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PUBLIC POLICIES OF THE EUROPEAN UNION Cover Image

PUBLIC POLICIES OF THE EUROPEAN UNION
PUBLIC POLICIES OF THE EUROPEAN UNION

Contributor(s): Zsófia Asztalos (Editor), Csaba Pákozdy (Editor)
Subject(s): EU-Approach / EU-Accession / EU-Development
Published by: Publishing Inc. European Readings & Prodifmultimedia/Editura Napoca Star
Keywords: Movement of Goods; Movement of Persons; Movement of Services; movement of capital; European Tax Policy;

Series: European Readings

  • Print-ISBN-13: 978-973-7794-59-8
  • Page Count: 272
  • Publication Year: 2008
  • Language: English
I. Internal Market Law (INTRODUCTION)

I. Internal Market Law (INTRODUCTION)
(I. Internal Market Law (INTRODUCTION))

  • Author(s):Zsófia Asztalos
  • Language:English
  • Subject(s):Economy, EU-Approach / EU-Accession / EU-Development
  • Page Range:19-38
  • No. of Pages:20
  • Keywords:free movements in EU-market;
  • Summary/Abstract:The European Internal Market (or in other terms »Single Market«) means the free movement of people, goods, services and capital. On a practical level, it means the possibility for EU citizens to live, work, study and do business throughout the EU as well as to enjoy a wide choice of competitively priced goods and services. The single market is the core of Europe‘s endeavour. For citizens, it means the right to live and work in another EU country, and to access a wider choice of quality products and services at lower prices. For business, it means operating on a domestic market of 500 million people, based on the rule of law, with mutual respect and trust. The single market is more important than ever.
II. Tax Policy in The European Union

II. Tax Policy in The European Union
(II. Tax Policy in The European Union)

  • Author(s):Éva Erdős
  • Language:English
  • Subject(s):EU-Approach / EU-Accession / EU-Development, Public Finances
  • Page Range:39-54
  • No. of Pages:16
  • Keywords:VAT;
  • Summary/Abstract:Taxation is central to national sovereignty, for without revenue governments cannot conduct policy. It is an instrument of economic regulation which can be used to influence consumption, encourage saving or shape the way in which companies are organised. Tax policy is essential to all Member States, and a country’s actions can have an impact not only at home but also in neighbouring countries. In the European Unions single market, Member States need to work together and not strike out in different directions on tax policy. In order to establish the internal market, the system of consumption taxes had to be as neutral as possible. Where tax rebates on exports of goods from one Member State to another were higher than the amounts actually paid they acted as export subsidies. For that reason the Community adopted the value added tax (VAT), although at the time it was introduced Member States were allowed to set their own rates.
III. Introduction into the development and the operation of the European economic and monetary union

III. Introduction into the development and the operation of the European economic and monetary union
(III. Introduction into the development and the operation of the European economic and monetary union)

  • Author(s):Zoltán Angyal
  • Language:English
  • Subject(s):Supranational / Global Economy, EU-Approach / EU-Accession / EU-Development
  • Page Range:55-68
  • No. of Pages:14
  • Keywords:monetary union; economic integration
  • Summary/Abstract:The integration accomplishments of the last decades of the 20th century were a great progress on the way to the European unity. In this period, a group of European states reached a high level of economic integration that no other states with similar historical background had been able to. This form of integration, the Economic and Monetary Union became known as EMU both generally and in the technical literature. The establishment of EMU can be valued as a key turning point of the European integration process lasting for over half a century, whose most visible result was the introduction of the single currency. From this viewpoint, the main consequence of the EMU is the fact that the European thought has become tangible for many hundreds of millions of European citizens until now. The physical introduction of the Euro contributes to strengthening of the European identity indisputably. Until then, there was a very long way to go. Numerous political, financial, economic, and last but not least, institutional and legal conditions had to be fulfilled for this plan to come true. One of these was the establishment and successful running of an institutional system, which can help to determine and to carry out the common monetary policy.
IV. The Economic and Monetary Policy in Romania

IV. The Economic and Monetary Policy in Romania
(IV. The Economic and Monetary Policy in Romania)

  • Author(s):Mihaela Kardos
  • Language:English
  • Subject(s):Supranational / Global Economy, EU-Approach / EU-Accession / EU-Development, Public Finances
  • Page Range:69-72
  • No. of Pages:4
  • Summary/Abstract:Starting with the moment of Romanias accession in EU, it practically reached the first phase of participation to the Economic and Monetary Union (EMU). Romania has the obligation to prepare itself for the third phase of this state of economic integration, meaning the introduction of the single currency as a mean of payment. Up to the 1st of January 2007, it prepared the EU accession (Copenhagen criteria), including the liberalization of capital circulation, passing to Euro reference (March 2003), law modifying the National Romanian Bank (NRB) statute (end of 2004), passing to the strategy of monetary policy based on inflation targeting (August 2005). After the accession, Romania must demonstrate efforts for respecting the Maastricht criteria for participation to Exchange Rate Mechanism (ERM) 2. In this context, the first measures were already taken: a policy of inflation direct targeting by NBR, continuing the liberalization of the capital account transactions, functioning the Electronic Payment System, redenomination of national currency. Regarding the inflation rate, it is continuously decreasing, 2004 was the first year with an inflation of a single figure. The prognosis for 2007 is an inflation rate of 4.5%, 3.5% for 2008 and 3% for 2009.
V. State Aid Policy

V. State Aid Policy
(V. State Aid Policy)

  • Author(s):Mihaela Kardos
  • Language:English
  • Subject(s):National Economy, EU-Approach / EU-Accession / EU-Development
  • Page Range:73-78
  • No. of Pages:6
  • Summary/Abstract:It is of fundamental importance that competitors operate on an equal basis. Faced with free trade between Member States and the opening of public services to competition, national authorities sometimes want to use public resources to promote certain economic activities or to protect national industries. The granting of these resources is known as state aid. State aid can distort fair and effective competition between companies in Member States and harm the economy, which is why theEuropean Commission monitors State aid.
VI. Public Procurement Policy

VI. Public Procurement Policy
(VI. Public Procurement Policy)

  • Author(s):Mihaela Kardos
  • Language:English
  • Subject(s):Public Administration, EU-Approach / EU-Accession / EU-Development
  • Page Range:79-87
  • No. of Pages:9
  • Summary/Abstract:Public procurement concerns the purchase of goods and services, and also the ordering of works, by a public authority such as a national government department, a local authority or any of their dependent bodies. In 2006, it amounted to more than 1,500 billion, or 16% of the gross domestic product (GDP) of the EU. Public procurement is therefore of considerable economic importance in the single market. The opening up of public procurement within the Internal Market has increased cross- border competition and improved prices paid by public authorities. There remains potential for significant further competition in procurement markets and for further savings for taxpayers.
VII. Common Agricultural Policy

VII. Common Agricultural Policy
(VII. Common Agricultural Policy)

  • Author(s):Janos Ede Szilágyi
  • Language:English
  • Subject(s):Agriculture, EU-Approach / EU-Accession / EU-Development, Socio-Economic Research
  • Page Range:88-104
  • No. of Pages:17
  • Summary/Abstract:The agricultural and rural constituency is important. Rural areas cover 90 % of the European Union’s territory and are home to approximately 50 % of its population. Agriculture and forestry are the main land users and play a key role in the management of natural resources in rural areas and in determining the rural landscape. Agriculture makes a valuable contribution to the socio-economic development of rural areas and full realization of their growth potential.
VIII. Regional Policy of the European Union

VIII. Regional Policy of the European Union
(VIII. Regional Policy of the European Union)

  • Author(s):András Torma
  • Language:English
  • Subject(s):EU-Approach / EU-Accession / EU-Development
  • Page Range:105-124
  • No. of Pages:20
  • Summary/Abstract:Regional policy is one of the most important policies of the European Communities. It started with the entry into force of the Treaty of Rome, and was fundamentally reformed in 2006. Basically it serves backward areas (regions) faster development compared to the community average fundamental by passing considerable community development sources (Structural Funds, Cohesion Fund) to these areas beside severe community law regulations.
IX. The Regional Policy in Romania

IX. The Regional Policy in Romania
(IX. The Regional Policy in Romania)

  • Author(s):Mihaela Kardos
  • Language:English
  • Subject(s):International relations/trade, EU-Approach / EU-Accession / EU-Development
  • Page Range:125-128
  • No. of Pages:4
  • Summary/Abstract:According to the accession requests, as they appear in the documents, Romania must demonstrate: the existence of a legal framework and territorial organization similar to the communitarian ones, programming capacity, administrative capacity, financial and budgetary management capacity. As an exercise of preparation in fulfilling these criteria was the access to pre-accession instruments (PHARE, ISPA and SAPARD), representing the equivalent of solidarity funds for accession countries.
X. Cohesion Policy

X. Cohesion Policy
(X. Cohesion Policy)

  • Author(s):István Olajos
  • Language:English
  • Subject(s):EU-Approach / EU-Accession / EU-Development
  • Page Range:129-142
  • No. of Pages:14
  • Summary/Abstract:The fundamental aim of EU’s cohesive policy is the strengthening of the Community’s economical and social solidarity, the harmonic progression of the whole Community, the closing of the gap of the regions with a less beneficial situation. The cohesive policy and it’s supporting systems of asset (for example: Structural Funds and Cohesion Fund) are the most important assurances at union level of the strengthening of economical and social convergence.
XI. Environment Policy

XI. Environment Policy
(XI. Environment Policy)

  • Author(s):Csilla Csák
  • Language:English
  • Subject(s):Energy and Environmental Studies, Environmental and Energy policy, EU-Approach / EU-Accession / EU-Development
  • Page Range:143-159
  • No. of Pages:17
  • Summary/Abstract:The Treaty of Rome has not implied environmental protection provisions yet. The danger of the exhaustion of the natural resources and the tendencies of the environment quality extending over borders from the 70s became increasingly more perceptible and the drafting of the protection became necessary in the Community level. That tendency which can be perceived economically motivated the appearance of the environment policy, according to which the different environmental protection regulation of the member states produces trade limiting, competition distorting, cost- increasing effects, and carries the risk of these.
XII. Social Policy and Employment Policy

XII. Social Policy and Employment Policy
(XII. Social Policy and Employment Policy)

  • Author(s):Nóra Jakab, Hilda Tóth
  • Language:English
  • Subject(s):Economic policy, EU-Approach / EU-Accession / EU-Development, Socio-Economic Research
  • Page Range:160-178
  • No. of Pages:19
  • Summary/Abstract:In the Treaty of Rome, social and employment policy was practically neglected. In fact, most of the provisions in this field related to the creation of freedom of movement for workers and freedom of establishment for the purpose of the common market. In contrast, the Treaty of Amsterdam attached importance to social policy in the fight against all types of discrimination. According to the aims of Lisbon Strategy, the European Union provides major impetus for the convergence of Community and national policies through the open coordination method.
XIII. The European Union Policies in the field of Science, Education and Technology

XIII. The European Union Policies in the field of Science, Education and Technology
(XIII. The European Union Policies in the field of Science, Education and Technology)

  • Author(s):Aurel Burciu, Simion Costea, Mihai Pascaru
  • Language:English
  • Subject(s):Education, State/Government and Education, EU-Approach / EU-Accession / EU-Development
  • Page Range:179-206
  • No. of Pages:28
  • Summary/Abstract:During a half of century, the European construction have grown step by step and nowadays we can discuss about a European Federative State (EU), consisting in 27 member states and an internal market with about 500 millions citizens; similar with the public policies promoted by the member states on domains or sectors, the analysts discuss about the Communitys policies promoted by various institutions/organizations of the EU (European Council, European Committee etc.). Regarding the EU institutions and various macro strategies at the European level, promoted by these institutions, through public policy we are referring to the action direction or the lack of the action that a public authority opt for (European Council, European Commission etc.) in order to solve a specific issue; when we say public authority we mention European Commission especially, as executive of the EU, inclusively national public authorities; we also mention some specific aspects of the public policies.
XIV. E-Government

XIV. E-Government
(XIV. E-Government)

  • Author(s):Gyula-Balázs Csáki
  • Language:English
  • Subject(s):Governance, Public Administration, EU-Approach / EU-Accession / EU-Development
  • Page Range:207-212
  • No. of Pages:6
  • Summary/Abstract:The world keeps changing and we also change with these processes. At the same time our expectations change and so do certain elements of certain terms too. Democracy does not mean the same as in ancient states of Hellas. Citizens expect from a state more then just to defend their properties or to ensure the freedom of religion. The model of commanding public administration changed in the first half of the 20th century and the primacy of the hierarchic relationships began to fade.
XV. Health Policy

XV. Health Policy
(XV. Health Policy)

  • Author(s):Mihai Pascaru, Călina Ana Buţiu
  • Language:English
  • Subject(s):Welfare systems, Health and medicine and law, Welfare services
  • Page Range:213-231
  • No. of Pages:19
  • Summary/Abstract:In modern societies, states accompany citizens throughout life, from birth to death to an extent unknown in history of social development. It is a remark of Axel Groenemeyer (2007), who talk about one defining characteristic of modern societies, as one politically framed and regulated. The regulations and framework consist not just in legal rules and patterns of resources for social claims but also in creating a symbolic order and a system of reference for social construction of social problems. Also, it constitutes an important cultural and social frame of reference for standards of normality and reasonableness relating to the social problems.
XVI. Judicial Cooperation in Civil Matters

XVI. Judicial Cooperation in Civil Matters
(XVI. Judicial Cooperation in Civil Matters)

  • Author(s):Zsuzsa Wopera, Adrienn Nagy
  • Language:English
  • Subject(s):EU-Approach / EU-Accession / EU-Development, EU-Legislation
  • Page Range:232-245
  • No. of Pages:14
  • Summary/Abstract:The idea of the harmonization of the civil procedure law has  although with changing intensity  been on the agenda ever since the institutions of the European integration were established. The primary aim of the establishment of the European Communities was to set up a single internal market. To achieve this, on the one hand, the possibility of the recognition and enforcement of judgments adopted in another Member States, and the simplification of its regulations had to be ensured; on the other hand, with the respect to effective legal protection of citizens, the possibility of parallel procedures had to be minimized, namely the rules of jurisdiction had to be standardised as well.
XVII. Asylum, refugee and minorities

XVII. Asylum, refugee and minorities
(XVII. Asylum, refugee and minorities)

  • Author(s):Csaba Pákozdy
  • Language:English
  • Subject(s):EU-Approach / EU-Accession / EU-Development, Asylum, Refugees, Migration as Policy-fields
  • Page Range:246-256
  • No. of Pages:11
  • Summary/Abstract:The development of the regulation Currently at the time of the European Unions development (March 2008), after the failure of the establishing a Constitution for Europe, the Treaty of Lisbon signed on 13 December 2007 forecasts a deeper integration for the Union. The Community has to face new challenges, but other elements of the system, like the Schengen cooperation, still work in a more developed way; the enlargement of the system goes on according to the agenda laid down by the Treaties.
ANEX: European Council in Copenhagen 21-22 June 1993, Conclusions of the Presidency

ANEX: European Council in Copenhagen 21-22 June 1993, Conclusions of the Presidency
(ANEX: European Council in Copenhagen 21-22 June 1993, Conclusions of the Presidency)

  • Author(s):Author Not Specified
  • Language:English
  • Subject(s):EU-Approach / EU-Accession / EU-Development
  • Page Range:257-262
  • No. of Pages:6
Bibliography

Bibliography
(Bibliography)

  • Author(s):Author Not Specified
  • Language:English
  • Subject(s):Bibliography, EU-Approach / EU-Accession / EU-Development
  • Page Range:263-266
  • No. of Pages:4
Biographies of contributors

Biographies of contributors
(Biographies of contributors)

  • Author(s):Author Not Specified
  • Language:English
  • Subject(s):Bibliography
  • Page Range:267-274
  • No. of Pages:8
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