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Keywords: rules of language games; logical experience; grammatical observation; logical form; family resemblances; generality of logic;
The article argues that in Ludwig Wittgenstein’s Philosophical Investigations the logical problems do not disappear when grammar is substituted for logic. In presenting a way of thinking that contrasts with Tractatus logico-philosophicus Wittgenstein fails to notice that he is actually ignoring the logical problems that are important for the elucidation of his later ideas. By registering a change in the status of logic, which he suggests but does not actually follow, the opportunity is provided not to ignore his early discoveries. For this purpose the article proposes tracing the indicators of problems in Philosophical Investigations , such as: rules of language games, grammatical observation and family resemblances as successors of the semantics of logical forms, logical experience and generality of logic in the Tractatus.
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Keywords: field work; scientific research; culture shock; interview; survey; observation
The author emphasizes an ethnologist field research in the past and present. In particular, refers to the study of material culture in the second half of the 20th century. Interviews and surveys were the primary field methods, while the observation was reduced to a minimum. Recent ethnographic research - the study of everyday culture - have regained in a significant degree the place of field research. At the same time, modern research techniques offer new opportunities in observing and recording in the field.
More...This work presents an analysis of the state of contemporary scientific knowledge in the realm of a problem, little known or elaborated by Bulgarian science, viz. the problem of ethnic culturing as a process of attracting the individual to the ethnically specific culture of the group, whose member he is. In the light of the achievements of individual researchers, representatives of scientific schools and trends in anthropology, sociology and ethno-psychology, the author deduces a working apparatus of concepts, which could be of use in ethnological studies of the socialisation of the individual and the handing down of ethnic stereotypes between the generations. Some approaches and methodological imprecision employed by modern researchers in their interpretations of phenomena of the kind of ethos, ethno-confessional community and ethnic interrelations have been subjected to critical analysis. Following the evolution of the scholarly quests of researchers dealing with the "Culture and Personality" sphere, the author brings forward a variant of a theoretical model for the interpretation of culture, which could be presented as a configuration of assimilated modes of behaviour and their results, whose constituent elements are shared and handed down by the members of the (specific!) community under consideration. This definition has been "extended" to include its constitutent substructures and has been considered from two mutually interdependent points of view: from the point of view of the community and from the point of view of the individual.
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Keywords: The Institute as Initiator of Scientific Researches
The Institute as Initiator of Scientific Researches
More...The self-accelerating development of Bulgarian civilization cannot be continued reasonably, unless the nature of the human spirit is understood and got hold of profoundly. In order to solve this problem, society should focus its attention on the most comprehensive study of individuals, which is the major objective of the present investigation of families and clans. From the very beginning of such a study it becomes apparent that man in general unites in himself the three elements of the material, living and conscious nature, whereas the individual is formed on the basis of the practically invariable laws of material nature, which involves the combination of his primary heredity and development as a living being with his secondary conscious inheritance and development of the socium in which he is born and in which he lives. Therefore, the complete study of a certain individual makes it necessary to investigate the parallel course of his two types of inheritance and development. After the extremely widely formulated presentation of contemporary family and clan studies, the author considers specifically some basic concepts, such as: family, descent and origin of a concrete individual, introducing an essential difference between his relatives and kinsfolk. In view of the ambiguity of the currently used terms of family and clan, the author has outlined a rational terminological system for designating the various formations of the socium. The simplest and the most effective family study consists in the given instructions on how to make the family genealogy. With a view to the primary grouping and arranging of the material, which is incredibly varied and difficult for interpretation, a code system has been elaborated for univalent designation of every relative and kinsman in the family of the self-investigating individual.
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Keywords: latent variable; construct; formative model; reflective model
Measurement of latent variables is a common task in various marketing research. Adequate measurement requires precise definition of the model of the hidden variable or construct. This article summarizes recommendations for distinguishing between formative and reflective models. These models are used in research on marketing issues such as loyalty, attitudes and beliefs, brand image, emotions, perceived risk.
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Keywords: folk etymology; scientific etymology; forced etymology
In a short article the German librarian and historian Ernst Förstemann (1852) raises the issue about folk etymology being a new branch of linguistics and outlines three areas of etymological work: folk etymology, scientific etymology and forced etymology. The present article provides interesting examples of forced etymology in Bulgarian lexicology.
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Keywords: representative and non-representative samples; weighing of sample data; post-sterilization; data calibration.
In the design of contemporary empirical sociological studies, the knowledge of sociological theory, the methods of statistics and the capabilities of modern information technologies are used together. The development of modern communications is appealing to the organization of various sociological studies, including through unrepresentative sampling. Their advantages are great due to the minimal cost of time, financial and human resources compared to traditional research. There can be a large (practically unlimited) number of respondents without stressing the research resource, as well as the research team.The article presents an idea for using the developed sample data calibration models. The aim is to improve the quality of the information from samples, for which the famous classical methods have not been applied in their formation. It is about the formation of samples that are formed as a result of the voluntary participation of units of a particular population (the respondents' method) when filling in an online research toolkit. The application of the calibration and its outcomes is illustrated by a specific example of data from an online research using the SPSS-based g-CALIB product. The final finding is that if the post-calibration study can not be confirmed, it can be said that after the calibration the objectivity of the data is much more guaranteed. The information processed by this procedure carries all the good qualities of the data obtained from the samples, for the broadcasting of which a quota selection has been attached, combined with a certain degree of chance in the selection of the sampling units.
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Keywords: language; identity; media; mixing; nationality
The topic of Austrian language studies is quite new in Bulgarian and German linguistics. It is connected with the last emigrant wave of Bulgarians in the German-speaking area (especially in Austria) following the changes that took place in the 1990s when the Bulgarian community there grew rapidly. Studies on the language of the Bulgarian emigrants in Austria lay the foundations for shaping a new area in confrontational (Bulgarian-German) linguistics. It offers vast possibilities for further work. What is of particular interest is the "mixed language" of the Bulgarian emigrants. The first generation of our compatriots are the subject of the research, although comparative language information about both the second and the third generation is also available. In Austria, a new type of European community (with electronic signature) is being created. Thanks to the Internet, it crosses the borders and connects compatriots who have been separated by the territories between them. As the study shows, the mixed Bulgarian (Austrian) German language in Austria is a clear fact that has its specific problems and areas of study. The lexical features prevail, but in its grammatical system, which is the pillar of the language, it remains Bulgarian. The methodological provisions applied to the systematization and analysis of the material can also be used in the study of other mixed languages emerging in the contemporary interconnected world.
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Keywords: educational; research; practice
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Keywords: media research ethics; manipulation of media research; soft power; new paradigm of communication
The emergence of new moral challenges in the mass media and the Internet at the beginning of the 21st century is the result of changes in the global communication system and the lack of understanding of the new principles that govern it. In the new century, this change was characterized by a change in the hierarchical power structure to disseminate information. Strong political and economic interests seek ways to influence and manipulate public opinion. This new "soft" power is characterized by influence not only on the media and its content but also on media research and the science of mass communication. The old paradigm for the impartiality of media research in national countries is no longer working, and the question of the bias and ethics of media researchers needs to be addressed. The impact on research comes in the form of explicit funding or order and can, therefore, be defined as a form of "soft" power to control media research. The results of such biased studies are presented as “news” in the media and are quoted repeatedly to impose a certain point of view. These biased researches itself are part of a purposeful campaign for media manipulation in the name of various powerful interests. This leads to a lack of confidence in the science of communication and dysfunctions in local and national communication systems.
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Keywords: social media; artificial intelligence; infotainment; addiction; media dependency
The boundary between reality and the sense of reality which social media platforms have created is about to disappear completely. Therefore, it is of importance to proceed with multidisciplinary research on the influence of social media upon the emotional and information needs of the individual. The present paper reviews two theories, a theory of sociology (The Thomas Theorem) and a cognitive theory (The Optimism Bias), and proposes their application in creating new software architecture algorithms which will accommodate the emotional environment of social media sites to the preferences of the individual so that all of their information and emotional needs are satisfied.
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Keywords: meaningful work; work and organizational psychology; crisis; COVID-19.
In the last few decades, the concept of meaningful has been focusing the attention of practitioners and researchers in work and organizational psychology in a quest to find a response to what makes work meaningful, valuable, and important. The social, economic, and organizational changes that the COVID-19 pandemic brings create a specific context that adds a layer of complexity to the topic of meaningful work. The current article outlines a perspective for exploring meaningful work in the context of the global crisis through the prism of work and organizational psychology. The article summaries future research opportunities in a few different directions: meaningful work and the value of work for others and the society in times of pandemic, meaningful work and work-life balance, and meaningful work and effective employer strategies.
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Keywords: labor values; labor goals; factors of the labor situation; need for their research; research results
The article presents the results of a research on labor values in organizations in Bulgaria. The observations were conducted five times (1995, 2001, 2008, 2014, 2021) and comprise a period of 27 years. The need to study labor values and the usefulness of the research results have been justified.Value orientations fit essentially into a variety of theoretical concepts for the study of individual and group behavior. They are the fundamental element of national and organizational cultures.To the extent that human behavior is value conditioned, through the study of values the researcher approaches the mechanisms of human choices. Utilizing the value characterization of individual and group behavior in a variety of areas and contexts, we study the world of management; organizational behavior; leadership; leadership and teams; motivation; communications and conflicts.
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Keywords: Biotechnology; Genetic Engineering; Human Body; Gene; Protection; Patent Exemptions; EU Law; Policy; Innovation
The article discusses the patentability of the results of genetic research, in particular the sequence of genes in the molecular structure of deoxyribonucleic acid. The main approaches established in the American, European and national legal system regarding the protection of genetic inventions are presented. The main points in a decision of the Court of Justice of the EU are analysed. Both the criteria for patentability of an element of the human body and the hypotheses referring to the exceptions to patentability corresponding to the provisions of Directive 98/44/EC on the legal protection of biotechnological inventions, the Convention on Human Rights and Biomedicine of Oviedo, the European Patent Convention and the TRIPS Agreement. The connection between the importance of genetic research and the development of the innovative economy based on the patents for these inventions is substantiated.
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Books Review
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Keywords: Linguistic studies; linguistics;
Review of: Y. Elensky. Chosen. Linguistic studies. Veliko Tarnovo University Publishing House "St. St. Cyril and Methodius", 2007.462 p.
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