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Anonimizacija ili cenzura sudskih odluka? Problemi s Pravilnikom Suda BiH

Author(s): Sevima Sali-Terzić / Language(s): Bosnian

The enactment of the “Regulation on Access to information under the control of the Court of BiH and Cooperation With the Community” raised serious concerns in both media and legal community who consider that the Regulation introduces a sort of censorship in access to information, in particular in relation to criminal proceedings on war crimes, organized crime and corruption cases and neglects the high public interest to be duly and timely informed on these cases. The analysis shows that the Regulation does not annul the public character of the trial and the pronouncement of the judgment. However, it lacks sufficient clarity in order to avoid misinterpretation of the rules on anonymization of audio-visual and other „informative material“ that Court of BiH provides to media and general public in relation to the ongoing cases and in order to preserve the right of public to be informed as well as the right of a private person to have his/her personal data protected in an appropriate manner. In this regard, the Regulation should be revised in a way to put more emphasis on the need of „public interest test“ in relation to all information related to the ongoing trials on war crimes, organized crime and corruption cases, that are of particular importance to the general public in BiH. Also, the rules on anonymization of judgments should be revised in order to be harmonized with the Law on Prohibition of Discrimination that provides for publicity of the written judgment always when the Court establishes discrimination, but also in order to regulate exemptions from the anonymization of judgments in war crime, organized crime and corruption cases.

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Antikoruptivne mjere u novom javnonabavnom regulatornom okviru Europske unije

Author(s): Marko Turudić / Language(s): Croatian

Korupcija u postupcima javne nabave ima višestruke negativne učinke. Osim direktnog ekonomskog troška za proračune država članica, također i podriva povjerenje građana, ali i nekorumpiranih ponuditelja u postupke javne nabave. Novim javnonabavnim regulatornim okvirom EU suzbijanje korupcije i transparentnost u postupcima javne nabave postavljeni su među glavne ciljeve. Šest je glavnih mjera kojima se pokušava suzbiti korupcija u postupcima javne nabave. To su odredbe o isključenju ponuditelja, o pojačavanju transparentnosti postupaka, o prethodnoj provjeri tržišta, o prijevari i sukobu interesa, o poticanju korištenja elektroničkih alata u postupcima javne nabave i o izmjenama javnonabavnog ugovora tijekom njegova trajanja. Kao što sam već naglasio, smatram kako će neke od navedenih mjera imati pozitivnog učinka na suzbijanje korupcije u javnonabavnim postupcima u Republici Hrvatskoj, dok će neke vjerojatno biti manje uspješne. Crta razgraničenja uspješnosti i neuspješnosti navedenih mjera je u obveznosti njihove primjene, odnosno moraju li ih javni naručitelji primjenjivati ili je primjena odredbi ostavljena njihovoj diskrecijskoj ocjeni. Dosadašnje djelovanje javnih naručitelja u Republici Hrvatskoj naučilo nas je da se odredbe ZJN-a čija je primjena ostavljena diskreciji javnih naručitelja primjenjuju malo, te posljedično imaju mali utjecaj na javnonabavni pravni sustav Republike Hrvatske. gospodarstva je u travnju 2016. završilo prijedlog novog ZJN-a, u koji su implementirane nove javnonabavne direktive EU. Nažalost, taj prijedlog zakona nije došao do Sabora, a zbog raspuštanja Sabora 15. srpnja 2016. upitno je u kojem vremenskom roku se može očekivati izglasavanje novog ZJN-a. Ministarstvo gospodarstva donijelo je mišljenje u kojem govori o izravnom učinku novih javnonabavnih Direktiva u Republici Hrvatskoj. U mišljenju navodi kako bi javni naručitelji u postupcima javne nabave velike vrijednosti, započetim od 18. travnja 2016, uz odredbe Zakona o javnoj nabavi morali uzeti u obzir i odredbe Direktive 2014/24/EU i Direktive 2014/25/EU koje su bezuvjetne i dovoljno određene, te posebno ističe ESPD. Ipak, kako većina antikorupcijskih mjera novog javnonabavnog regulatornog okvira nije primjenjiva bezuvjetno, smatram kako će se moći početi primjenivati tek donošenjem novog ZJN-a.

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Antinomije u hrvatskom zakonodavstvu na području informacijskoga upravnog prava

Author(s): Alen Rajko / Language(s): Croatian

The area of (in)accessibility of information is connected with strong interests. If we stick to the sphere of legitimate interests, the availability of information is necessary first of all for quality of decision-making, for the preservation and expansion of the space of freedom, and for control over public authorities. On the other hand, the unavailability of certain information is necessary for the protection of privacy, and in some cases to protect the public interest. Although the regulation of (in)accessibility of information is "scattered" throughout the system of positive law, most of that regulation is concentrated in the rules of administrative law, primarily in the area of access to public sector information, protection of personal data, official secrecy, archival service, the system of state administration and local self-government, administrative procedure and administrative segments of the media law. Apart from a very fragmented legislation, antinomies between laws regulating access to information, protection of personal data, official secrecy and the legal position of journalists also make difficult the achievement of the purpose of regulation concerning the information administrative law in the Republic of Croatia. This threatens the fulfillment of standard of legal certainty, and ultimately poses a threat to the exercise of rights recognized under the mentioned laws. For the purpose of complete contextualization of analysis, the author first defines the information administrative law and its basic institutes, as well as the applicable legal framework in Croatia. The author then analyzes the main antinomies and offers options for solving them.

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Apelacijska nadležnost Ustavnog suda BiH u odnosu na odluke entitetskih ustavnih sudova

Author(s): Petar Mrkonjić / Language(s): Bosnian

The issue of the appellate jurisdiction of the Constitutional Court of BiH in relation to the decisions of the entity constitutional courts is a complex legal issue. It primarily refers to the definition of the character of entity constitutional courts and constitutional courts in general. The interpretation of the Constitutional Court of BiH, not to consider the decisions of the entity constitutional courts within the framework of the appellate jurisdiction, is compromised by its own practice and interpretations of the Constitutional Court of BiH in cases U-9/09 (Statute of the City of Mostar), U-8/17 (Ordinance on amendments to the Ordinance on Wearing Uniforms Border Police of BiH), and AP-3051/14 (Decision of the Government of the Federation of BiH). The wording of all interpretations of the Constitutional Court of BiH on its own jurisdiction in these cases is to expand its own jurisdiction in order to enable the protection of fundamental human rights and freedoms. It remains questionable (and insufficiently explained) that the Constitutional Court of BiH did not solve the dilemmas about the character of the entity Constitutional Court in favor of its own competence for deciding on issues contained in the BiH Constitution. In the meantime, it remains questionable in which way the Constitutional Court of BiH is examining Entity Constitutional Courts, when it ignores the provisions of the Constitution of BiH on appellate jurisdiction in relation to their decisions. Finally, the Constitutional Court of BiH is very contradictory in determining whether the Constitutional Court of FBiH is a court in the proper sense of the word. The decisions of the Constitutional Court of BiH in which the Constitutional Court of the Entity is designated as part of the judicial authority, which is, by and large, understandable in the light of the text of the Constitution of FBiH, have much better reasoning than the decisions in which the argument of the final and binding nature of the decisions of the entity constitutional courts was highlighted. I believe that this analysis showed that the BiH Constitutional Court was wrong when in suspending its unquestionable appellate jurisdiction in favor of the principle of the final and binding nature of the decisions of the entity constitutional courts rendered within their abstract jurisdiction. However, the right question is what kind of legal acts can be the subject of consideration by the Constitutional Court of BiH within the framework of appellate jurisdiction. It is undeniable that according to the constitutional text in force, this may be the decision of all courts in Bosnia and Herzegovina. Considering the position taken by the Constitutional Court itself, this can be the decisions of the entity constitutional courts. Finally, the Constitutional Court also considered the decision of the Government of the FBiH by justifying such conduct by argumentation of a broad interpretation of the authority to protect human rights and freedoms. In view of this, there should be solutions from the Federal Republic of Germany, where the decision-making within the framework of the appellate jurisdiction can be all decisions of the public authority, provided that all other remedies have been exhausted before, including the court proceedings. Such a broad formulation of appellate jurisdiction ensures effective protection of fundamental human rights and freedoms. In the absence of the activities of the constituent, this matter can be resolved by its own legal activism only by the Constitutional Court by making decisions and interpretations which define its appeal jurisdiction in a clear, reasoned and consistent manner. Such decisions should eliminate the damage expressed through legal uncertainty and inconsistency in the previous practice of the Constitutional Court of BiH. Exposed practice from the Federal Republic of Germany is also important because of the busy doctrinal approach of the German constitutional court that the Federal Constitutional Court is an indisputable authority for all issues arising from the state constitution and that there are no restrictions for the Federal Constitutional Court in that regard. I believe that in this direction the Constitutional Court of Bosnia and Herzegovina should also begin to confirm the supremacy of the state constitution in relation to all the lower legal acts in Bosnia and Herzegovina.

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Aporije etničkog federalizma u Bosni i Hercegovini – (ne)uspeli postkonfliktni federalni eksperiment

Author(s): Darko Simović / Language(s): Serbian

This paper is aimed as responding to the dilemma as to whether the non-functionality of the federalism in Bosnia and Herzegovina is a consequence exclusively of inadequate constitutional framework or should causes be sought in factors outside the institutional ones. With that intent, the first part of the paper analyzes the extent to which the Dayton Agreement avails ideal-typical or at least favourable traits that enable the effectuation of all those functions expected of a fundamental law in a modern constitutional state. In the second part of the paper, the author aims to identify political factors that are impeding the effective functioning of the constitutional system. In accordance with the results of such studies, in the conclusion of the paper the author will discuss the extent to which constitutional reform can be expected and what kinds of strategy should be undertaken for the purpose of improving the functionality of the constitutional system of Bosnia and Herzegovina.

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Autonomija univerziteta u svjetlu Okvirnog zakona o visokom obrazovanju u Bosni i Hercegovini

Author(s): Sifet Kukuruz / Language(s): Bosnian

This paper deals with the notion of institutional autonomy of higher education institutions and the concept of academic freedom in the light of relevant international documents, state practice in the European Higher Education Area and the Framework Law on Higher Education in Bosnia and Herzegovina. The author's position is that, for understanding these concepts in the Bosnian Herzegovinian public sphere, there is a reductionist and tendentious approach that is neither based on official international documents that deal with higher education nor on legal texts that define and elaborate these concepts. The author points out that these concepts are addressed within the limited consideration of few dimensions or even through the analysis of certain fragments of some of the four dimensions of the autonomy of higher education institutions. The text points to all the harmfulness of the reductionist approach to the understanding of these concepts. Within the context of Bosnia and Herzegovina public discourse, author pays a special attention to the analysis of the structure and competencies of the management structure which is perceived as one of the segments of institutional autonomy of higher education institutions in the public discussions. Upon these analyses a number of conclusions have been drawn related to the degree of institutional autonomy of the university and the achieved degree of academic freedom. These conclusions serve furthermore as a base for the critical attitudes in relation to the normative decisions created by the relevant education authorities in B&H. In this regard, the paper emphasizes the complexity of the notion of institutional autonomy of higher education institutions altogether with a clarification of the four dimensions of this term and defining the indicators upon which the basis of each of the four dimensions of autonomy is presented in the light of practice in EU institutions. In the context of the social significance of higher education, the paper attempts to point out the significant social need for a correct understanding of the notion of institutional autonomy of higher education institutions and academic freedoms that must be based on international documents and relevant legal texts in B&H.

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Autoritet neznanja: prosvjetna inspekcija Kantona Sarajevo iz ugla pravnog laika

Author(s): Nenad Veličković / Language(s): Bosnian

Procedura za izbor komisije za odbranu jedne doktorske disertacije na Odsjeku za književnosti naroda Bosne i Hercegovine Filozofskog fakulteta Univerziteta u Sarajevu započela je u septembru 2019, a do maja 2020. još nije bila okončana. Iako je time povrijeđen član 74 Pravila Fakulteta, po svemu sudeći pitanje odgovornosti neće se postaviti niti će se uraditi analiza slučaja s ciljem da se utvrde razlozi. Akteri – dekanat i članovi Vijeća Fakulteta – učestale probleme vezane za rad ovog Odsjeka uglavnom objašnjavaju poremećenim ljudskim odnosima. To može biti tačno, ali samo ako se zna da je poremećaj rezultat nepomirljivih ideoloških pogleda na cilj studija i svrhu Odsjeka. Većina, bliska SDA (njen predvodnik na Odsjeku, prof. dr. Sanjin Kodrić član je predsjedništva stranke) studij književnosti vidi kao nacionalnu disciplinu, manjina (Kazaz i Veličković) tome se protive.

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Azil u Republici Hrvatskoj godinu dana nakon ulaska u Europsku uniju

Author(s): Jasna Barberić / Language(s): Croatian

July 1st 2014 marks the first anniversary of Croatia’s accession to the EU but also ten years as of the entry into force of the first Croatian Asylum Act (Official Gazette of the Republic of Croatia, no. 103/2003). Against this background, the article will try to examine some of the most important changes in the area of asylum law and practice that took place in Croatia in the past year. The article also covers relevant data on cases of practical application of the asylum legislation in Croatia in the preceding year. The article will argue that even though significant progress in refugee protection standards has been accomplished by adoption of relevant legislation, and while Croatian legislation is fully aligned with the relevant European and international legislation, there is still work to be done, primarily concerning the integration of refugees in Croatian society.

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Besplatna pravna pomoć u Republici Srbiji

Author(s): Gordana Krstić / Language(s): Serbian

Besplatna pravna pomoć u Republici Srbiji je fragmentarno regulisana, što ima za posledicu da veliki broj građana nije upoznat sa mehanizmima za ostvarivanje svojih prava i interesa bez naknade. Delovanje različitih organizacija na lokalnom, gradskom, pokrajinskom i državnom nivou u takvom pravnom sistemu dovodi do polarizacije pravne zaštite i nejednakog, neravnopravnog tretmana i nesupstancijalnog odnosa prema građanima. Davanje prednosti i naglašavanje određene društvene pojave kao primarne vodi u latentnu opasnost od marginalizacije drugih ugroženih grupacija. Zbog toga je od ključnog značaja za unapređenje ljudskih i manjinskih prava i osnovnih sloboda donošenje Zakona o besplatnoj pravnoj pomoći i institucionalna konsolidacija tog prava. Ono treba da bude dostupno svim građanima i treba da zadovolji savremene standarde na taj način što će njegovo vršenje biti garantovano od strane entiteta koji imaju kapacitet za pružanje kvalitetnih usluga od davanja opštih informacija preko uputstva i saveta za postupanje do zastupanja u postupcima pred sudovima, organima uprave. Jedino tako pravna pomoć bez naknade može da doprinese efikasnijem, bržem i kvalitetnijem ostvarivanju prava stranaka i adekvatnom pristupu sudu. Afirmacija materijalne dostupnosti pravde jedan je od strateških ciljeva reforme pravosuđa u Republici Srbiji, nužan za zadovoljenje kriterijuma postavljenih od strane Evropske unije u Poglavlju 23 - Pravosuđe i osnovna prava. U narednom periodu potrebno je preispitati postojeću mrežu pružalaca besplatne pravne pomoći i garancije uživanja prava bez naknade garantovanih posebnim zakonima, a zatim revidirati nacrt Zakona o besplatnoj pravnoj pomoći tako što će ekstenzivno biti definisani korisnici besplatne pravne pomoći, koji će moći direktno da se obrate svim pružaocima za dobijanje pravnih usluga, bez centralnog odlučivanja i imenovanja primalaca od strane centra za socijalni rad. S tim u vezi, važno je zakonom ustanoviti autonomni sistem pružalaca besplatne pravne pomoći, u kom će biti omogućena participacija nevladinim organizacijama u pružanju primarne pravne pomoći, ali i sekundarne pravne pomoći u domenu njihove delatnosti i koordinacija rada svih ovlašćenih subjekata. Determinisanje sadržaja pravne pomoći je jedna je od ključnih stavki novog zakona, a on mora biti detaljan, jasan i usklađen sa važećom zakonskom regulativom. Dodatna finansijska sredstva u budžetu Republike Srbije predstavljaju sine qua non faktor za primenu zakona, te je važno osmisliti i isplanirati izvore finansiranja i način raspodele novčanih sredstva pružaocima besplatne pravne pomoći. Uz ozbiljan pristup ovoj reformskoj aktivnosti, analizu i rešenost države da uspostavi delotvoran sistem besplatne pravne pomoći, posebno zbog postojanja zadovoljavajuće mreže pružalaca pravne pomoći, Republika Srbija je na dobrom putu da ispuni i taj uslov iz Poglavlja 23 i napravi bitan korak ka integraciji evropskih tekovina.

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BiH pred Europskim sudom za ljudska prava

Author(s): Monika Mijić / Language(s): Croatian

Since ratification of the European Convention on Human Rights on 12 July 2002, the respect of human rights in Bosnia and Herzegovina has been a subject of control by the European Court of Human Rights. The Court delivered 16 judgments against Bosnia and Herzegovina so far and in 15 judgments it found violation of Convention rights. Most of these judgments reveal structural problems in domestic legal order: a situation in which the established violation concerns not only individual applicant but also a number of other persons in similar situation. These judgments impose on BiH dual legal obligations: 1) to undertake, subject to the Committee of Ministers' supervision, general measures to prevent new, similar violations and, if appropriate, individual measures to end the established violation; and 2) to pay applicants the sums awarded by way of just satisfaction. The author analyzes the most significant Court’s judgments delivered against BiH and their impact to BiH’s legal system in terms of legal obligations concerning the implementation of these judgments, as well as measures taken so far by domestic institutions.

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Bilateralni odnosi BiH sa državama u susjedstvu, Hrvatskom, Srbijom i Crnom Gorom

Author(s): Sabine Willenberg / Language(s): Bosnian

Der jugoslawische Staatszerfall und der Krieg der 1990er Jahre generierten eine Reihe von zwischenstaatlichen Problemen, welche Bosnien und Herzegowina (BiH) seither in bilateralen Vertragsbeziehungen mit seinen drei Nachbarn Kroatien, Montenegro und Serbien zu lösen hat. Die Europäische Integration begründet zudem die Notwendigkeit der Lösung der bilateralen Fragen – zeigte doch nicht zuletzt der slowenisch-kroatische Konflikt, wie solche den EUSüdosterweiterungsprozess hemmen können. Wie weit aber sind diese zwischenstaatlichen vertraglichen Lösungen zwischen BiH und seinen Nachbarstaaten 15 Jahre nach dem Dayton-Abkommen fortgeschritten, wie intensiv sind die unterschiedlichen Bereiche heute integriert, wo steht eine vertragliche Lösung noch aus? Der vorliegende Beitrag beantwortet diese Fragen, indem er BiHs Nachbarschaftsbeziehungen sowohl auf der zwischenstaatlichen als auch der nationalen Ebene untersucht und im Vergleich der drei Beziehungspaare und der vier Staaten klärt, (1) welche Abkommen in welchen Zeiträumen in welchen Bereichen abgeschlossen wurden und (2) wie der Ratifizierungsprozess derer verlief Aus der Analyse wird deutlich: Die drei Nachbarschaftsverhältnisse BiHs weisen trotz sehr unterschiedlicher Entwicklungspfade mittlerweile ähnlich intensive, institutionalisierte Beziehungen auf. Gleichsam finden sich aber auch in allen drei Relationen hartnäckige ungelöste Probleme sowie deutliche Ratifizierungsrückstände, die auf Akzeptanzprobleme der zwischenstaatlichen Integration innerhalb der Staaten schließen lassen – und für eine Kooperationsförderung durch die EU eine besondere Herausforderung bedeuten.

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Bosanskohercegovačka politička kriza i promjena ustava Federacije BiH

Author(s): Enver Kazaz / Language(s): Bosnian

Bosna i Hercegovina od Daytonskog sporazuma iz 1995. godine do danas traje u stanju nezavršenog rata koji je sa vojnog prebačen u političko polje. Dayton je otud kraj jednog oblika rata, vojnog, i početak drugog, političkog, a zemlja je uprkos tome, tvrdi većina onih koji na različite načine analiziraju društvene procese, sve do 2006. godine i pada Aprilskog paketa ustavnih promjena sporo napredovala pripremajući svoj sistem za prihvaćanje standarda i pravnih normi Evropske unije.1 Od tada pa do danas ona stagnira i nazaduje u procesu približavanja EU, ali i u svim drugim aspektima, ekonomskom, privrednom, kulturnom itd. Pad Aprilskog paketa razotkrio je suštinu Daytonskog sporazuma, koji je BiH definirao nedovršivom državom i zemljom u čiji je mirovni sporazum ugrađen ustav koji vojno osvojene teritorije tretira kao nacionalne države u nastajanju, bez obzira na njihov administrativni položaj u tom ustavu. Daytonski sporazum stoga postoji kao politički paradoks – zaustavljajući vojni rat on je otvorio onaj politički koji ne dozvoljava da se u podijeljenom bosanskohercegovačkom društvu uspostavi konačan mir.

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Bosanskohercegovačko uređenje i većinsko odlučivanje

Author(s): Tarik Haverić / Language(s): Bosnian

U zapadnoj političkoj kulturi, većinsko odlučivanje shvata se, uz cijeli niz načelnih i kontekstualnih ograničenja, kao sama bit demokratije. S razlikama od jednog do drugog političkog sistema, većinom glasova biraju se poslanici u zakonodavnim tijelima i neki nosioci izvršnih (šef države) ili sudačkih funkcija. Većinom glasova donose se odluke u oba doma Kongresa SAD, u francuskoj Nacionalnoj skupštini kao i u Hrvatskom saboru. Samo se u diskursu koji se tiče Bosne i Hercegovine, u političkim i stručnim krugovima jednako kao i u jeziku medija i društvenih mreža, većinsko odlučivanje naziva “preglasavanjem” ili “majorizacijom”, što su izrazi koji više ne denotiraju tehniku donošenja odluka već konotiraju prevarne radnje i zlu namjeru subjekata koji u tome sudjeluju – a da se zastupnici tog shvatanja nikada i nigdje nisu potrudili da objasne zašto bi jedna dimenzija političke modernosti koja posvuda nosi pozitivan vrednosni naboj samo u Bosni i Hercegovini bila nepoželjna. Ovo je pitanje dobilo na aktuelnosti u protekle dvije godine, zbog strukturiranih napora na ispunjavanju preduslova za pristup Bosne i Hercegovine euroatlantskim integracijama. Skorašnje inicijative u tom smjeru promijenile su političko-pravni kontekst, i “većinsko odlučivanje” više nije conversation stopper u razgovorima o ustavnopravnom preuređenju naše zemlje. U ovom tekstu podsjećam na elemente koji su doprinijeli najnovijim promjenama u sagledanju ovog problemskog kompleksa, donosim sažet prikaz sporova koje većinsko odlučivanje izaziva sve do našeg vremena i ponavljam neke predloge sistemskih rješenja kojima se može prevazići institucionalna blokada u Bosni i Hercegovini, a koje sam već iznosio u više navrata u prethodnim decenijama.

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Bosna i Hercegovina treba jedan vrhovni sud

Author(s): Meddžida Kreso / Language(s): Bosnian

Ideja o potrebi osnivanja Vrhovnog suda u Bosni i Hercegovini polako sazrijeva, iako je njeno začeće postojalo već u prvim godinama nakon potpisivanja Dejtonskog sporazuma, odnosno Ustava BiH. Vrijeme je da se više i ne postavlja pitanje treba li Bosni i Hercegovini jedan Vrhovni sud, već da se pažnja stručnjaka usmjeri ka tome, koji bi to model takvog suda bio najprimjereniji njenoj strukturi i političkom uređenju.

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COVID-19 i Rješenje Agencije za zaštitu ličnih podataka BiH

Author(s): Nihad Odobašić / Language(s): Bosnian

At the time of the COVID-19 pandemic spread, state authorities may introduce various measures and activities to protect public health. Such an activity was undertaken by authorities at certain levels in Bosnia and Herzegovina, who publicly disclose personal data of infected persons, as well as of those who are in isolation or self-isolation. The disclosure of this information was carried out regardless of the fact that the specified persons did not violate any measures previously introduced by the authorities. Given the possible limitation of the right to the protection of personal data, the Personal Data Protection Agency in Bosnia and Herzegovina reacted. With its decision from 24. 03. 2020. the Agency banned the disclosure of such personal data, and has ordered the removal of publicly released information so far. The paper presents basic provision of the Law on personal data protection in Bosnia and Herzegovina, as well as the most important international conventions that protect the right to protection of personal data. However, the focus of this paper is on examining the legality of Agency's decision, through the criteria from Article 8, paragraph 2, of the European Convention on Human Rights. The analysis in the paper concludes that the Agency has justifiably forbidden the disclosure of the personal data in question and thus properly protected the personal data of infected persons as well as of persons in isolation. The measure taken by the authorities is a measure that is not necessary in a democratic society, and it is concluded that the pursuit of the legitimate aim of protecting public health could also be achieved by a more lenient measure.

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Da li je Bosni i Hercegovini potreban jedan vrhovni sud?

Author(s): Vesna Rakić-Vodinelić / Language(s): Serbian

The need to establish the Supreme Court which would have the competence on the entire territory of Bosnia and Herzegovina has been considered. In order to answer the question whether BiH really needs a Supreme Court as such, first there is a need to answer the questions relevant to any judicial organization: What is the type of government structure in BiH from the legal and practical point of view – unitary, federal/regional, with symmetric or asymmetric federalism/regionalism, or confederation? What type of organization do BiH courts fit into from the government structure point of view? Is there as basis to compare judicial structure in BiH with European states (if so, which states), in order to perhaps find efficient example of the role model? Does the current court structure provide legal equality (pertaining to both substance and process) of legal entities, as viewed both from legislative and pragmatic aspect? Bearing in mind the answers to the preceding questions, is it possible to formulate the efficient proposal related to the highest judicial instance in BiH? The conclusion is that BiH is actually weak federation of asymmetric type (one of its entities has federal, the other has unitary structure and Brčko District has a special status) which is subject to international protectorate. Considering the open ethnical preferences of two ethnical communities and “special parallel relations” established with neighbouring countries (Article II/2/a/) it can be asserted that the borderline between weak federation and confederation in BiH is extremely fluid. Constitutional Court and Court of BiH exercise the judicial authority on the entire territory of BiH. Although constitutional courts usually do not classify as the bodies of regular judicial authority, this classification seems justified in the case of BiH bearing in mind some of the competencies of this Court. These are appellate competence (i.e. constitutional complaint or constitutional appeal) “for issues related to the Constitution which stem from the ruling of any other court” in BiH (Article VI/3 /b/) and submission of question from any other court in BiH on compliance of certain documents with BiH Constitution, European Convention for the Protection of Human Rights, as well as on the implications of general norms of the international law. Basically, the Court of BiH is the federal court with first instance competence in the domain of criminal and administrative disputes related to the BiH regulations, and exceptionally, for some criminal acts, related to the entity regulations. In litigation and executive-judicial area the Court has a meagre competence in solving inter-entity disputes (including district) and in compulsory execution. Legal remedies against the decisions of this Court are all of remonstration kind (retraction) and allow only for the control of the decisions of this Court, not of the entity courts. Therefore, this court, both by its name and by its competence is not a supreme court. After the constitutional reform in 2000 and following the legal comparative review of the structure of the courts in federations, the Swiss Federal Court competencies, position and jurisdiction are used as an example. It is recommended to establish a Supreme Court of BiH which would unite in itself the Constitutional Court and competencies of the Swiss Federal Court in civic, criminal and public right area. Thereby, in cases of extraordinary legal remedies, it would be possible to check the decisions made by the entity courts in terms of the implementation of law in BiH with an objective to achieve the uniform implementation of law and real equality of citizens before the law.

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Da li je neophodna reforma penzionog sistema u Bosni i Hercegovini?

Author(s): Sanel Karađuz / Language(s): Bosnian

U osnovi svih analiza koje vode određenim reformama penzionih fondova u RS i FBiH, nalazi se oblikovanje postojećih sistema, a ne njihov potpuni redizajn koji bi mogao dati bitno drugačije rezultate. Ovakav pristup je usmjeren na održavanje minimalne funkcionalnosti koja je u suštini upitna, dok bi temeljno novi penzioni sistem imao šansu da proizvede na samo minimalne efekte nego i da bude jedna nova pokretačka alatka u ekonomskom sistemu BiH. Naravno, jasno je da prelazak sa postojeceg PAYG sistema penzionog osiguranja RS i FBiH na neki drugi sistem neminovno podrazumijeva kraći ili duži tranzicijski period, posebno ako se ima u vidu kompleksnu političku i ekonomsku situaciju u BiH. Pri ovome treba detaljno razviti plan reforme, čija svrha će biti potpuno redizajnirani penzioni sistem. Tranzicija penzionih sistema u RS i FBiH, o čijoj se neodrživosti u sadašnjem principijelnom obliku govorilo kroz uticajne faktore razvrstane u tvrde i meke varijable, prema sistemu budućeg penzionog osiguranja u BiH, koji je gore u tekstu argumentiran, može se u predstojećem periodu izvesti na tri već pomenuta stuba: 1. Stub: obavezno državno osiguranje koje je zapravo socijalno osiguranje; 2. Stub: obavezno+dobrovoljno kod komercijalnih kompanija; 3. Stub: dobrovoljno individualno osiguranje; 1. stub predstavlja obavezno državno osiguranje koje se ogleda u socijalnim penzijama koje država više ne obezbijeđuje od obaveznog doprinosa na plaće zaposlenih, nego opštim porezima i porezima na određene vrste luksuznih roba i usluga; 2. stub se sastoji od doprinosa osiguranika, akumulirani na ličnim računima, kapitaliziraju se u različitim poslovnim investicijama. Cilj je ostvariti što veću dobit, povećati kasniju penziju osiguranika; i 3. stub predstavlja osiguranje za one osobe koje se žele dodatno osigurati za starost, invalidnost ili smrt hranitelja. Ovakvo rješenje penzionog sistema zasnovanog na tri stuba je već dobro rašireno u zemljama tranzicije, posebno u Istočno-evropskim državama, te bi kao takvo smanjilo mogućnost pojave nepredviđenih momenata na najmanju moguću mjeru. Međutim, svaka država bi trebala da se razvija u pravcu interesa svojih građana, a ne birokratije koja se u našim okolnostima samo širi, a nikako ne racionalizuje. Predložena tranzicija penzionog osiguranja i sistema na BiH nivou, kako je već objašnjeno, predstavlja optimalno rješenje koje bi trebalo da, u skladu sa svjetskim kretanjima iz domena penzijsko-invalidskih reformskih pravaca, povede penzioni sistem u BiH prema privatnim investicionim penzionim fondovima. Individualni privatni penzioni računi u okviru investicionih penzionih fondova, zasigurno bi imali najveću podršku građana, uz posebno zakonodavstvo koje bi vodilo računa o najugroženijim kategorijama građana, ali i starih radnika, koji su već ulagali u stari sistem, osigurao bi se pouzdan penzioni sistem u BiH. Uzor primjene ovakvog penzionog sistema je Čile, zemlja koja služi kao svijetao primjer potpune neovisnosti pojedinca od penzionog sistema koji nameće država. Obavezno državno penziono osiguranje je ukinuto i svaki zaposleni uplaćuje svoje penziono osiguranje jednoj od mnogobrojnih konkurentskih firmi čija je glavna djelatnost upravljanje penzionim fondovima. Poslodavac mjesečno uplaćuje na privatni penzioni račun zaposlenog 10% njegove plate onoj firmi koju lično izabere, bez ikakvih dodatnih naknada državi u ime penzionog osiguranja. Zaposleni ima mogućnost da promjeni osiguravajuću firmu kad god poželi, ali isto tako mu nije smetnja da promijeni ni poslodavca, koji mu uplaćuje isti postotak od ukupnih primanja na račun firme koju je odabrao. Osoba se može penzionisati ako je ostvarila uslove za minimalnu penziju, koja je u visini prosječne, iako je starosna granica 65 odnosno 60 godina. Dakle, radni vijek osiguranika zavisi od visine njegovih akumuliranih sredstava na računu. Svaka penziona firma nudi svojim osiguranicima mogućnost projekcije ostvarivanja uslova za odlazak u penziju uz utvrđivanje određenih parametara. Program im omogućava da predvide dužinu svog radnog vijeka uz konkretne iznose štednje ili obratno, visinu štednje određuje za odabrani period godina koje želi da radi. Osiguranik nije vezan za konstantnu i utvrđenu visinu štednje, ona može varirati. Čak ni dugogodišnji prekid rada nije smetnja u realizaciji penzije. Interesantno je da su posljedice ovog penzionog sistema povećan životni standard, tako što su penzije u prosjeku duplo veće od onih ostvarenih u prethodnom sistemu. Preuzimanje sudbine u svoje ruke, Čileanci su nazvali "libertita" (osloboditeljka). Dakle, pozitivna iskustva Čilea se mogu sumirati na sljedeći način: Lični izbor osiguranika kojem će investicionom fondu povjeriti svoj novac• Lični izbor osiguranika o dužini svog radnog vijeka• Penzioneri imaju svoje lične štedne račune i ne zavise od politike ili vlade koja• određuje kriterije za preraspodjelu penzija osiguranicima Vlada ne nameće kriterije za visinu penzionih koeficijenata ili ukupnih iznosa• Penziona prava se ne moraju realizovati štrajkovima i pregovorima sa vladom• Nema sukcesivnog pooštravanja uslova penzionisanja• Iznosi penzija ne zavise o kreditnom zaduživanju države kod međunarodnih• finansijskih institucija. Iako je u uslovima BiH teško povjerovati da bi odgovorni organi vlasti mogli promovirati ovakav sistem, njegova realizacija bi sasvim izvjesno bila moguća. U tom slučaju, u periodu tranzicije bi obezbjeđivanje vanjskih izvora finansiranja bilo opravdano i racionalno. Svi dostupni unutrašnji izvori finansiranja bi trebali biti mobilizirani i zagovarana opšta štednja, kako bi se premostilo finansiranje već penzionisanih osoba, ali i onih koji se nalaze pred ostvarivanjem prava na penziju. Ovdje bi se aktueliziralo i važno pitanje kapitalizacije imovine sadašnjih PIO RS i FBiH. Stvarnost je da je rijetko koja Vlada spremna poduzeti restriktivne mjere u ime viših ciljeva za svoje cjelokupno stanovništvo, nego obično teži kratkoročnim programima koji brzo pokazuju rezultate i donose političke poene. U čileanskom slučaju su se rezultati počeli srednjeročno ostvarivati, a troškovi tranzicije bili su plaćeni zato što je postojala odlučnost vlasti da se reforma sprovede i opozicionisti je nisu mogli spriječiti. Isto tako, interesantno je osvrnuti se na zapažanja koja dolaze iz društava visoko razvijenih tržišnih ekonomija u kojim se navodi neodrživost PAYG sistema, te da je jedna od najvažnijih varijabli svakog penzionog sistema tržište rada (Labur Market). “…Konačno, najvažnija mjera nije područje penzione politike. Pokretanje reforme na tržištu rada Njemačke u cilju stvaranja prilika za zapošljavanje, samim tim i kompletnije radne biografije, posebno na samom dnu raspodjele zarada, koristilo bi finansijskoj imovini za njemački penzioni sistem.” I na kraju, s obzirom da nije moguće izbjeći ono što je realnost u svim reformskim procesima, pa tako i penzijskog osiguranja, mora se prodiskutirati trenutna politika u BiH unutar koje se proces odvija. Naravno da postoje intergrativne, ali i deizintergativne politike u BiH i da su one realnost i tako ih treba i posmatrati. Sve snage koje nastoje izvesti reformski proces penzionog sistema u BiH tako da sve kategorije socijalnih partnera budu zadovoljene i da se pri tome postigne efekt integracije BiH u jednu modernu evropsku državu, članicu EU, imaju pravo i obavezu da se konsolidiraju po ovoj osnovi.

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Da li je pretres redakcijske prostorije neustavan? Slučaj portala Klix.ba

Author(s): Edin Šarčević / Language(s): Bosnian

Poteškoće sa slučajem Klix.ba u pogledu kršenja osnovnih prava/sloboda započinju sa određivanjem područja zaštite. Čini se da slučaj govori u prilog zaštite putem osnovne slobode izražavanja mišljenja u formi slobode informisanja iz čl. II/3. h) Ustava BiH i člana 10 st. 1 EKLJP. Stvarno poručje zaštite je problematično s obzirom na razgraničenje slobode štampe od slobode informisanja, budući da za slobodu štampe važe nešto precizniji kriterijumi u pogledu zaštite novinarskih izvora. Kako se u slučaju Klix.ba radi o internet portalu i posredovanju informacija koje su od opšteg interesa, to se prema mome mišljenju slučaj mora podvesti pod povredu opšte slobode informisanja. Isto tako razgraničenje područja zaštite u odnosu na čl. 8 st. 1 EKLJP neće uvijek biti jednostavno zbog šireg pojma stana (doma) koji obuhvata i poslovne prostorije. Rješenje će se svaki put morati tražiti u elementima konkretnog slučaja koji ukazuju na tip djelatnosti i usku stvarnu ovisnost privatnosti sa obavljanjem djelatnosti i korištenjem prostora. U konstelaciji Klix.ba pretežni argumenti govore protiv proširenja pojma „dom“ na prostorije redakcije budući da su one korištene izvan svakog odnosa prema privatnosti kao poslovne prostorije jednog preduzeća. Sljedeća poteškoća slijedi iz pitanja da li je pretres radi otkrivanja počinioca krivičnog djela u opisanoj konstelaciji državno uplitanje u ovu slobodu. Strogo uzev, pretres ne sprečava Klix.ba ni da pribavlja ni da posreduje informacije. Međutim, on otkrivanjem informanata može u budućnosti biti spriječen da iznosi seriozne informacje za koje u javnosti postoji poseban interes i koje su inače od javnog interesa ali i od interesa za javnost. Zbog toga sam mišljenja da se mora potvrditi zadiranje ili uplitanje u ovo pravo, jer otkrivanje informanata i redakcijske tajne, zajedno sa oduzimanjem medija na kojima su zapamćeni podaci onemogućuje nosioca slobode informisanja da aktuelno i ubuduće, na najefektivniji način pribavlja i prenosi informacije. Problem opravdavanja državnog uplitanja u ovu slobodu je skopčan sa poteškoćama u pogledu ocjene da li je pretres legitimiran ciljevima iz čl. 10 st. 2 EKLJP i da li je ograničenje slobode informisanja srazmjerno cilju koji se želi postići (oktrivanju potencijalnog počinioca krivičnog djela). Iako se ni jedan od taksativnih ciljeva koji opravdavaju ograničenje ili uplitanje u osnovno pravo ne može primijeniti na legitimiranje pretresa u svrhu otkrivanja počinioca krivičnog djela, opravdaće ga nužnost u demokratskom društvu. Uplitanje ili ograničavanje osnovne slobode opravdava potreba države da održi na snazi krivičnopravni sistem. To je, po sebi, legitiman cilj s obzirom na nacionalni ustavni sistem i načelo vladavine prava iz člana I/2. Ustava BiH. Poteškoća u pogledu provjere srazmjernosti cilja koji se želi postići u odnosu na nedostatke koje pogađaju adresata konvencijske slobode sastoji se u uzimanju u obzir sadržaja sporne informacije zajedno sa ocjenom njenog značaja za javnost. U suštini, radi se o procjeni da li postoji izražen interes javnosti da se sazna sadržaj razgovora koji je predmet istrage i da li je on takvog značaja da može isključiti istragu o informantu kao eventualnom počiniocu krivičnog djela. Mišljenja sam da se u postojećoj konstelaciji prednost mora dati zaštiti slobode na informisanje zbog sadržaja razgovora koji je predmet informacije. S tim u vezi i zaključak da se iz prikazanog slučaja ne mogu izvesti poopćivi stavovi o redakcijskim pretresima i otkrivanju redakcijske tajne ili informanata. Svaki put će postojanje povrede sloboda zagarantiranih u čl. 10 EKLJP zavisiti od konkretne forme i od zaštićenog područja: povrede slobode štampe će se teže opravdavati od povreda slobode informisanja, ili otkrivanje informanata i redakcijske tajne u formi pretresa će se moći okvalificirati kao povreda slobode iz čl. 10 EKLJP, zavisno od ciljeva koji se pretresom žele postići. Prikazani slučaj, i to je jedini poopćivi stav, dokazuje da postoji akutna potreba razjašnjavanja pravnih pozicija u području zaštite redakcijske tajne.

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Da li je prikupljanje i obrada podataka o imovini sudija u skladu sa ustavom i zakonom? (Zabrana Agencije za zaštitu ličnih podataka da se putem VSTV-a obrađuju lični podaci sudija i tužilaca)

Author(s): Demirel Delić / Language(s): Bosnian

The Agency for the Protection of Personal Data in Bosnia and Herzegovina, in an ex officio procedure, assesses the legality of processing personal data of judges and prosecutors in the manner prescribed by the Rulebook on Submission, Verification and Processing of Financial Statements of Judges and Prosecutors through the High Judicial and Prosecutorial Council of BiH, 05 in March 2019, issued a Decision (Decision of the Agency) that prohibited the HJPC BiH from processing the personal data of judges and prosecutors (paragraph I) in the manner prescribed by the Rulebook and paragraph II obliged the HJPC to notify the Agency within 15 days from the date of receipt of the decision on undertaken activities for the implementation of the said paragraph I. On the occasion of this Decision of the Agency, the HJPC of BiH, adopted the following conclusions: 1. The HJPC made a decision to postpone the application of the Rules for an indefinite period of time until the problem is resolved. 2. The HJPC has adopted the conclusion that it will organize a meeting with the Agency in order to overcome the problems. 3. Unless a favorable solution is found in negotiations with the Agency, the HJPC will, within the legal deadline, place an adequate remedy on the decision of the Agency. 4. After integrating with the Agency, the HJPC BiH Integrity Working Group will, in any case, proceed with the creation of a reserve option in terms of the Rulebook that will be applicable in 2019, and 5. Concerning the above conclusions, the Agency will be notified in order to execute the Agency's decision. In the explanation of the Agency's Decision, several points are noted that indicate serious failures in the procedure and in the application of legal solutions and standards on a particular case. In this case, the standard of fair treatment has been violated: the Agency received the complaint of the association of judges, which was clearly explained in detail, and then Agency stated that it acted ex officio, explaining that it was an indisputable fact because the Rulebook was published on the website of the HJPC. It is factually undisputed that it is not a procedure initiated ex officio and that the Agency fingers the action on its own initiative. Bearing in mind that all the arguments of the association of judges are related to the content of the Rulebook and that the Agency formally legally acted ex officio, it would be possible to present this procedure as an ex officio procedure. In order to understand the element of injustice, it is necessary to take into account the fact that the procedure was guided as an urgent (shortened) procedure. From the perspective of the legal layman, the question is whether the processing of financial statements is now controversial. If so, the explanation of the solution is completely contradictory. Namely, if only processing is controversial in the sense of the Rulebook, then the reasoning of the Decision goes beyond the boundaries of the pronouncement of the Decision, because the Agency enters into the argumentation of parts which were not even subject to the procedure ex officio. Asked whether the HJPC Rulebook is constitutional and legitimate, it is appropriate to implement the so-called tripartite test on allegations of violation of human right to private life (protection of personal data). The test consists of three steps. The answer to each of the questions asked must be positive (cumulative conditions) in order to establish that the Rulebook is constitutional and lawful. The Agency finds in the decision that the HJPC has adopted the Rulebook imposing obligations and interfering with the right to privacy of judges, prosecutors and their relatives, contrary to the provisions of the Law on HJPC BiH, the Law on Identification Number Act and the provisions of the Convention against Corruption. The provision of Article 86 of the Law on HJPC "Reporting of the HJPC on Activities" prescribes that judges and prosecutors submit to the Council an annual report stating, inter alia, the activities that they have performed outside the duties of the judge or prosecutor, including amounts that they have collected. [...] The Council sends forms for financial statements and may request additional information. In order to establish the limits of data (information) that the HJPC may require during the submission of annual reports, it is necessary to systematically interpret the relevant legal provision. The Agency applied a systemic interpretation of the norm. Nevertheless, the Agency has obviously overlooked (which was not allowed to do the following methodology of applying systemic interpretation) the general provision of the Law on the HJPC BiH prescribed (Article 3) that the HJPC has the task of ensuring independent, impartial and professional judiciary. In terms of the general provisions of the Act, as well as the provisions of Chapter VIII and in particular Article 86, the Agency concluded that the sole purpose of submitting, verifying and processing financial reports is to prevent conflicts of interest between judges and prosecutors, in the sense that the concept is understood by the Agency. This conclusion is wrong. Namely, the attitude that regulated data processing for the purpose of testing the origin of assets and determining the financial imbalance is not identical with the purpose of preventing conflict of interest is absurd and is in contrast to the purpose of the financial report. Accordingly, the incorrect conclusion is that the Law precludes the search for data that exceeds the annual financial activity. The law is really created by an abstract formulation, which does not concretize the details of the required elements from the financial report. But it does not demand anything that would be contrary to the ECHR in accordance with the standards of the required quality of the law. Namely, it is sufficient according to the standards of the ECHR that the law (here on the Law on HJPC BiH, but also the Rulebook) is accessible, predictable, assessable and understandable, then the criterion of the legality of the act is fulfilled. In the instruction on the legal remedy of the Agency's decision, it was indicated that an appeal is not allowed against the ruling, but an administrative dispute can be initiated before the Court of BiH within 60 days from the date of delivery of the decision. Therefore, the option is to initiate an administrative dispute in accordance with the Law in Administrative Disputes of Bosnia and Herzegovina.

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Da li je u Bosni i Hercegovini moguće uspostaviti sistem socijalne zaštite na državnom nivou: pravni osnov i potreba njihove dopune/izmjene

Author(s): Aida Hunček-Pita / Language(s): Bosnian

We can agree that in the field of social protection in Bosnia and Herzegovina, confusion prevails because of lack of social policies at the state level, and misunderstanding the basic concepts of social protection, social insurance, social assistance and social needs. Contribution to this situation was made by laws that were enacted at different levels, and also their disparity in the definition of rights, the categorization as well as the amount of financial benefits for the same categories of socially vulnerable citizens. By this manner, authorities at all levels contribute to further violations of civil rights and discrimination among citizens, particularly those socially most vulnerable.

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Publisher: Fondacija Centar za javno pravo