Search results for: Itinera Spiritualia in All Content

TRNAVA (NAGYSZOMBAT) – THE FORMATIV SPACE OF THE ROMANIAN INTELECTUAL ELITE IN XVIIITH CENTURY

Trnava – spaţiu formativ al elitei române ardelene în secolul al XVIII-lea

Author(s): Laura Stanciu / Language(s): Romanian / Issue: Special/2009

Keywords: Transylvania; elite; alumnus; Greek-catholic church; Jesuit; Greek-catholic; College; intellectual formation

The present study represents an attempt to reconstruct the atmosphere of the Jesuit Superior School of Trnava at the half of the 18th century. The Jesuit College of Trnava is the place where the members of the first generation of Romanian alumni (Inochentie Micu, Petru Aron, Gherontie Cotore, Grigore Maior) had studied. They had been trained in the Catholic Superior Schools of Europe. They acquired discipline and training here owing to their school syllabuses, teachers and students re-united in Trnava in 1725-1746. The author therefore describes the level of the school: teachers and their publications, the College Library, and the alumni’s life during College.

Change for 'praktike'. Minor Comments to Evagrius Ponticus' Philosophy of Life.

Veranderung zur Praktike. Kleine Bemerkungen zur Lebensphilosophie des Evagrios Pantikos

Author(s): Małgorzata Bogaczyk-Vormayr / Language(s): German / Issue: 2/2011

Keywords: Socrates; Evagrius Pontikus; philosophy of life; art of life; praktike; akedia; askesis

The paper elucidated evolution in understanding of the life phenomenon, which took place in the writing of the early Christian authors who reffered to the heritage of the ancient philosophy trying to define their own position in relation to it.

JURIDICAL AND PASTORAL ASPECTS OF THE RELATION BETWEEN THE RIGHT TO THE SACRAMENTS AND THE RIGHT TO MARRIAGE

PRÁVNÍ A PASTORAČNÍ ASPEKTY VZTAHU PRÁVA NA SVÁTOSTI A PRÁVA NA MANŽELSTVÍ

Author(s): Marie Kolářová / Language(s): Czech / Issue: 4/2011

Keywords: Canon Law; Receiving of the Sacraments; Right to Marriage; Preparation for Marriage; Denying the Sacraments

The right to the sacraments ranks among the fundamental rights of the Christian faithful. The obligation to be properly disposed for receiving the sacraments is inseparably connected with this right, and thus Catholic ministers are justified in insisting on this disposition. The responsibility for the sacramental preparation is the duty of the one who requests the sacrament and at the same time of the sacred pastors, who have an obligation to take care of the promotion of the faith. A marriage between baptized spouses, which is one of the natural rights, has the dignity of a sacrament. General norms concerning the requirements for the preparation of the persons seeking a sacrament should be applied in an appropriate manner on baptized spouses intending to enter into the sacrament of marriage. With regard to their diction, it appears clear that these norms pertain to the pastoral care and to the preparation for marriage. At the beginning of this year, Benedict XVI reminded members of the Roman Rota of the importance of the preparation for marriage. The immediate objective of such preparation is to promote awareness of the celebration of an authentic marriage.

Examples from the Library of Zdeněk Kalista (1900–1982)

Exempláře z knihovny Zdeňka Kalisty (1900–1982) ve sbírce starých tisků knihovny Památníku národního písemnictví

Author(s): Jan Kašpar / Language(s): Czech / Issue: 45/2013

Keywords: old printed books; history of libraries; collections of books; collecting; Zdeněk Kalista

The collection of 32 old printed books from the library of the historian Zdeněk Kalista (1900–1982), which the Library of the Museum of Czech Literature purchased from an antiquarian bookseller in the 1980s and included in its relevant collection in 1980–82, is in many respects a remarkable whole. It consists predominantly of seventeenth-century books (19 items) and particularly books in French, which probably, considering their contents, are related to Kalista’s scholarly interests. Nevertheless, the collection also contains books concerning things Bohemian, two of which are in Czech. In terms of content, the collection is mainly oriented to works on politics, history, the milieu of the aristocracy, and Bohemian history. In these books, Kalista has carefully noted information about their acquisition: he purchased eighteen of them and received ten as presents; it is not known how he acquired two. Seventeen of the books from Kalista’s collection contain information about their provenance: the previous owner of eight of them can be clearly identified, including the Strahov Library of the Premonstratensians, the libraries of noble families, including the Pálffys, the Thun-Hohensteins of Děčín, and the Martinic family of Smečno, as well as some eminent figures, like the collector Emanuel Ferdinandi and the diva Emmy Destinn.

The Slavonic Translation of Latin Vita of St. Anastasia the Widow and Her Companion St. Chrysogonus

The Slavonic Translation of Latin Vita of St. Anastasia the Widow and Her Companion St. Chrysogonus

Author(s): Desislava Atanassova / Language(s): English / Issue: 5/2007

Keywords: Slavonic translations from Latin; Vita of St. Anastasia and Hrysogon; South Slavic manuscripts

The life St. Anastasia and Hrysogon, known until recently only by late Rus¬sian copies (from 15th century on), belongs to the group of several hagiographic texts which are considered to have been translated from Latin sources in 10th–11th centuries Bohemian kingdom. Since no Greek text corresponding to the Slavonic one have been discovered yet, it can be considered with a great portion of certainty that Slavonic translation have been done from Latin. However, the fact that this work can be found also in a 14th century South Slavic miscellany is questioning the hypothesis of Bohemian origin of Slavonic translation. The earliest South Slavic copy of the life of St. Anastasia and Hrysogon, on which I came across a few years ago, is in a Serbian manuscript from the second half of the 14th century from the Archive of Croatian Academy of sciences in Zagreb (sign. III c 24). This texts ap¬pears to be of a big interest and since in is not known by its earliest South-Slavic copy, here I propose its critical edition.

HUMANITIES IN THE JESUIT EDUCATIONAL SYSTEM

HUMANITARINIAI MOKSLAI JĖZUITŲ ŠVIETIMO SISTEMOJE

Author(s): Eugenija Ulčinaitė / Language(s): Lithuanian / Issue: 3/2007

The Jesuit order, officially titled Societas Jesu, was established in 1540. The order became the main prop, putting into effect the principal decrees formulated by the Tridentine church Council in the years between 1545 and 1563. The principal tasks of the activity of Societas Jesu became the fight against Protestant Reformation as well as the fight against the reform of the Catholic Church itself. The above mentioned tasks were to be put into effect with the help of the organizing of modern educational system, the establishing of new types of schools, i.e., colleges, as well as by the adequate preparation of teachers, and the writing and publishing of suitable textbooks. In a typical college comprised of five classes, where three classes were dedicated to the studies of grammar, poetics and rhetoric, the following subjects were taught: the Latin and Greek languages, the reading of Classical authors, the encouraging of independent creation, while following the best examples of Classical literature. The Jesuit educational system considered the humanities to form the basis for the advanced studies of philosophy and theology. A thoroughly designed educational structure as well as a good preparation of the pedagogues and the training of the creative abilities of pupils determined the popularity of Jesuit colleges, which significantly contributed to the fostering of the traditions of the humanities in Lithuania between the 16th and 18th centuries.

Almanach Pro Reverendissimo Domino Cardinali for Fryderyk Jagiellończyk: the historical evidence of an astrologer’s workshop

Almanach pro Reverendissimo Domino Cardinali Fryderyka Jagiellończyka - historyczne źródło warsztatu astrologa

Author(s): Ewa Śnieżyńska-Stolot / Language(s): Polish / Issue: 63/2013

Keywords: Fryderyk Jagiellończyk; Galenus; horoscope; Joannes Lithuanus; bookbinder; Maciej Karpiga; Maciej Miechowita; Mikołaj Krzycki; morbus Gallicus; forecast

The Almanach (BJ, MS 8) consists of a title page (photo no. 1), the Astrological tables for the year 1501, two horoscopes for Fryderyk Jagiellończyk, i.e. the birthday one from 1568 (photo no. 2) and the anniversary one (photo no. 3), which was cast on the day when the Sun marked the Cardinal’s 33rd birthday in 1501, twelve monthly forecasts for that year and an interpretation of those graphs. In the final part of the Astrological tables, the years are not marked (p. 48) and the work closes (p. 50) with a quotation from Ovid’s poem (Tristia 5, 8, 15). The article concerning that part of the Almanach which contains the horoscopes and forecasts for Cardinal Fryderyk Jagiellończyk (p. 28–46), is supplemented by two annexes. The first of these contains the whole text of the Almanach, deciphered by Ryszard Tatarzyński and translated into Polish by Anna Kozłowska, with a comment by Ewa Śnieżyńska-Stolot. The Almanach was written by several people, the most notable of whom was the author of the graphs and forecasts, probably identical with Maciej Karpiga, also called Miechowita, an astrologer, doctor, historian and geographer, and an eight-time rector of the Cracow Academy. In all probability, he hired a scribe who copied the Astrological tables for the year 1501, the graphs, and the whole text. It was also him that, some time after the manuscript was completed, wrote down his own observations on its margins as well as on the Astrological tables and on the charts. The text of the Almanach reveals the workshop of a medieval astrologer who interpreted horoscope graphs in accordance with the order of the horoscope houses (I Vita, II Lucrum, III Fratres, IV Parentes, V Filii, VI Valetudo, VII Nuptiae, VIII Mors, IX Peregrinationes, X Honores, XI Amici, XII Inimici). He also used astrolabium. His work is based on Matheseos libri VIII, written by the 4th-century Christian astrologer from Sicily, Julius Firmicus Maternus, and published in print in Venice in 1497, and, like its prototype, involves mythological characters such as Esculap (i.e. Asklepios), the patron god of doctors, and Mercury (i.e. Hermes Trismegistos) as well as the historical ones such as the Egyptian priest Petosiris and the Neo-Platonic philosophers, Plotinus and Porphyrius. He also quotes Abenragl (Abû l-Hasan ‘Ali ibn Abi l-Rijâ), an Arabic astrologer who died after 1037, whose work entitled Liber de iudiciis stellarum was translated in the 15th century into vernacular languages. In the marginal notes, however, he mentions Rasi (Abū Barkr Muhammed ibn Zakariya al-Razi), a Persian doctor and alchemist who died in 925, and his work entitled Liber ad Almansorem, which was translated into Latin by Gerardus of Cremona. During the process of binding, the following elements were glued to the title page of the Almanach: a folio with the coat of arms of Fryderyk Jagiellończyk (i.e. the crownless Eagle of the Jagiellons below a cardinal’s hat and an archbishop cross [...]

Being and God: The Delineation of the Object of the Study of Philosophy and Theology

Bytie a Boh v úlohe vymedzovania predmetu filozofie a teológie

Author(s): Peter Fotta / Language(s): Slovak / Issue: 4/2003

Keywords: Philosophy; Theology; Relations; Faith; Reason

This article deals with a question of “what is the relationship and the difference between the philosophy and the theology”. Answering this question is important in order to delineate the object of disciplines’ enquiry as defined by concepts of being and God. At first, certain aspects of the formation of science are presented as constituted by the concept of theoria. The concept signifies the highest type of life and human knowledge characterized by philosophy of which the ultimate aim is wisdom. Within the philosophy two conceptions of being have been characterizing different approaches to an issue of a more realistic knowledge of reality, whereby by analyzing character of being and its last causes it is possible to arrive at the Absolute being. In Aristotle’s view a form of being defines what is to be being, while in Thomas’ view to be being means being something existing. This change towards a more realistic view of being went hand in hand with a change in a comprehension of the Absolute. However, according to Thomas this form of ‘natural philosophy’ is not a theology in the sense of Sacra doctrina, of which the content is God’s revelation and knowledge through faith. However, the philosophy of being is the very proper basis for the relationship between reason and faith. For Thomas there are two separate orders for theology and philosophy. Methodological basis for construction of the philosophy and the theology implies that there are two possible routes – a route of reason and a route of Revelation. Both of these routes would bring us to the truth. Theology requires philosophy for a deeper knowledge of the content of faith. Since the supernatural truths are expressed only in metaphorical sentences, it is possible to comprehend and verify the content of faith only by use of rules of expression that are themselves rational and verifiable. Thomas’ philosophical conceptions of realistic being and the Absolute allowed him to definitely separate the philosophy from the theology (the holy teachings). At the same time, philosophical expressions combined with realism of enquiry inserted into theology via interpretation have not reduced theology’s divine origins and order. On the contrary, they have allowed for deeper understanding of supernatural faith.

Works of Friar Ephrem from Kcynia (Stanisław Klawitter, 1894–1970) in the Collection of the Franciscan Museum in Rome

Dzieła ojca Efrema z Kcyni (Stanisława Klawittera, 1894–1970) w zbiorach Muzeum Franciszkańskiego w Rzymie

Author(s): Cyprian Janusz Moryc / Language(s): Polish / Issue: 2/2017

Keywords: monastic paintings; Franciscan iconography; museum; artistic education

The article is devoted to the work of the monastic artist Friar Ephrem Maria Klawitter, a Polish Capuchin, who acquired education in major European centres of the renewal of religious art. The works discussed here concern only the ones kept in the Franciscan Museum in Rome, which is merely a small part of the artist’s output. The aim of the article is the stylistic and iconographic analysis of the monastic painter’s works in the context of Franciscan iconography and the sudden cultural change at the turn of the 19th and 20th century, in which he actively took part. The author employed the methods used in interdisciplinary research, mainly stylistic and iconographic analysis of Roman works of Friar Klawitter, and afterwards confronted the results with a wide panorama of neo-Franciscan legend, which had captured, in the period concerned, the hearts and minds of writers, poets, art historians, musicians and artists themselves.In the analysed works of Friar Ephrem, there are no examples of impersonal attitude and the reflection on the pictures and sculptures from the monastic museum, whose history and activity had also been exemplified, allowed to notice a high formal and iconographic level of all works. The artist remains faithful to hagiographic sources and monastery tradition, which he knows perfectly well, and at the same time he is open to new trends in art, which he got to know while in the Benedictine school in Beuron and in the centre of neo-Thomism in Leuven. The results of the analysis, limited to a group of chosen works, can be used for educational purposes and for further research on the monastic artists’ output as well as Franciscan religious culture in Poland and Europe.

Articulus pro communione sub utraque specie by Jakoubek of Stříbro

Articulus pro communione sub utraque specie Jakoubka ze Stříbra

Author(s): Helena Krmíčková / Language(s): Czech,Latin / Issue: 39/2009

Keywords: Jakoubek of Stříbro; Matěj of Janov; Utraquism

This contribution brings a critical edition of a short treatise by Jakoubek of Stříbro and ranks the work among the eldest utraquist works – it originated in August 1414 most probably. Articulus brings evidence that the most important auctoritas of the time when the idea of the cup originated was the vers of Paul´s 1. epistle to the Corinthians Probet autem se ipsum homo and it is a relevant testimony of Matěj´s of Janov influence on the origin of utraquism.

Sarmatians and the Popians. The heritage of the Medieval imaginative world as a constituent of the Old Polish writings’ cultural context

Sarmaci i Popianie. Dziedzictwo średniowiecznego obrazu świata jako element kontekstu kulturowego piśmiennictwa staropolskiego

Author(s): Adam Krawiec / Language(s): Polish / Issue: 2/2019

Keywords: imaginative geography; medieval writings; old-Polish writings; history of the geographical imaginations

The paper deals with a question of the medieval influences on the old-Polish imagination world considered as geographical space. The paper is considered as preliminary remarks, showing the main areas of the elements’ presence which belong to the medieval intellectual heritage in the texts of old-Polish authors. The presence of these elements in particular works and/or genres should be subject of further investigations in the future. It was pointed out, that many imaginations of Greek/Roman ancient origin, present in the old-Polish period, were in fact common for the medieval and early modern imaginative geographies. To the most important post-medieval features of the old-Polish imaginative geography belonged: a general vision of the physical world’s structure, the idea of the tripartite habitable world, use of the ancient geonyms while describing the contemporary world (especially the name of Sarmatia), particular imaginations about exotic countries and people, including their marvels, so-called monstrous races, and the kingdom of Prester John.

ALMANACH PRO REVERENDISSIMO DOMINO CARDINALI FOR FRYDERYK JAGIELLOŃCZYK: THE HISTORICAL EVIDENCE OF AN ASTROLOGER’S WORKSHOP

ALMANACH PRO REVERENDISSIMO DOMINO CARDINALI FOR FRYDERYK JAGIELLOŃCZYK: THE HISTORICAL EVIDENCE OF AN ASTROLOGER’S WORKSHOP

Author(s): Ewa Śnieżyńska-Stolot / Language(s): English / Issue: Sp. Issue/2020

Keywords: Fryderyk Jagiellończyk, Galenus; horoscope; Joannes Lithuanus; bookbinder; Maciej Karpiga; Maciej Miechowita; Mikołaj Krzycki; French disease; forecast;

Almanach (BJ, MS 8) consists of a title page (Fig. 1), the Astrological tables for the year 1501, two horoscopes for Fryderyk Jagiellończyk, i.e. the birth chart from 1568 (Fig. 2) and the anniversary chart (Fig. 3), which was cast on the day when the Sun marked the Cardinal’s 33rd birthday in 1501, twelve-monthly predictions for that year and an interpretation of those charts. In the final part of the Astrological tables, the years are not marked (p. 48) and the work closes (p. 50) with a quotation from Ovid’s poem (Tristia 5, 8, 15). The article concerning that part of the Almanach which contains the horoscopes and prognostics for Cardinal Fryderyk Jagiellończyk (pp. 28–46), is supplemented by two annexes. The first of these contains the whole text of Almanach, deciphered by Ryszard Tatarzyński and translated into Polish by Anna Kozłowska, annotated by Ewa Śnieżyńska-Stolot. Almanach was written by several people, the most notable of whom was the author of the charts and prognostics, probably identical with Maciej Karpiga, also called Miechowita, an astrologer, physician, historian and geographer, and an eight-time rector of the University of Kraków. In all probability, he hired a scribe who copied the Astrological tables for the year 1501, the charts, and the whole text. It was also him that, some time after the manuscript was completed, wrote down his own observations on its margins as well as on the Astrological tables and on the charts. The text of Almanach reveals the workshop of a medieval astrologer who interpreted charts in accordance with the order of the horoscopic houses (I Vita, II Lucrum, III Fratres, IV Parentes, V Filii, VI Valetudo, VII Nuptiae, VIII Mors, IX Peregrinationes, X Honores, XI Amici, XII Inimici). He also used astrolabium. His work is based on Matheseos libri VIII, written by the 4th-century Christian astrologer from Sicily, Julius Firmicus Maternus, and published in print in Venice in 1497, and, like its prototype, involves mythological characters such as Esculap (i.e. Asklepios), the patron god of physicians, and Mercury (i.e. Hermes Trismegistos) as well as historical figures such as the Egyptian priest Petosiris and the Neoplatonic philosophers Plotinus and Porphyrius.

Crime and Suicide - Heights of Nihilism in the Thinking of F.M. Dostoevsky

Crime and Suicide - Heights of Nihilism in the Thinking of F.M. Dostoevsky

Author(s): Ciprian Iulian Toroczkai,Daniela Preda / Language(s): English / Issue: 2/2014

Keywords: Crime and Suicide; nihilism; Feodor Mikhailovich Dostoevsky;

Feodor Mikhailovich Dostoevsky sees the fate of the human being in such a fateful perspective, knowing that what characterizes human nature and the destiny ofthe contemporary man is nihilism. Nihilism is the sine qua non way of an outragedhuman being who reverses all the values so that the transition from death to lifeinvolves overcoming some infernal obstacles. Thus Dostoevsky - “a prophet fromhell” considered the neurosis that tortured him all his life as part of the Hell that manmust go through in order to reach the light.Modern man is guilty of the crime stated by Fr. Nietzsche – “killing God”. But thephilosopher of nihilism did not completely draw the bad consequences of this spiritual crime: that killing the Creator can only lead to killing His creation. ThereforeDostoevsky’s universe comprises acts of murder and suicide

The Contribution of Integral Transpersonal Psychology Approach to Religion and Spirituality

The Contribution of Integral Transpersonal Psychology Approach to Religion and Spirituality

Author(s): Pier Luigi Lattuada / Language(s): English / Issue: 2/2021

Keywords: religion; spirituality; integral transpersonal psychology; participatory dialogue; circuit of experience; transcognition;

We will explore the different conceptions of religion and spirituality from both secular and religious, confessional and philosophical perspectives.We will compare the new visions of post-modernity with the psychological view before investigating the contribution that the different currents of the transpersonal and integral approach can provide in a dialogical perspective of transcendence and inclusion of the different positions.

Unions in Medieval Church Law as the Basis for Description of the Legal Nature of the Polish-Lithuanian Union

Unions in Medieval Church Law as the Basis for Description of the Legal Nature of the Polish-Lithuanian Union

Author(s): Wacław Uruszczak / Language(s): English / Issue: 3/2020

Keywords: historia Polski; historia prawa kanonicznego; unia kościołów i beneficjów; unio ecclesiarum; unia polsko-litewska; history of Poland; history of canon law; union of churches and benefices; Polish-Lith

“Compendium Archivi Kielcensis” – a few remarks on the ‘Kielce’ archive and the office of the bishop of Krakow, Kajetan Soltyk

„Compendium Archivi Kielcensis” – kilka uwag nad „kieleckim” archiwum i kancelarią zadworną biskupa krakowskiego Kajetana Sołtyka

Author(s): Marcin Janakowski / Language(s): Polish / Issue: 115/2021

Keywords: Kajetan Ignacy Soltyk; archive; bishop’s office; Kielce; Czartoryski Library; Krakow diocese

The history and functioning of the archives and the Krakow bishops’ office are still open research topics. The researches, however, manage to methodically complement this picture with more or less detailed considerations of specific areas of the activity of church institutions, especially at the regional level. Such considerations include studies on the functioning of the Kielce archive of Bishop Kajetan Ignacy Soltyk. The 18th-century code Compendium Archivi Kielcensis, stored in the Czartoryski Library, is one of the most important sources presenting bishop’s office practice and the dimension of decentralization of episcopal administration. Moreover, a detailed analysis of this material highlights the role of Kielce city as one of the main offices of the Krakow Ordinaries, as well as the position of this site in the administration system of the Krakow Church. The most interesting part of the discussed code is the inventory of the Kielce archive of bishop Soltyk, the content of which was examined in the article. The research also attempted to identify the circumstances in which this unit of the bishop’s office was established and to determine how the stored documents are connected with Kielce. An important part of the study on the archive in question is to provide an account of its history and then present it in the wider context of the history of the Diocesan Archives in Kielce, which still function today.

The Ignatian rules of the discernment of spirits. Acting of the spirits on the paths of human spiritual regression

Ignacjańskie Reguły rozeznawania duchów. Działanie duchów na drodze duchowego regresu człowieka

Author(s): Wacław Królikowski / Language(s): Polish / Issue: 1/2020

Keywords: St. Ignatius Loyola; Spiritual Exercises; spiritual discernment; God’s will; spiritual regression;

Rules of the discernment of spirits that St. Ignatius Loyola (1491–1556) included in his Spiritual Exercises (SE) are a great gift of God for the whole Church. They meet the universal need for spiritual discernment, which is witnessed in both the Holy Scriptures and in the history of the Church. The article analyzes the text of the First rule of the discernment of spirits, which concerns the action of the good and evil spirit on the path of human spiritual regression. St. Ignatius explains in the First rule that: “In the persons who go from mortal sin to mortal sin, the enemy is commonly used to propose to them apparent pleasures, making them imagine sensual delights and pleasures in order to hold them more and make them grow in their vices and sins. In these persons the good spirit uses the opposite method, pricking them and biting their consciences through the process of reason” (SE 314). Modern man, who lives in a world marked by various spiritual and material threats, in which different types of spirits are trying to put pressure on him, needs help for their proper discernment, in order to be able to choose the path of true life, which has been show to us by Jesus Christ – God of Love.

Local Interactions in Times of Peace and Times of Crisis.

Local Interactions in Times of Peace and Times of Crisis.

Author(s): Helmut Flachenecker / Language(s): English / Issue: 2/2022

Keywords: medieval administration of cities/towns; city council and community; urban quarters and quartermasters; public welfare/common goods; peasants war 1525; Franconia

The crucial question for this exploration is: how could ordinary citizens (Gemeine), who had no chance of becoming members of the city-council, be incorporated into a common decision-making-process in the Late Middle Ages? In the background of this specific research-question lie the fundamental criteria for the ideal of urban peace and common good (gemein Gut) as an ideal vision of community. The following examples are primarily from Franconia, an area which had neither a unifying territory nor a supreme ruler. Instead, it was dominated by a multitude of different secular and spiritual rulers with many castles, monasteries and towns/citie.The town’s community was organized into neighborhoods, suburbs, quarters. Therefore, the quartermasters (Viertelsmeister) played an important role as speaker or representatives of the quarters or suburbs. The variety of possible duties for quartermasters were enormous. The quartermasters as representatives of the quarter communities were, for example, questioned by the council when it came to socio-politically sensitive issues. Mentioning the quartermasters and the community during the Peasants War is not coincidental but tells us a lot about the crisis of confidence of the city council by the citizens. A few hints should demonstrate the political influence of quartermasters in Franconian cities and towns as an example for future comparable research projects.

The legal situation of animals in the benefices in the interwar period in Poland. Selected problems

Sytuacja prawna zwierząt w majątku beneficjalnym w okresie międzywojennym – wybrane problemy

Author(s): Andrzej Dzikowski / Language(s): Polish / Issue: 4/2022

Keywords: animals; history of veterinary medicine; legal history

The study examines and presents veterinary and legal (including canonical) aspects of live stock in the benefice institutions. Selected features of the legal status of animals in the beneficiary property of the parish priest, in the land of the diocese of Tarnów (Poland) were examined and described. In the period 1918–1939 in Poland, the parish benefice was, both from the factual and legal point of view,an important component of the exercise of RC offices, with animals being one of the most important –though not unproblematic – elements of the living. It was revealed, that these problems provided a basis for adopting synodal resolutions at the local, national and common levels, which focused on the concept of proper agricultural and economic use of animals as the farm components.

The Doctrine of the Ordo Sclavoniae in Light of Western Sources and the Issue of the Origins of the Dualist Heresy in Bosnia

The Doctrine of the Ordo Sclavoniae in Light of Western Sources and the Issue of the Origins of the Dualist Heresy in Bosnia

Author(s): Piotr Czarnecki / Language(s): English / Issue: 12/2022

Keywords: Bosnian Church; Medieval dualism; Catharism; Bogomilism

The issue of the Bosnian church – or more precisely the dualist heresy in Bosnia – has caused serious controversies among scholars since the 19th century. The main aim of this paper is to shed new light on this controversial issue, through the analysis of the doctrine of Slavonic dualism (ordo Sclavoniae) based on Western sources. The subject of the analysis will be the sources concerning the contacts of the Cathars from France and Italy with the heretics from Sclavonia and especially the sources containing information on the doctrine, such as the 13th-century Italian sources presenting the doctrines of the Cathars belonging to ordo Sclavoniae (Cathar churches of Bagnolo and March de Treviso) and later, 14th and 15th-century sources presenting the teachings of the heretics from Bosnia. The aim of the analysis will be to reconstruct the doctrines of Slavonic dualism (ordo Sclavoniae) in order to find its distinctive features (especially comparing with two main forms of Bogomil-Cathar dualism – Bulgarian and Drugunthian) and to answer the following question: which doctrinal conceptions had the most significant influence on its formation? Knowledge concerning the sources of inspiration for the dualist doctrine of the ordo Sclavoniae will enable us to draw conclusions concerning the origins of Slavonic dualism, its evolution and to assume an attitude towards scholars’ conceptions concerning the character of the Bosnian heresy.