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Bulgarians and Bulgaria in the Last Quarter of the Nineteenth Century in Jan Grzegorzewski’s Publications (Internal Policy, Foreign Policy)

Bulgarians and Bulgaria in the Last Quarter of the Nineteenth Century in Jan Grzegorzewski’s Publications (Internal Policy, Foreign Policy)

Author(s): Jarosław Rubacha / Language(s): English Issue: 1/2017

The period of five-century “Turkish yoke” of the Bulgarian lands brought up many deep and multifaceted changes in almost all areas of social life. The Bulgarian population, pushed aside on the margin of social life and deprived of almost all public rights, were unable to reconstruct their elites, destroyed physically and ideologically during the Turkish invasion of the Balkans. And it was for this reason that on the threshold of independence the Bulgarians had only a handful of people prepared to lead the nation and to perform a public service both on a local and national scale. The issue became especially important after Bulgaria regained its statehood in 1878, and social and economic problems of the young state were aggravated by the rivalry of the great powers fighting for influence in this part of Europe, which effectively attracted the attention of developing political milieux. This caused never-ending disputes within the Bulgarian political circles between supporters of a rapprochement with the West and advocates of closer relations with Russia, which, in turn, led not only to numerous political crises, but also implied changes in the highest levels of the government. Only the utmost determination did make it possible for the Bulgarians to overcome internal political problems and to make Bulgaria the leader of other Balkan countries already in the early 19th century. Those complex processes were observed, described and commented upon by Jan Grzegorzewski, and his texts are a perfect source of knowledge both for historians, and other scholars.

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The Construction of the Catholic Church in Nikolsk-Ussuriysky (Ussuriysk) in the Light of the Russian State Historical Archive of the Far East in Vladivostok

The Construction of the Catholic Church in Nikolsk-Ussuriysky (Ussuriysk) in the Light of the Russian State Historical Archive of the Far East in Vladivostok

Author(s): Przemysław Adamczewski / Language(s): English,Russian Issue: 1/2017

The article presents documents pertaining to the construction of a Catholic church at Ussuriysk, kept in the Russian State Historical Archive of the Far East in Vladivostok. The documents span the period between 1912 and 1921. They reveal that the Municipal Duma of Ussuriysk was in favour of the construction of a Catholic church in the town; this could be concluded from the fact that they gave free of charge a lot of land to the community of Catholics for that purpose. But the church was built on the lot belonging to a local entrepreneur, a certain Feliks Steckiewicz, for it was more suited to the needs of the Catholics due to its central location in the town. Initially Steckiewicz declared his intention to give the land to the Catholic parish. And because he was held in high esteem by the local community, he was put at the lead of a committee for the construction of the church. This made it possible for him to spent money collected by the faithful without any control. A conflict within the committee started when its members demanded financial reports. Steckiewicz never presented a financial statement; in addition, he withdrew his donation of land and demanded that the Catholic parish paid him for the church building constructed on his lot. Archival documents disprove the thesis, popular in the literature on the subject, that Steckiewicz’s actions were motivated by his fear of a growing strength of the Bolsheviks in Primorsky Krai and a possibility of nationalisation. The reasons for his actions were more mundane – his character that made it impossible for him to reach an agreement with the committee, and financial matters. This seems all the more probable in the light of testimonies of witnesses in court. They emphasised that Steckiewicz withdrew his donation of land to the church only after the committee requested financial reports and tallies of his expenses. It seems, therefore, that the local Polish community quarrelled not for political reasons, but financial matters related to the construction of a church.

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Russian Emigrants and Polish Underground in 1939–1948

Russian Emigrants and Polish Underground in 1939–1948

Author(s): Hubert Kuberski / Language(s): English Issue: 1/2017

The present article brings up a practically forgotten episode in the history of Russian emigration. An archival inquiry revealed the engagement of several Russian post-revolutionary émigrés in the fight against the Germans during World War II in the territory of occupied Poland. The persons described in this concise article are an example of unconventional behaviour. One year ago, the author of the present article, when asked on which side Russian émigrés had fought in World War II, answered: on the German side, against the Bolsheviks. However, numerous discourses with experts and the reading of several books on this subject changed his opinion; and the contact with a living eyewitness of history, who remembers the events described in the article, proved to be priceless. The article is devoted to the fate of Russian anti-communist émigrés, called “Whites”, engaged in the fight against the National Socialist Germans and Austrians. Several glorious examples are mentioned here, such as the forgotten Tumanow brothers (unknown even to the Warsaw Uprising Museum), Jurasow, Kurochkin, or Tryfonow, who all fought in the Polish Home Army of the Navahrudak (Nowogródek) and Wilno/Vilno areas. The article is not exhaustive, as some other figures should be mentioned as well, namely Aleksandr Grigorovich, Jan Szaliłow (“Renek”), Dmitri Sokoltsov, or Irena Tamara Misztal (Tamara Pyetukhova). They have actively engaged in resistance, and fought as if against all tendencies, against the easier life – and often risking theirs. This fascinating and unknown episode of World War II requires a deeper systematisation and the verification of numerous biographies of the representatives of the pre-war post-revolutionary Russian diaspora living in the Second Polish Republic, who spent the war fighting “for our freedom and yours”.

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The Iron Curtain as an Aspect of the Sovietisation of Eastern Europe in 1949–1953

The Iron Curtain as an Aspect of the Sovietisation of Eastern Europe in 1949–1953

Author(s): Paweł Bielicki / Language(s): English Issue: 1/2017

Sovietisation of Eastern Europe by the Soviet Union at the turn of the 1950s was a consequence of the division of Europe and strengthened the so-called Iron Curtain. The restrictions of the Iron Curtain included the ban on all travel to the West, except of delegations of sportsmen and some of the members of security services of those countries. Rapid Sovietisation made the nations subjected by the Soviet Union realise how helpless they were and how impossible it was to oppose such a reign of permanent terror of all social groups hostile to communism. Societies became apathetic, passive and submissive to the USSR, seeing it as the only possibility of existence. It is related to one of principal purposes of Sovietisation at the end of the Stalinist period, quite oft en neglected: its consequences for the social development of subsequent generations of indoctrinated societies. The period of Iron Curtain led to the growing civilisation and mentality distance between East-European countries and the West. The implementation of the Marshall Plan and some basis of economic integration of the countries members of the European Coal and Steel Community in the 1950s contributed to an enormous rise of the standard of living, contrary to the states under communist control. For many decades Sovietisation destroyed the generations able to criticise the authorities, but also willing to cooperate with the state. It contributed to a multi-layered demoralisation of societies. Some of social customs of those times, such as robbing the state through tax avoidance or embezzlement of public money through obtaining social allowances under false pretence, are still present in contemporary post-communist states. Taking of some features of the Russian despotism, such as mistrust, envy, contempt for the weak, or egoism, perpetuated many stereotypes of people from Eastern Europe. The division of the world made by the Big Three and sealed during the Stalinist period made it impossible for the Eastern European nations to know new currents of thoughts, and significantly limited their sense of independence and ability to make independent decisions. Consequences of this process are still present in various dimensions of socio-cultural and political life.

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On the Polish National and Territorial Autonomy in Lithuania (the Spring–Summer of 1991)

On the Polish National and Territorial Autonomy in Lithuania (the Spring–Summer of 1991)

Author(s): Vladas Sirutavičius / Language(s): English Issue: 1/2017

A new system of Polish-Lithuanian relations was shaped manly by the passivity of Poles inhabiting the eastern Lithuania in the plebiscite organised by the Lithuanian government on 9 February 1991, and a decision of the authorities of Vilnius and Šalčininkai (Polish: Sołeczniki) regions to hold a referendum, initiated by Mikhail Gorbachev, on the future of the Soviet Union to turn it into a new, loose confederation of states, which was not recognized by the Lithuanian authorities. Such an attitude of Lithuanian Poles was determined by several factors. Firstly, the Soviet social and economic structure; secondly, for a large part of people the old governments of the Vilnius and Šalčininkai districts and the memory of the Lithuanian Soviet Socialist Republic guaranteed stability and predictability. The soviet structures were more trusted than a newly introduced, not strong yet Lithuanian social and political order. The sense of threat was intensified by an unquestionable domination of Lithuanians on all levels of the new hierarchy. Social and political reforms were perceived by the Polish minority in Lithuania through the prism of a rule of the majority. For the rest of the Lithuanian society (except of the Russian minority) such an attitude was completely incomprehensible. In such complex geopolitical circumstances Poles from the regions of Vilnius and Šalčininkai decided to convene a congress of deputies of the Vilnius and Šalčininkai regions to Mostiškės. According to a project adopted at the Congress, the Vilnius district was to become “an autonomous administrative-territorial unit within the Lithuanian Republic”, with a broad political autonomy. In the opinion of Lithuanians, however, the region of Vilnius should not be “an autonomous administrative-territorial unit of the Lithuanian State”, but form a part of Lithuanian federation. This meant that the Poles wanted to enlarge the status of the Vilnius region and to strengthen its autonomy within Lithuania. The implementation of such a project would mean a decentralisation of the state. In a complex geopolitical situation of that time all attempts at the decentralisation of the country was regarded by the Lithuanian political elite as the threat of the security of the young Lithuanian state, its sovereignty and territorial integrity.

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Wprowadzenie: Formy komunikowania – nowe obszary duszpasterskiej troski – część II

Wprowadzenie: Formy komunikowania – nowe obszary duszpasterskiej troski – część II

Author(s): / Language(s): Polish Issue: 1/2018

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A communication reflection from Evangelii Gaudium: Teachings for Church Institutional Communications

A communication reflection from Evangelii Gaudium: Teachings for Church Institutional Communications

Author(s): Daniel Arasa / Language(s): English Issue: 1/2018

The Apostolic Exhortation Evangelii gaudium is the fruit of Pope Francis’ reflection on the 13thOrdinary General Assembly of the Synod of Bishops, gathered in October 2012 which discussed thesubject “The New Evangelization for the Transmission of the Christian Faith”. We analyze the Pope’sdocument from a communication perspective. However, this article will not present the communicationtheories behind the text, but extract some practical teachings and principles useful for Church communicators.The title of the exhortation, “The Joy of the Gospel”, is a perfect synthesis of the Pope’s toneand intention, and brings one naturally to the conclusion that Church communicators play a particularrole in the task of evangelization, as sowers of peace and dialogue in the world.

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Religijność we współczesnych reportażach

Religijność we współczesnych reportażach

Author(s): Barbara Bogołębska / Language(s): Polish Issue: 1/2018

The author analyses the presence of a religious factor in selected religious and social features.The analysis objects are texts by Jacek Tacik, Piotr Nestorowicz, Renzo and Robert Allegri,Włodzimierz Kalicki, Krzysztof Kąkolewski, Marcin Wójcika, Wojciech Bojanowski, Magdalena Grochowska,Beata Pawlak, Łukasz Wojtusik and WojciechTochman. In her research the author presentsthe clash between sacrum and profanum in the Church and overlapping investigative, political, medical,historical and travelling aspects. This text is an attempt to complement feature genres which are commonlyused in scientific world by a feature with religious (confessional) subject.

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Teologiczny wymiar objawień maryjnych w Guadalupe
i jego komunikacja

Teologiczny wymiar objawień maryjnych w Guadalupe i jego komunikacja

Author(s): Tomasz Chlebowski / Language(s): Polish Issue: 1/2018

The aim of this article is to present theological aspects of Guadelupe apparitions. The authorfocuses on the truth of those apparitions pursuant to the symbolism and message they convey. Thedocuments mentioned in the article cover the testimonies of both supporters and skeptics of those apparitions.Then we present some elements, which point out to some particularities of the miraculousGuadelupe image, its theological message and significance for believers with a special reference to theapproval of this devotion by the Church. From the research it is clear that the image of the Holy Virginof Guadelupe contains distinct and deep theological message not just Marian but also Christologicalone. Undoubtedly, this miraculous image with its message served not only to manifest folk devotion butit also contributed to the deepening of authentic Christian faith.

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Wizerunek katolickich organizacji pozarządowych w mediach – kilka uwag do metodologii badań

Wizerunek katolickich organizacji pozarządowych w mediach – kilka uwag do metodologii badań

Author(s): Rafał Leśniczak / Language(s): Polish Issue: 1/2018

The aim of this article is to present and explain the following issues related to methodology ofmedia image research of Catholic NGOs: complementarity of quantitative and qualitative research;possibility of interdisciplinary research approach of understanding Catholic organization identity; interpretationof research results, taking into account the declarative status of an organization; the appropriatenessof the selection of qualities and categories of the classification key as a tool for quantitativeand qualitative research; problem of representativeness of research samples. The text is therefore conceptualin nature, it refers to studies by media experts and political scientists, whose area of interest arethe institutional structure of the Catholic Church, its clergy and widely understood ecclesiastic matters.

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Świeckość państwa w nauczaniu Josepha Ratzingera-Benedykta XVI

Świeckość państwa w nauczaniu Josepha Ratzingera-Benedykta XVI

Author(s): Dominik Lubiński / Language(s): Polish Issue: 1/2018

This article attempts to offer several keys to understand the relation and reference between religiousvalues and temporal social order and its political dimension. The Pope, on the basis of the autonomyof temporary realities, recognizes a positive role of religion in public life. In a secular state presence ofreligion in the public sphere becomes not only necessary for the state to remain secular (not laic), butit is an invaluable resource in civil society. Catholicism accepts the secularism of the state and politics,but it does not agree with the reduction of Christianity to the private sphere, since there is no connectionbetween the two. The principle of secularism may thus mean that the state is secular, but one should notattempt to make it laic, that is try to exclude the public role of religion in a democratic state.

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Jawne i ukryte elementy propagandy antykatolickiej w wybranych filmach fabularnych

Jawne i ukryte elementy propagandy antykatolickiej w wybranych filmach fabularnych

Author(s): Grzegorz Łęcicki / Language(s): Polish Issue: 1/2018

The author presents examples of various feature films representing many genres which show variousforms of antireligious, anti-Christian and anti-Church propaganda which is present there. The objects of the research, which was conducted with the help of critical qualitative contents analysis, were religious films and films in which references to religion are marginal, sporadic and in the background

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Kontrowersje etyczne w nowych mediach. Próba znalezienia uniwersalnych zasad

Kontrowersje etyczne w nowych mediach. Próba znalezienia uniwersalnych zasad

Author(s): Marek Łuczak / Language(s): Polish Issue: 1/2018

New technologies result in the emergence of new phenomena in social life. Some phenomenacannot be legally assessed due to their dynamics. In space where law lags behind there is a need forethics. The author of this article proposes a reflection on general principles that will have a characterof objective rules.

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Against resignation: the Church’s tasks in the media world

Against resignation: the Church’s tasks in the media world

Author(s): Cristian Mendoza / Language(s): English Issue: 1/2018

There are many perspectives from which we can study the media. This paper does so with an eyeon Catholic Social Teaching (CST) reflections, stressing that information and communication technologies(ICTs) are instruments for human flourishing, not goals in themselves. Moreover, we assert thatCST’s scope is not to indicate which instruments people should use for social development, but ratherto observe the culture we create when using ICTs; a culture that should respect the personal freedomand responsibility of each individual acting in society. While a vast number of published works oftenregard descriptive literature, we here focus mostly on authors looking at the conceptual power of socialchanges when making use of ICTs. The last group of authors usually refer to three fields of studies:economy, politics and technology. After considering their descriptions of ICT’s social impact in thesefields, and striving to understand not only the instruments but also the theories behind them, we offera final proposal. A proposal that regards the task that CST could have when studying ICTs: to stressthat human motivations appear before technological developments, and that human work is the bestmacro approach for developing humanity.

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Obecność katolickich treści religijnych w mediach publicznych po ustawie medialnej z 1992 r.

Obecność katolickich treści religijnych w mediach publicznych po ustawie medialnej z 1992 r.

Author(s): Rafał Śpiewak / Language(s): Polish Issue: 1/2018

This reflection has a character of basic research. Its aim is to look synthetically at the way the Church carries out her mission in the area of public media, which was made possible by the Act of 1992. It is important to grasp a wider context in this process. This is an attempt to present how and to what degree the Church managed to fill the public TV and radio with religious contents. It seems that the results of this research and considerations may become an impulse for further deeper and more systematic classification and assessment of the richness of religious contents in public media since 1989 up till now.

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Chrześcijańskie świadectwo w perspektywie rozwoju mediów społecznościowych. Próba syntezy współczesnej refleksji teologicznej

Chrześcijańskie świadectwo w perspektywie rozwoju mediów społecznościowych. Próba syntezy współczesnej refleksji teologicznej

Author(s): Marek Weresa / Language(s): Polish Issue: 1/2018

This article is an attempt to present important points of theological reflection about Christian presence in social media. Research material covers contemporary Catholic Church documents and pope Ratzinger’s message on the Communication Day. Moreover, the author refers to the publications of selected media specialists. Research methodology includes contents analysis method and synthesis.

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Szafarz sakramentu bierzmowania w świetle Pontyfikału i Rytuału rzymskiego oraz Kodeksu Prawa Kanonicznego z 1983 r.

Szafarz sakramentu bierzmowania w świetle Pontyfikału i Rytuału rzymskiego oraz Kodeksu Prawa Kanonicznego z 1983 r.

Author(s): Waldemar Bartocha / Language(s): Polish Issue: 1/2018

The purpose of the article is to share the reflection about the minister of the sacrament of confirmationin light of two binding liturgical books: the Pontifical “Ordo Confirmationis”, the Ritual “Ordo initiationischristianae adultorum” and the Code of Canon Law of 1983. The sacrament of confirmation isusually administered by the bishop, however he isn’t the only minister of this sacrament, since a presbytermay be authorised by the bishop to administer this sacrament as well. Although the Constitution “Lumengentium”, no 26 defines bishops as appropriate ministers of confirmation (ministri originarii confirmationis)by introducing this new term to terminology, the legislator of the Code calls the bishop an ordinaryminister (minister ordinarius), applying the term used in the Church since the church council in Florence.Most canonists share the opinion that the term “ordinary minister”, which is traditionally and historicallyjustified, seems to be more capacious and comprises the church council term “minister originarius”. Herein turn the meaning of the latter one is emphasized by theologians, according to whom the church councilby using this new term brings out the truth that the intervention of the bishop in the sacrament of confirmationis the extension of the event of Paschal Pentecost. In this perspective the person of bishop who administersthe sacrament of confirmation becomes a connection with Pentecostal Church, a guarantee ofChurch unity. Due to his presence and service confirmands have stronger feeling of connection with theirown diocese and with the universal Church. According to the binding doctrine and the law of universalChurch, the sacrament of confirmation is administered legally by presbyters. In Roman Pontifical and inthe Code of Canon Law of 1983 an extension of presbyters’ rights can be noticed in terms of administeringthe sacrament of confirmation in light of the rules which were previously binding.

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(rec.) A. Błachnio, K. Kuryś-Szyncel, E. Martynowicz, A. Molesztak, Psychologia starzenia się i strategie dobrego życia, Warszawa: Difin 2017, ss. 198

(rec.) A. Błachnio, K. Kuryś-Szyncel, E. Martynowicz, A. Molesztak, Psychologia starzenia się i strategie dobrego życia, Warszawa: Difin 2017, ss. 198

Author(s): Anna Lubrańska / Language(s): Polish Issue: 1/2018

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Testo scritto come l’input linguistico nella didattica dell’italiano LS

Testo scritto come l’input linguistico nella didattica dell’italiano LS

Author(s): Anna Kucharska / Language(s): Italian Issue: 29/2017

The aim of the article is to analyse the impact of theoretical knowledge of discussed argument on the structure, cohesion and linguistic variety of essays written by students — learners of Italian. The comparative study of twelve essays entitled “Il Made in Italy” composed by six students (the first one written spontaneously without substantial preparation, the second one after reading a theoretical fragment of a scientific paper concerning the topic of the essay) has provided some interesting observations regarding the types of used topics and comments as well as various sorts of logical relations present in the texts.

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La logica naturale e la concessione

La logica naturale e la concessione

Author(s): Agnieszka Latos / Language(s): Italian Issue: 29/2017

This paper discusses the conceptual structure of factual concession, in particular, the nature of its implicit content roughly equating to ‘Normally/usually if p, then not-q’ and the relationship holding between concession and causality. In contrast to many prior accounts of this complex interclausal connection, the discussion here is not based on the traditional system of truth values (i.e. propositional calculus) developed by classical logic, but it seeks to describe concessive relation from the perspective of ‘natural’ human reasoning.

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