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Revisiting Romanian Dissent under Communism. The Unbearable Lightness of Solitude

Revisiting Romanian Dissent under Communism. The Unbearable Lightness of Solitude

Author(s): Cosmina Tănăsoiu / Language(s): English / Issue: 2/2011

Keywords: public intellectuals; dissent; Romania; ethical minimalism

Explanations for the relative silence of Romanian intellectuals be- tween 1945 and 1989 vary, though all center upon the regime’s ability to coerce and control intellectual circles through its repressive and manipulative tools, such as its political police (the Securitate), a nationalist discourse that equated opposition with betrayal and an incentive-based approach (economic and social benefits). While structural constraints as well as a particular nationalistic culture, explain the limited dissent, they do not account for why dissent happened at all. This article focuses on agency as well as context examining not just the factors that influenced dissent but also analyzing the various forms of dissent which occurred during communism. It takes a historical analysis approach and relies upon a dataset obtained through original, open-ended inter- views with leading Romanian intellectuals and primary sources (i.e. memoirs, open letters) to explain and analyze intellectual dissent. The article argues that individual acts of dissent show that despite the sophisticated mechanisms of indoctrination, propaganda and control, the party’s ability to atomize society was not absolute. Such Quijotic acts provided society with reference points outside the sphere of the Party itself and the grey zone of ethical minimalism

INTERFERRENCE OF FICTION AND HISTORY IN A LITERARY PIECE OF ART

Interferencia fikcie a histórie v literárnom diele (Ştefan Bănulescu Milionárova kniha : Kniha mesta Metopolis )

Author(s): Eva Ťapajnová-Kenderessyová / Language(s): Slovak / Issue: 02/2007

Keywords: Ştefan Bănulescu; Fiction; History; Metanarrations; Metopolis; Spiridon

J. M. Lotman writes, that those descriptions of culture, drew according to the expressions of spatial modelling, mainly the topological expressions, may be called models of culture. Actual individual texts can thus be considered the interpretations of these models. In Ştefan Bănulescus’ novel Millionaires’ book. Book of town Metopolis (Cartea Milionarului. Cartea de la Metopolis, 1977) we interpreted the model of binary spatial orientation, that is „nurtured” by the previous historical identitary metanarrations (the term of the Romanian semiotician Monica Spiridon), dealing with the roles of town and village, as well as with the agrarian and pastoral elements in the Romanian culture. As shown in our text, historical motifs or components evoking the impression of historical relevance that occur in the piece Millionaires’ Book. Book of town Metopolis are used primarily on the grounds of compositional and narrative reasons but from another point of view, to high extent determine the ideological orientation of the novel of the given period that “by usage of parables and symbols becomes a false historical novel.” By analysis of the studied work we verified, that the cyclically repetitive themes and identitary metanarrations have the ability by the disparity of their composition, to disrupt the homogenised concepts and myths of the actual culture as well as of its history.

The Romanian Orthodox Church in the Old Kingdom at the Beginning of the 20th Century

Biserica Ortodoxă Română din Vechiul Regat la începutul secolului XX

Author(s): Monica Marţincu / Language(s): Romanian / Issue: 43+44/2006

Keywords: Romanian Orthodox Church; education

Between the end of 19th century and the beginning of 20th century, the Romanian Orthodox Church had bring-up-to date from the legislative viewpoint and, also, from the relationship with State. For the first time, the internal regulations are printed, reestablishing a new connection with the civil society. The words „bringing to life” of the Bible finds recaultness in the young lady’s soul from good families, which are creating, in co-operation with clerics, charity establishments, despite given western education.

Dorin Tudoran and the Condition of the Romanian Intellectual under Communism

Dorin Tudoran şi condiţia intelectualului român sub comunism

Author(s): Ana-Maria Cătănuş / Language(s): Romanian / Issue: 3-4/2012

Keywords: Communism; Dorin Tudoran; Dissent; Human Rights; Romania; Writers

The article tackles Dorin Tudoran’s dissent in the first part of the 1980’s. A poet and publicist, Tudoran joined in the 1970’s the group of the Romanian writers criticizing, within the guild, the cultural policies of the communist regime. Soon after, in the beginning of the 1980’s, Tudoran took a step further and engaged into dissent. His essay Frost or fear ?on the condition of Romanian intellectual under communist, that reached the West in 1984, remains his most important contribution to the Romanian dissent thinking. Using unedited and edited documents from the archive of the former Securitate and the archive of Radio Free Europe, as well as memoirs and interviews books, this article aims to analyze Tudoran’s road to dissent and its concrete manifestations, such as the drafting of documents or taking public stands. Also, the article discusses the methods used and the measures taken by the former secret police – the Securitate – to put an end to Tudoran’s dissent.

Stimulating the interest of preschool and primary school students for literature

Stimularea interesului pentru literatură la preşcolari şi elevi de vârstă şcolară mică

Author(s): Mircea Breaz / Language(s): Romanian / Issue: 1/2014

Keywords: children´s literature; literary text; dramatizing;

This paper proposes steps for stimulating interest for early reading, as well as specific ways to approach literary text within the activities with preschool and primary school students.

How did life begin? Creation – law or theory. Evolution – only a hypothesis

Cum a apărut viaţa? Creaţia – lege sau teorie. Evoluţia – doar o ipoteză

Author(s): Monica Ciaca / Language(s): Romanian / Issue: 4/2007

How did life begin? How can we explain the living miracles of our world? How did people come into being? Who is our true ancestor? Each one of us has come across these questions. The most well-known scientists and philosophers have dedicated their life to seeking the answers. There are two options. The first is Evolution – we have evolved from some dead alluvial deposits, in a period of several millions of years, during which different chemical accidents have occurred and the second option – Creation – we were deliberately created by the will of a Supreme Being. There are no other options. This paper aims to prove the fact that Evolution is nothing but a hypothesis, while Creation is a theory and it is the only option that copes with scientific research. În cadrul cercetării stiintifice există în principal trei niveluri de confidentă: ipoteză, teorie si lege. Ipoteza este o simplă propunere, o posibilitate ce necesită un răspuns. A spune, de exemplu, că laptele se obŃine din cretă doar pentru că amândouă au culoarea albă reprezintă o ipoteză. Dacă aceasta este adevărată sau nu, se poate ulterior testa. În cazul propus mai sus cunoastem deja răspunsul, iar ipoteza se dovedeste a fi falsă. Teoria este o idee care până în prezent este considerată corectă de majoritatea oamenilor de stiinŃă, dar fără a deŃine informaŃia completă referitoare la ea. Există anumite semne de întrebare si sunt necesare investigaŃii mai detaliate. Legea este o idee ce a fost investigată în întregime, cu toate metodele cunoscute, si a fost găsită absolut corectă, fără eroare. Legea gravitaŃiei, de exemplu, este 100% adevărată, tot timpul, în orice loc si pentru orice individ.

Mircea Eliade: Preamble to the Hermeneutics of Reception. The Transposition of Eliade’s Literary Works into other Artistic Languages. A Short History

Mircea Eliade: Preamble to the Hermeneutics of Reception. The Transposition of Eliade’s Literary Works into other Artistic Languages. A Short History

Author(s): Cristina Scarlat / Language(s): English / Issue: 7/2011

Keywords: literature; Spectacle; dramatization; film version; telefilm; lyrical work; TV documentary

The problems of Spectacle starting from and towards Mircea Eliade are highly challenging. The achievements in the field of dramatization and cinema starting from his literary and academic work are numerous. By this paper we intend to offer an image illustrating the phenomenon encountered almost all over the world.

The Confrontation of Candidates and Political Doctrines in the 2009 Presidential Campaign

The Confrontation of Candidates and Political Doctrines in the 2009 Presidential Campaign

Author(s): Monica PĂTRUȚ / Language(s): English / Issue: 09/2011

Keywords: election campaign; thematic accord; actional accord; axiological accord; political doctrines

Each election campaign appears like a fight among the aspirants for power and the proposed political platforms. Each candidate attempts to impose the supremacy of his own definition of the political situation and win the symbolic confrontation (Gerstle, 2002). Although the election’s ideological component has lost much of its relevance even in countries with a long democratic tradition (Braud, 1996), on the level of political communication, candidates constantly relate themselves to the party’s doctrine by references to certain topics capable of (re)actuating possible inclinations of the electorate, by hierarchizing political ideas and mobilization in the name of certain values or ideals (Ball & Dagger, 2000). This paper analyses the 2009 Romanian presidential election campaign, starting from the discursive conduct of the second round candidates, Traian Băsescu and Mircea Geoană. We have looked at the way in which the two candidates relate with and/or promote the doctrines of their supporting parties: the Democratic Liberal Party and the Social Democratic Party. In order to outline the theoretical and methodological frame required by the analysis, we have suggested the term of accord to refer to the adequacy/correspondence between the party’s program and that of the supported candidate. The accord will be described by using a mathematical model capable of representing the relations between the two categories of discourse. Approaching the accord between the party’s program and that of the candidate was done from three perspectives: thematic, actional and axiological. Thematically speaking, we are interested in the extent to which the approached topics, the terms and the concepts by means of which the problems are identified in the discourse of the candidate are also found in the discourse of his party. In terms of action, we shall analyze the extent to which the same type of solutions to the same type of problems can be found in the two discourses. Axiologically speaking, we shall emphasize the common values promoted in the discourses of the candidates and political parties involved in the electoral race. We have resorted to content analysis to approach the candidates’ discourses and the parties’ political programs.

Identity Politics under National Communist Rule. The Rhetoric Manifestations of Nicolae Ceauşescu’s ”Nationality Policy” in 1970s Romania

Identity Politics under National Communist Rule. The Rhetoric Manifestations of Nicolae Ceauşescu’s ”Nationality Policy” in 1970s Romania

Author(s): Monica Andriescu / Language(s): English / Issue: 1/2009

Keywords: identity; minority; national communism; rhetoric; Hungarian

This article aims to identify and analyze the variations of Nicolae Ceauşescu’s rhetoric concerning the ”co-inhabiting nationalities” during the 1970s as a legitimacy-seeking gambit. The article argues that two of the key explanatory variables that influenced the escalation of anti-minority discourse and measures were the Romanian-Hungarian interstate relations and the resistance of the ethnic Hungarians in Romania to aggressively assimilationist strategies. This analysis is inscribed into a wider field of research (Critical Discourse Analysis), and is aimed at as certaining political discourse as a key generator and projector of political-societal developments and determinant of identity formation.

COMMON CHRISTMAS SONGS OF HUNGARIANS AND ROMANIANS IN THE TRANSYLVANIAN PLAIN

COMMON CHRISTMAS SONGS OF HUNGARIANS AND ROMANIANS IN THE TRANSYLVANIAN PLAIN

Author(s): Zoltán Gergely / Language(s): / Issue: 1/2015

Keywords: Transylvanian Plain; interethnic relationship; carolling; Hungarian; Romanian.

Until the middle of the 20th century carolling was one of the most popular folk traditions in Hungarian speaking areas. In several Transylvanian and Moldavian communities this continued until the end of the 20th century. On the Transylvanian Plain this tradition still lives on today. Due to the interethnic relationship between the two communities, we can discover many Romanian melodies and texts in the repertoire of the Hungarians on the Transylvanian Plain. The purpose of the study is the presentation and analysis of these.

Beyond representation. An figural analysis of the theater of the absurd. "Happy Days" by Samuel Beckett

Dincolo de reprezentare. O analiză figurală a teatrului absurdului. „Ce zile frumoase” de Samuel Beckett

Author(s): Adriana Fulga / Language(s): / Issue: 1-2/2015

Keywords: theatre of the absurd; Samuel Beckett; „Happy Days”; figurative; figural

The aim of this paper is to analyze one of Samuel Beckett’s plays from a figural and figurative perspective, emphasizing the importance of sensation and the necessity to abandon any rational logic in the reception of the „theatre of the absurd”. The article discusses some of the features linked to the concept of „figural”, underlining their presence in Beckett’s Happy Days. It also addresses the manner in which the images created by the author - look at - and - point at - the reader/spectator at the same time, having an extraordinary impact on their sensitivity. Beckett’s purpose is to capture the meaning that comes to life at the borderline between what is figured (i.e. expressed by means of figures) in the text and what is figurable – that is, what is meant to be expressed in figures, but goes beyond the realm of expression, remaining sheer mystery and ineffability.

MEDIA COVERAGE OF THE COLECTIV NIGHTCLUB FIRE. A PRELIMINARY STUDY OF APPLICABLE MEDIA LAW

MEDIA COVERAGE OF THE COLECTIV NIGHTCLUB FIRE. A PRELIMINARY STUDY OF APPLICABLE MEDIA LAW

Author(s): Sînziana-Maria Jurău / Language(s): English / Issue: 2/2015

Keywords: Colectiv nightclub fire; image of the deceased; image of the victim; right to privacy in grief

The Colectiv nightclub fire will probably remain in the collective memory of Romanians as one of the biggest recent tragedies. Media played an important role in informing and forming the opinion of the public in this regard. The following study reflects upon the applicable media legislation, aiming to pave the way for future empirical studies on how the Colectiv night fire has been reflected in the media. Provisions of the New Civil Code, Author’s right law 8/1996 and Code for the regulation of the audiovisual content (Decision no. 220/2011) are analyzed in connection with the right to own public image of victims, deceased and their families.

POST-PROCESSING ERRORS IN ADVERTISING PHOTOGRAPHY

POST-PROCESSING ERRORS IN ADVERTISING PHOTOGRAPHY

Author(s): Ioana-Andreea Filipaș / Language(s): English / Issue: 1/2016

Keywords: advertising photography; digital post-processing; photo editing.

In order to be appealing and therefore increase the chances of the product to be sold, advertising photographs must be of a high quality from a compositional and technical perspective. For that level of quality to be reached, the raw photographs are most of the time retouched. As the post-processing technology evolved, the possibilities of photo editing became infinite. However, the more complex and advanced the post-processing operations are, the higher are the chances of making errors. This study aims to identify the most frequent post-processing errors in advertising photography, the reasons which lead to these errors, and the way in which they affect the advertising campaigns.

Modalities of Crossing the Boundaries of Conceptual Thinking in the Theater of Samuel Beckett

Modalités de franchissement des limites de la pensée conceptuelle dans le théâtre de Samuel Beckett

Author(s): Monica Danci (Toma) / Language(s): French / Issue: 31/2016

Keywords: Samuel Beckett; Theatre of the Absurd; Absurd Play; Devaluation of Language; Image.

Samuel Beckett, one of the “fathers” of the theatre of the absurd, tries to express his feeling of the senselessness of life by devaluating language and by denouncing a meaningless “reality” which hides behind discursive thought. In his dramaturgy, Beckett attempts to express the complexity of human experience by unifying matter and form. The uniqueness of his plays resides in the multiple dimension of the poetic imagery, which combines speech and visual elements. At the same time, a part of his theater is based on the dramatic confrontation between word and image.

The Regeneration of the Chivalry Poem: From the Epic Narrative Core to the Margin of the Modern, from Idealistic Triumph to the Space of the Contemporary Novel

La rigenerazione del poema cavalleresco: da centro epico-narrativo a margine del moderno, da trionfo idealistico a spazio del romanzo contemporaneo

Author(s): Monica Fekete / Language(s): Italian / Issue: 33/2017

Keywords: Chivalry Poem; Re-visiting; Regeneration; Contemporary Novel; Intertextuality; Rewriting; Irony.

The present contribution means to show the regeneration and the re-semantisation of the chivalry matter beginning with second half of 20th century in Italy. Without claiming to reach an exhaustive mapping of the ways in which an extinct literary genre reproposes itself at the margin of contemporary narrative, our work focuses on the following main topics: 1. from the rereading to the rewriting; 2. the Padual line of Bolardo and Ariosto between rewriting and re-visiting; 3. Ariosto and Calvino's narrative; 4. the Sicilian line between rewriting, use of quotations and intertextualisation - Gesualdo Bufalino and Andrea Camilleri.

A broad view of cognitive linguistics

A broad view of cognitive linguistics

Author(s): Zoltán Kövecses / Language(s): English / Issue: 2-3/2005

Keywords: language; meaning; cognition; culture; semiotics;

Cognitive linguistics can offer an account not only of linguistic structure but also of a wide variety of social and cultural phenomena. The comprehensive account presented in this paper is crucially based and dependent on cognitive capacities that human understanders and producers of language possess quite independently of their ability to use language. By discussing the cognitive processes and the various linguistic, social and cultural issues they help us describe and explain, the author demonstrates that cognitive linguistics is far more than a theory of language; one can think of it as a theory of "meaning-making" in general in its innumerable linguistic, social and cultural facets.

THE ROMANS IN PARIS. FRENCH WRITINGS OF ROMANIAN ORIGIN: DORA D'ISTRIA, ANNA DE NOAILLES AND MARTHE BIBESCO OR HOW CAN WE BE ROMANIAN IN THE EUROPE OF THE NATIONS?

LES ROUMAINES À PARIS. ÉCRIVAINES FRANÇAISES D’ORIGINE ROUMAINE : DORA D’ISTRIA, ANNA DE NOAILLES ET MARTHE BIBESCO OU COMMENT PEUT-ON ÊTRE ROUMAIN DANS L’EUROPE DES NATIONS ?

Author(s): Efstratia Oktapoda / Language(s): French / Issue: 2/2016

Keywords: French Women writers; 19th Century; Europe; Paris; Bucharest; Dora d’Istria; Anna de Noailles; Marthe Bibesco;

I will discuss in this paper on Romanian-born French women-writers, illustrious authors of high repute: Dora d’Istria, Anna de Noailles and Martha Bibesco. Three women and as many cultural routes of exceptional women, Romanian women, women of letters and lounges, French women-writers. Three interesting and convergent cases, since all three choose to write in French texts that relate, in their great majority, of Romania. More than Anna de Noailles, who was born in Paris of Romanian parents in exile, both Dora d’Istria and Martha Bibesco come from Bucharest, choose the Parisian scene when leaving Romania, write in French and they become French writers. Paris, the capital of literary phenomena and of cultural crossroads, a city of excitement and fervor, is causing a surge of creativity, the privileged space of a permanent bubbling.

GENEALOGY OF POLITICAL THEATRE IN POST-SOCIALISM. FROM THE ANTI-“SYSTEM” NIHILISM TO THE ANTI-CAPITALIST LEFT

GENEALOGY OF POLITICAL THEATRE IN POST-SOCIALISM. FROM THE ANTI-“SYSTEM” NIHILISM TO THE ANTI-CAPITALIST LEFT

Author(s): David Schwartz / Language(s): English / Issue: 2/2019

Keywords: political theatre; leftist movements; contemporary playwriting;

What have been the conditions of production for a political theatre to appear in post-1990s Romania? How and why contemporary theatre in Romania ended up ignoring or dismissing the leftwing, engaged or militant theatrical movements active before 1945? Why local theatre history and theory entirely obliterated, also, the politically-engaged theatre forms active during communism itself? What kind of tradition forms the contemporary political theatre, what is the politics that informs their working practices and collaborations, how do the artists engage with the groups they choose to give voice and with the audience? Using a broad and on-purpose multi-faceted definition of political theatre, the article focuses on theatre artists, practices and performances that question capitalism as a social and power structure, sometimes from an intersectional perspective, but always framing this criticism in a class approach. Largely a practice-based analysis, the text gives a comprehensive on-going history of a strong performative movement and its challenges, from the representational strategies and the financial and positioning issues to the scarcity of critical covering and reviewing and the extending of an (opposite) political engagement in the mainstream theatre in Romania.

STRATEGIC SUBCULTURES IN CHINA. TWO RESEARCHES

SUBCULTURI STRATEGICE ÎN CHINA? DOUÃ ABORDÃRI DE CERCETARE

Author(s): Lucian Dumitrescu / Language(s): Romanian / Issue: 1/2023

Keywords: strategic subculture; strategic culture; security culture; classical neorealism; grand strategy; China;

This text brings to the fore an exploratory research. On one hand, the article sets out to explore the emergence of potential strategic subcultures in China. On the other hand, the article tries to front load two different research approaches on the strategic (sub)cultures of a given state, namely, an inside-out way of investigation and an outside-in one. Even if it relies on an exploratory research, the text is not a descriptive one. It rests on a minimal research design, that is, research questions, literature review, and empirical data. The explanatory paradigm that this text employs is neoclassical realism, a meta-theory that has emerged at the intersection of realism with constructivism. According to this paradigm, a series of subsistemic factors, among which lies also the dominant strategic subculture, may account for a certain autonomy of a given state’s political elites when faced with regional or international pressures. The main concept that this text puts forward is that of dominant strategic subculture, which emerges as an outgrowth of elite competition in a certain state.