SKUTECZNOŚĆ OGRANICZANIA DEFICYTU SEKTORA FINANSÓW PUBLICZNYCH I ZARZĄDZANIA DŁUGIEM PUBLICZNYM W POLSCE W ŚWIETLE WYZWAŃ PANDEMICZNYCH I POSTPANDEMICZNYCH
EFFECTIVENESS OF REDUCING THE DEFICIT AND PUBLIC DEBT MANAGEMENT IN POLAND IN THE LIGHT OF PANDEMIC AND POST-PANDEMIC CHALLENGES

Summary/Abstract: This article aims to evaluate the effectiveness of reducing the public finance sector deficit and managing public debt in Poland between 2018 and 2024, with particular attention to the challenges arising from the COVID-19 pandemic and the subsequent post-pandemic period. The study applies a critical review of the economic literature and a descriptive approach supported by empirical data from the Ministry of Finance of the Republic of Poland and Eurostat. It examines the deficit-to-GDP and public debt-to-GDP ratios, their dynamics, and the influence of extra-statutory mechanisms. The study also analyses the legal foundations of public finance governance in Poland and in the EU, identifying existing regulatory gaps. The results indicate that Poland preserved relative fiscal stability under crisis conditions by flexibly employing extra-budgetary institutions (Bank Gospodarstwa Krajowego, Polski Fundusz Rozwoju) and by taking advantage of the temporary suspension of EU fiscal rules. However, the findings also reveal limited transparency in these measures and substantial discrepancies between national and EU methodologies for public debt measurement. Compared with other Central and Eastern European economies, Poland exhibited moderate fiscal risk, alongside growing pressures in public debt servicing.

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