Ims / Language(s): English / Issue: 4/2018

Keywords: ecosophy; deep ecology; transformation of mindset; quality of life; GDP

Are the ecosophy of the Norwegian philosopher Arne Næss and its resulting Deep Ecology relevant today? The central maxims: ‘Live a rich life with simple means’ and ‘Self-realizing for all beings’, are interpreted and corroborated. Næss’s ecosophy builds upon gestalt thinking and spontaneous experiences. In particular, the paper deconstructs point seven in the Deep Ecological Platform, which states that “The ideological change is mainly that of appreciating life quality (dwelling in situations of inherent value) rather than adhering to an increasingly higher standard of living. There will be a profound awareness of the difference between big and great”. The paper draws on Nicholas Georgescu-Roegen as the inspirational source of the degrowth movement, and on the Norwegian philosopher Arne Johan Vetlesen to understand the separation of man and nature that occurred during the Enlightenment, and it presents case studies of alternative economic models from Bhutan and Thailand. The conclusion is that Deep Ecological reasoning is not an ecotopia, but should be seen as an important source of inspiration and challenge to the prevalent consumer culture in affluent countries.

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CHAMBER MUSIC EXPLORATIONS FOR MEDITATION

CHAMBER MUSIC EXPLORATIONS FOR MEDITATION

Author(s): János Zsolt Imre / Language(s): English / Issue: 2/2018

Keywords: music; music explorations; effects of music; music for meditation; elements of music;

Music evokes a wide range of feelings, from excitement to relaxation, enjoyment to sadness, fear to relief, and even mixtures of these. The following paper presents exploratory compositions and related research prepared for fulfilment to create chamber music for meditation. The paper is divided in three parts. The first part is focusing on background research about meditation. It includes an overview of meditation including a short history, its origins, the effects of music and its benefits in meditation. The second part briefly discusses the music elements and its influences. The third part of the paper describes and analyses the musical compositions. Each piece is deliberated in detail, to provide an understanding of the creative process and devices used in preparing, framing and composing the pieces. The pieces are written for string quartet and percussion instruments. The result of this work is the creation of new pieces that fulfill the purpose and a practical illustration of compositional processes.

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Selected methods of stress prevention among medical psychiatric and addiction treatment wards

Wybrane metody profilaktyki stresu wśród personelu medycznego psychiatrycznej opieki zdrowotnej

Author(s): Anna Łuczak,Łukasz Baka,Andrzej Najmiec / Language(s): Polish / Issue: 6/2019

Keywords: stress at work: staff of psychiatric and addiction treatment wards: stress prevention

Following an earlier publication (“BP” No. 2/2018) on the causes of stress in medical staff at psychiatric and addiction treatment wards, this article presents examples of methods of stress prevention, related to emotional requirements and patients’ aggression, the principal sources of stress in this occupational group. This article also presents examples of methods aimed at promoting health.

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Physiological effects of static Qigong meditation: a systematic review

Physiological effects of static Qigong meditation: a systematic review

Author(s): Georgel Arhip,Ion Dafinoiu,Gabriela Monica Assante / Language(s): English / Issue: 2/2019

Keywords: Static qigong; meditation; physiological effects; review;

Background: Qigong meditation has been rooted in Traditional Chinese Medicine where it is perceived as a form of intervention which results in enhancing the mind and body connection. The main purpose it is to simultaneously exercise the mind and the body for treating various chronic diseases and moreover, promoting healthy life. Objectives: The main aim of the present review sits in emphasizing the benefits of static qigong since the majority of studies focused on the benefits of qigong practice without differentiating between the dynamic and static form. Method: The research was conducted according to the Preferred Reporting Items of Systematic Reviews and Meta-analyses (PRISMA) guideline by consulting various medical and non-medical data-bases were for identifying the publications of interest. Results: Nine studies met the selection criteria totalizing 458 participants. The main outcome measures included physiological measures by using EEG and/or heart signals with major implications for focus and relaxation in six cases. One study investigated stress related markers (e.g. cortisol, adrenaline, endorphins etc.), while another study investigated various hormones related to the immune capacity. The preference for various meditation techniques, among which static qigong, was also investigated. Conclusion: The present research emphasized a highly positive relationship between static qigong, as a mind-body therapy, and various psychophysiological effects. Specifically, this review shows that static qigong can improve people’s health by positively altering indicators like heart rate signals, EEG monitored brain waves, cortisol and immunity related markers.

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Self-compassion, Healthy Aging and Interventions for Self Compassion

Öz-şefkat, Sağlıklı Yaşlanma ve Öz-şefkate İlişkin Müdahale Programları

Author(s): Demet Vural Yüzbaşı,Filiz Künüroğlu / Language(s): Turkish / Issue: 16/2020

Keywords: self-compassion; healthy aging; psychological health; physical health; ıntervention;

Recent developments in medical and technological fields have caused the life expectancy to be much longer than the previous times in history and led researchers to seek the ways of spending this period in the most effective, healthy and happy way. Literature has shown that self-compassion is a factor impacting the psychological and physical health in aging period; however, there is a dearth of research on this topic in our country. This study aims to discuss the results of studies on this topic in the literature, provide information on the benefits and ways of developing self-compassion in old adults and provide a source for the students, researchers, politicians and practitioners in the field. In this review, the relationship between self-compassion and physical and psychological health have been discussed, intervention programs on self compassion have been presented, and directions for future research has been provided.

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THE REFLECTION THAT CONNECTS US WITH OURSELVES, WITH THE PRESENT, AND WITH OUR FUTURE PERSPECTIVES

THE REFLECTION THAT CONNECTS US WITH OURSELVES, WITH THE PRESENT, AND WITH OUR FUTURE PERSPECTIVES

Author(s): Gabriella Márta Gorbai / Language(s): English / Issue: 2/2020

Keywords: teacher training; mindful; future-oriented perspective; progress towards the core; development of the ideal;

The Hungarians’ history is replete with painful episodes; as a consequence, a certain pessimistic outlook has been embedded into the Hungarian culture. The university is home now to students – future teachers of religion, future pastors – whose parents, grandparents, and great-grandparents lived and worked under the oppressive regime and who (also) for this reason approach the past in a rather negative way. They lived for too long in silent despair, without joy, without sufficient food, in fear of informers who would anonymously give out anybody to the “authorities” in hope of personal advantages and rewards. This generation will probably have a hard time believing that those horrible times can never return. This period is also marked by the fact that these people, in most cases, had mind-numbing, treadmill-like, soul-crushing jobs. In these circumstances, nothing was prompting them to improve their performance, and they sooner or later resigned themselves to only meet the minimal expectations. They were not concerned with the future because they did not hope that with a more purposeful attitude, with more efficient work their lot could be improved. On the other hand, their attitude towards the present had become more and more pessimistic. “Why even try if my life is controlled by forces on which I have no influence whatsoever?”This young generation of teachers/pastors has still heard too often the stories of the painful past and were in many cases eyewitnesses to their parents’ and grandparents’ daily struggles or saw them surrender their future goals and become disillusioned with the future. During their training as teachers, the victim experience and pessimistic viewpoint (unconsciously) inherited from their forefathers quite often show up in the students’ decisions, in their reactions to certain professional or life situations, in their conflict management and coping methods.In this paper, we will first show the ideal attitude towards the past, the present, and the future, based on the theory presented by Philip Zimbardo and John Boyd, which leads to a much more balanced and happy life for individuals as well as at the level of nations.Then we will outline the reflection phase model based on the new insights, with the help of which, in our opinion, the attitude of the students at the Faculty of Reformed Theology towards the past, present, and future can be shaped in a positive direction.

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Reflexivity and internal conversation in self-help literature – a tentative examination

Refleksyjność i konwersacja wewnętrzna w literaturze poradnikowej – badania wstępne

Author(s): Mateusz Szymczycha / Language(s): English / Issue: 2/2017

Keywords: authenticity; self-help;reflexivity; concerns; internal conversation

The article is an analysis of the concepts of authenticity and self-realization presented in self-help books in terms of the modes of reflexivity involved in the pursuit of authentic existence. The source material is analyzed using the concepts of concerns and internal conversation developed by Margaret S. Archer. Advice on how to achieve self-realization is examined using Archer’s notions of communicative, autonomous and meta-reflexivity. Other theoretical inspirations include the insights of Peter Berger and Thomas Luckmann regarding theories about identity, Nikolas Rose’s remarks on “psy”, as well as Charles Taylor’s reflections on the ethics of authenticity, horizons of intelligibility and free choice as a value.

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From “Unbelievable Stupidity” to “Secret Clues for Staying Healthy”: CAM Landscape and Boundary-Work in Estonian and Finnish Mainstream Media in April 2020

From “Unbelievable Stupidity” to “Secret Clues for Staying Healthy”: CAM Landscape and Boundary-Work in Estonian and Finnish Mainstream Media in April 2020

Author(s): Reet Hiiemäe,Terhi Utriainen / Language(s): English / Issue: 82/2021

Keywords: alternative medicine; boundary-work; media representations;

Based on a one-month (April 2020) comparative observation of media content in three Estonian and three Finnish mainstream media sources (two daily newspapers and one weekly women’s magazine) along with some examples from an earlier period, the authors analysed the representation of complementary and alternative medicine (CAM) in the media. The analysis showed that the media from the two countries presented CAM both in its various mainstream and more fringe forms, and that pejorative as well as complimentary and attracting undertones were present. The authors conclude that CAM topics were present in the selection of sources as methods for wellbeing and healing but also as entertaining, exoticising, warning, and mystical-metaphorical allusions along with different levels of boundary-work, especially science. The authors also noted interesting differences between the chosen media both within one country and between the two countries in terms of how much CAM was present as well as in which ways it was treated. In the Estonian material, the scale of tones was broader: the texts presented highly sensational, exoticising and othering angles towards approaches that were considered extreme and dangerous but mainly entertainment-oriented, and they positively described healing and wellbeing practices, sometimes with a mystic touch. The Finnish media was more low-key in its representations and tone: the mentions were shorter and less frequent. Although the Finnish material had more positive representations, this does not suggest that CAM is more tolerated in Finland – the Finnish media presented less extreme forms of CAM, which gave less ground for journalistic opposition.

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The Impact of the STETY Intervention Program on School Culture

The Impact of the STETY Intervention Program on School Culture

Author(s): Marcelle Kruger,Daniela Cojocaru / Language(s): English / Issue: 77/2022

Keywords: Special education teachers; self-efficacy; school culture; yoga group; Sociological Teachers Teaching Yoga (STETY);

Special education teachers face various difficulties due to the uniqueness of their work, and these can impact their school culture. On the other hand, if given an opportunity or a resolution, like the Sociological Teachers Teaching Yoga (STETY) intervention program, this could increase the staffs’ sense of self-efficacy, thus affecting the school culture. This paper presents the findings of a research aiming to characterize teachers’ self-efficacy and school culture by participating in a group for a period of a ten-week yoga program. Qualitative research methods have been used for collecting and analyzing the data from 65 participants in total. The findings show that the Sociological Teachers Teaching Yoga (STETY) intervention program has impacted the participants’ self-efficacy and, therefore, the school culture.

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The Impact of Sleep on the Effectiveness of Meditation and Contemplative Prayer

The Impact of Sleep on the Effectiveness of Meditation and Contemplative Prayer

Author(s): Urška Jeglič / Language(s): English / Issue: 50/2022

Keywords: meditation ; Christian contemplation ; impact of sleep

Meditation and contemplative prayer have been shown to calm the brain, improve health and relaxation, increase cognitive ability and concentration, etc. In this paper we would like to present the reverse process, namely the effects of a rested brain on the practice of meditation and contemplative prayer. Based on a survey (interviews) of people who regularly meditate and practice contemplative prayer, we will show whether rest, sleep quality, and time spent practicing contemplative prayer or meditation have an impact on the results that these two activities bring. Finally, we will show whether the relationship between rest and contemplative prayer or meditation is a one-way or two-way process.

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Retrospektywny pomiar jakości wychowania w r odzinie – propozycja nowego narzędzia

A retrospective measure of the quality of family upbringing – a proposition of a new tool

Author(s): Piotr Kwiatkowski,Ewa Jurczyk-Romanowska / Language(s): English / Issue: 3/2022

Keywords: family resilience; authoritative parenting; upbringing; retrospective measure

Aim. The paper reports the development and initial validation of a new research tool Quality of Family Upbringing – Retrospective Measure (QFU-RM). It is one-dimensional, even though it integrates two aspects of the influence of the family on the child – the qualities of the family system (family resilience) and the quality of the intentional influence of parenting (authoritative parenting). Materials and methods. The initial pool of 80 items was reduced to 12 with the use of exploratory and confirmatory factor analyses conducted on a number of trials. The indexes of fit of the empirical data to the assumed single-factor tool are acceptable (they can be improved with minor modifications). Results. The tool is sufficiently reliable. Its susceptibility to social acceptance has not been confirmed. The one-dimensionality facilitates interpretation of results – it makes it possible to generally evaluate the upbringing functionality of a family without becoming absorbed in the particular aspects of family life. The measure of the quality of family upbringing correlates with personal resources – the attributes of resilience and positive development. Further validation efforts are required – test norms need to be developed, which necessitates the adjustment of fit to normal distribution.

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Psychosocial Aspects of Rehabilitation in Neurodegenerative Diseases and Fields of Approach

Psychosocial Aspects of Rehabilitation in Neurodegenerative Diseases and Fields of Approach

Author(s): Pınar Kaya Ciddi / Language(s): English / Issue: 3/2023

Keywords: Multiple sclerosis; Parkinson's disease; psychosocial interventions; rehabilitation;

Psychosocial health is a concept included in definition of health by World Health Organization and corresponds to state of emotional and social well-being. In the context of neurological disorder, psychosocial health refers to social reintegration and psychological adjustment. Studies reporting that neurological diseases are associated with negative psychosocial health outcomes such as a decrease in the quality of life, a decrease in ability to establish and maintain social relationships, and an increase in high levels of depression, stress and anxiety have increased in recent years. Therefore, it is important to consider programs and interventions that can improve the psychosocial health of people with neurodegenerative diseases. Currently, it is not clear which psychosocial approaches can produce definitively positive results. The aim of this study is to examine how being an individual with Multiple Sclerosis and Parkinson's, which are the most common neurodegenerative diseases in the clinic, affects psychosocial health in the rehabilitation process and the existing evidence-based psychosocial approaches. For this purpose, a descriptive review was prepared by scanning English and Turkish articles with keywords on psychotherapeutic, psychosocial and mindfulness-based interventions and stress management, published in the determined databases in the last 10 years. Studies have shown that psychosocial approaches such as interventions for acquisition of social integration and adaptive coping strategies, cognitive and social behavioral therapy methods, concentration and movement-based mind-body exercises are effective in rehabilitation of neurodegenerative diseases. These approaches were reported to have benefits in reducing anxiety, depression and fatigue, improving sleep quality and quality of life, relationships, employment, level of participation, motivation and self-efficacy in exercise and physical activity, improving physical functions, facilitating difficult and personal experiences and adaptation to new life in rehabilitation processes and more evidence-based studies are needed.

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Imagery: A Review

Imagery: A Review

Author(s): Güneş Öztürk / Language(s): English / Issue: 3/2023

Keywords: Imagery; imagery; therapeutic tool; pathology; physiology;

Modern neuroscience has shown that relaxing images cause the brain to release high levels of serotonin, dopamine and oxytocin, which reduce anxiety, block cortisol and increase neuroplasticity. Modern medicine positions the human being as passive, helpless, in need of external help and in need of repair. However, far beyond this passive role, human beings should be seen as a being with the physical and spiritual power to repair themselves. The common point that all the studies examined in this study converge on is that imagery, which is an intrinsic ability, can be used as a low-cost, effective mental treatment tool. In some studies, imagery was defined as a more effective method than pharmacological interventions. Imagery is used in a wide range of diseases from psychotic disorders to mental disorders such as cancer, asthma, migraine, hypertension, immune system diseases, anxiety and depression. From a psychoanalytic perspective, the imagery technique, which is thought to function as impulse satisfaction and a defense mechanism, is also widely used in schools such as mindfulness-oriented therapy, cognitive behavioral therapy, and dialectical therapy. This review first discusses imagery and its use in history, and then describes current research on imagery applications on different diseases. In addition, it is written to emphasize the lack of research on the mechanisms through which this personal and inner power, which is thought to affect the efficiency of treatment in whichever field of physical or psychological help is sought, operates in the mind and to encourage new research.

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