Protection of the rights of persons with disabilities

Author(s): Anna Nowak / Language(s): English Issue: 21/2015

This article describes the issues of the rights of persons with disabilities. It raises a subject of most important documents that regulate this issue. It provides the analysis of law in the international legislation acts, such as Declaration on the Rights of Disabled Persons, the Standard Rules on the Equalization of Opportunities for Persons with Disabilities also the Convention on the Rights of the Child and others etc. It refers not only to fundamental rights of persons, but also to protection of health, medical services, rehabilitation, employment and education.

Hodnota historického nadhledu pro současnou speciální pedagogiku

Author(s): Boris Titzl / Language(s): Czech Issue: 21/2015

Special education, as a scientific discipline that either theoretically or practically solves the problem of education of persons who are disadvantaged by the negative results of health impairments and sociocultural influences, has got a short history, which is, however, accompanied by specific changes. The measure of special education within the Czech conditions has been defined in an educational way since the beginning. The Czech conception did not accept the medical aspect as an indicating attribute, though it admitted its supporting aspect. The didactic and methodical focus of special education was accented, even during the period, in which its segmentation according to the dominant defects prevailed. Since November 1989, we have observed two trends that are implemented into the still integrally created discipline under external pressure: First, it is a penetration of irrational approaches and methods in a form of various pseudo-therapies to charlatanry that miss the contemporary level of knowledge. It is shown again, that the people of a higher level of education are not immune to this trend.Second, it is largely and, in individual cases, non-critically conceived inclusion of disabled and disadvantaged pupils into the general educational stream. The approach to the inclusion, which is affected by an ideology, begins to discredit this principle. Special education has also always sourced from the knowledge of position of the disabled and disadvantaged persons in the society as well as from taking care of them. It is demonstrated, that the development in this direction has not been definitely positive, and it even can be proved that already in prehistory, there was a help provided for the disabled individuals, without which they would not have survived. The enlightenment schemes have no value in this case.It is thus remarkably useful, even in special education, to remind the quote of an American philosopher George Santayna: “Those who do not remember the past are condemned to repeat it.”

Postavenie Rómov na Slovensku

Author(s): Michal Kozubik / Language(s): Slovak Issue: 21/2015

The author in the text of a brief characterization of the contemporary situation of the Roma in Slovakia with regard to the policy pursued by the state. Particular attention is paid to the social and legal situation of this minority in relation to current political events. Do not forget about the historical and cultural context by presenting the current position of the Slovak Roma. It also indicates the inclusion of cultural anthropology. It highlights changes in culture and attitude of the community in the twenty-first century.

Stomatologiczna opieka przyłóżkowa – możliwości i ograniczenia

Author(s): Joanna Zemlik,Bożena Zawadzka / Language(s): Polish Issue: 21/2015

Both overall health and the quality of life of an individual are closely related to the condition of oral health. Proper absorption of food results from its correct chewing and preliminary digestion in the mouth. This in turn affects optimal body condition. To provide a reliant elderly person with support and care in everyday activities, social skills of the third party are necessary as well as their health activity in terms of meeting those needs of such an individual which are connected with everyday prophylaxis and professional dental care. The latter can be effectively realized in bedside conditions.

Aktywność fizyczna przyczynkiem do satysfakcji w geriatrii

Author(s): Jerzy Rottermund,Andrzej Knapik / Language(s): Polish Issue: 21/2015

Statistical data and forecasts point to an increasing number of elderly in european societies, including also Poland. This demographic state, causes an economical and social consequences, both in individual as well as in social dimension (health care, social support, etc.). Therefore a gaining increasing importance has the issue of successful aging. The notion of satisfaction is defined as “a feeling of pleasure and contentment” which contributes to feeling of happiness, joy and quality of life. Pointing to the life satisfaction of elderly, must first of all take into consideration, their current state of health and independent physical functioning in environment that allows to keep psychomotor performance.Physiological process of aging is accompanied by qualitative and quantitative changes in organs and systems of human body. These natural processes are complex and irreversible, ultimately leads to reduce psychophysical and regenerative capabilities of human. One of the key determinants which cause and give the satisfaction is a healthly lifestyle with properly dosed level of a physical activity. The primary purpose of a physical activity of elderly, with particular indication of exercises is: independent functioning, inhibiting of progressive involutional changes, improve mood, maintain of correct figure and improving of balance. Physical activity of elderly may have significantly impact to the attitudes towards own person, increasing the quality of life and giving the satisfaction feeling.

НАЗИДАТЕЛЬНЫЕ СОЧИНЕНИЯ АЛ-ГАЗАЛИ. II. ЧЕТЫРЕ ПИСЬМА ИМАМА

Author(s): Alexey Aleksandovich Khismatulin / Language(s): Russian Issue: 3 (2)/2013

The paper is aimed to reflect modern ideas about the medieval Persian-language epistles ( risala ) composed by Imam al-Ghazali (d. 505/1111) in the genre of the mirrors for princes. The paper consists of two parts. This one presents the Russian translation of the first four letters from al-Ghazali’s epistolary collection (together with the commentary of its medieval compiler). These letters have a direct relation to the creation of Nasihat al-muluk and give a general idea about the historical context. They also provide additional arguments (historical and stylistic) against the opinion that N asihat al-Muluk has a two-part structure.

ОБ УПОТРЕБЛЕНИИ АЛКОГОЛЬНЫХ НАПИТКОВ КОЧЕВНИКАМИ УЛУСА ДЖУЧИ ВЕЛИКОЙ МОНГОЛЬСКОЙ ИМПЕРИИ В XIII ВЕКЕ (по сведениям нарративных источников)

Author(s): Marat Salavatovich Gatin / Language(s): Russian Issue: 3 (2)/2013

The article analyses the consumption of alcoholic beverages by the nomads of the Golden Horde in the 18th century based on narrative sources of various origin. The author studies such aspects of the subject as types of alcoholic beverages, process of producing beverages, reasons for drinking alcohol, beliefs and traditions associated with alcohol, alcohol poisoning and the related precautionary measures, drunkenness and the struggle against alcoholism among the nomads.

МЕМОРИАЛЬНЫЕ ПАМЯТНИКИ ДАГЕСТАНСКОГО ГОРОДИЩА ТАРГУ: ТИПОЛОГИЯ, ЭПИГРАФИКА, ДЕКОР

Author(s): Zamir Şahbanoviç Zakariyaev,Shamil Shihalievich Shikhaliyev / Language(s): Russian Issue: 3 (2)/2013

The article investigates the artistic features and typology of gravestones preserved in the territory of the medieval Dagestani fort of Targu as well as Arabic inscriptions on them. Approximate dates of the monuments have been determined. The author gives reasons for the assumption that the sarcophagus-like headstones belong to the nobles of Oghuz origin.

КОНЦЕПЦИЯ СФЕРЫ АДМИНИСТРАТИВНОЙ ОТВЕТСТВЕННОСТИ В ТРАДИЦИОННОМ КИТАЙСКОМ ПРАВЕ

Author(s): Vyacheslav Rybakov / Language(s): Russian Issue: 3 (2)/2013

As early as in time of the Tang Dynasty (618–907), Chinese lawmakers recognized the need for toughening punitive sanctions against state officials who used their powers for personal gain. This article analyzes the concept of the scope of administrative liability, which played a pivotal role in the differentiation of criminal acts committed by officials either within or beyond their jurisdiction. Based on the concrete articles of the Criminal Code of the Tang Dynasty, the paper reconstructs the view of that tine on the difference between the status and the function of a public servant and, accordingly, on the criteria of applying ordinary or special penalties to criminal government employees.

Bariéry, na ktoré narážajú ľudia so sluchovým postihnutím v Slovenskej republike

Author(s): Pavol Beňo,Silvia Capíková,Ingrid Juhásová / Language(s): Slovak Issue: 21/2015

The paper is focusing the barriers that people with hearing impairment - as a specifically disadvantaged population group - are facing in their daily life in the contact with hearing majority in the Slovak Republic in comparison to the Czech Republic. The main barriers are identified as: communication (language) barrier, information, technical, psychogenic and legislative barriers. Overcoming of the communication barrier in both Slovak and Czech Republic is very difficult due to the shortage of qualified sign language interpreters. However, in the Czech Republic, these problems are rather successfully solved by use of progressive social services based on information technologies, such as: on-line interpreting, silent channel service, or simultaneous writing of the speech. In comparison, the use of such services is underdeveloped in the Slovak Republic. The current situation is characterised by high fragmentation and lack of cooperation between various groups representing people with hearing impairment, as a result the situation of all people with hearing impairment in the Slovak Republic became more problematic. Amendments of legislation on social services have not improved, but have made more difficult the situation in the social consulting. Other problem in the Slovak Republic is lack of appropriate legal determination or definition of tools for overcoming of the communication (language) barrier in the national legislation, and the existing legislation is difficult to implement and to enforce.

ФИЛОСОФИЯ ТУРЕЦКОГО АЛЕВИЗМА

Author(s): Darya Zhigulskaya / Language(s): Russian Issue: 3 (2)/2013

Alevis represent a large religious community in Turkey. According to different estimates, they constitute from 10% up to 20% of the population and profess Alevism – one of the heterodox sects of Islam. Philosophy, worship and ritual in Alevism vary greatly from the traditions of the Hanafi school of Sunni Islam, which is the dominating religion in Turkey. The article studies the religious tradition of Alevism.

СУФИЙСКИЕ ТАРИКАТЫ В ТУРЕЦКОЙ РЕСПУБЛИКЕ (1923–1950 ГГ. )

Author(s): Ilshat Gabitovich Saetov / Language(s): Russian Issue: 3 (2)/2013

The article outlines the situation around Sufi brotherhoods in the period of dissolution of the Sublime Porte and analyses in general the condition of Islam and Sufis under the secular regime in 1923–1950, i.e. in the period of the most aggressive actions of laicists during the post-Ottoman regime in Turkey.

“The piano which speaks” – causes and therapy of child mutism

Author(s): Danuta Grzesiak‑Witek / Language(s): English Issue: 21/2015

Mutism usually appears in children aged 3 to 5, although we can also encounter such cases in older children, even 10–12‑year‑olds. It affects girls more often than boys. The term comes from the word mutus, which means dumb, silent. Mutism is a disorder rooted in nervous disorders. Among the causes of mutism we must include, first of all, the experience of extreme stress, e.g. due to an accident or emotional trauma; numerous, not very strong but repetitive painful experiences, microlesions of the central nervous system, mental disease, pathological pregnancy or childbirth. In terms of ethology, clinical practice distinguishes two types of mutism: functional mutism (defined by psychiatrists as a psychopathological syndrome) and organic mutism (limited damage to speech organs or brain damage). The treatment involves conducting an individual therapy and an extensive family therapy. Every action taken must prevent the development of low self‑esteem in a child, as well as its rejection by the peers. Overcoming silence happens slowly. The ability to communicate verbally appears gradually and a relapse of mutism may appear. The therapy should be conducted in a sensible way as children suffering from speech inability are usually fearful, very sensitive and often exhibit negative attitudes.

Inny w przestrzeni wychowania do twórczości – tancerz z niepełnosprawnością ruchową

Author(s): Jerzy Norbert Grzegorek / Language(s): Polish Issue: 21/2015

The different one, whose problems I consider in this text, is a dancer with a movement disability in a defining aspect of dysfunction of movement organs in multidimensionality of its character, level of advance and, what is important from the point of view of identity structure of another artist, dual aspect of cause and time of its arising. The aim is not to base these assumptions on asking questions in relation to potential adapting possibilities of another dancer in art, but searching for an emancipating way through art transgrationally exceeding our limits beyond the fact who we are and what we possess, creating a new communicating space through the language of another movement. This way we cross the appointed border of perceiving the difference, displacing disability out of the sophisticated art where there is a clause of having a beautiful and healthy body, the art which is combined with the established techniques, presentations, interpretations and the aesthetics of movement.

Wewnętrzne krajobrazy sztuki – arteterapia we wspieraniu procesów socjalizacyjnych osób z niepełnosprawnością

Author(s): Joanna Godawa,Szymon Godawa / Language(s): Polish Issue: 21/2015

The main aim of this article is to present role of art therapy in the process of disable people socialization. The article presents short characteristic of disability, socialization and social integration and art therapy. In the end there are presented descriptions of disable artist.

Recenzje i polemiki: Magdalena Bełza: „Systemy edukacji osób umiarkowanie i znacznie oraz głęboko niepełnosprawnych intelektualnie (na przykładzie rozwiązań w Anglii, Republice Czeskiej i Polsce)”

Author(s): Jerzy Rottermund / Language(s): Polish Issue: 21/2015

Recenzje i polemiki: Ilona Fajfer‑Kruczek: „Wykluczenie społeczne osób z niepełnosprawnością w środowisku lokalnym”

Author(s): Joanna Kapias / Language(s): Polish Issue: 21/2015

Filozoficzne trudności teorii interesariuszy

Author(s): Maciej Soin / Language(s): Polish Issue: 3/2016

Philosophical difficulties of stakeholder theory – which plays an important role in CSR and business ethics – are connected first of all with questions of its status and justification. What sense does stakeholder theory have: descriptive, instrumental or normative? And if normative, why then should executives worry about multiple stakeholder demands? It is well known that Freeman, one of the most important authors of stakeholder theory, deliberately disregarded these problems. In philosophical questions he invoked Rorty’s pragmatism, which in his opinion effectively undermined the “positivistic” dichotomy between facts and values, science and ethics, and enabled stake- holder theory to be understood at the same time as both descriptive and normative. The article presents some difficulties connected with this view, focusing on its dubious assumptions and unfavourable consequences. To the assumptions belongs a false dilemma taken from Rorty, which states that knowledge follows either a rule of representation or a rule of solidarity. One of the unfavourable consequences is the conclusion that stakeholder theory may be true only if its followers are able to force the stakeholders to accept its truthfulness. The main thesis of the article says that, as a result of pragmatic justification, stakeholder theory became a sort of arbitrary narration, which is unable to deal with its (empirical) misuses. However, a return to a more traditional view on facts and values enables us to appreciate the descriptive advantages of the theory and to iden- tify difficulties connected with its normative layer. From this point of view, the attempt at a pragmatic interpretation of stakeholder theory was a misunderstanding that should be withdrawn from circulation.

Misje wybranych banków z perspektywy koncepcji CSR

Author(s): Marika Świeszczak,Krzysztof Świeszczak / Language(s): Polish Issue: 3/2016

The way of functioning of commercial banks remained unchanged over the years – from the institutions involved in the distribution of financial products and services turned into organizations aspiring to the title of socially responsible entities. This means that its activities include the interests of many groups, such as customers, employees, shareholders, local communities and contractors. The result is those banks that want to be recognized as socially responsible, take numerous initiatives in areas not related to the sale, such as protection of the environment, voluntary or society. The directions of banks’ activity are determined by the key values, formulated in the mission, which defines the core of the organization and lets them stand out from the competitors. Institutions socially responsible also in this area should take into account the concept of CSR by pointing to various interest groups and taking various forms of activity. The aim of the publication is to analyse the content of the missions of selected commercial banks from the perspective of the various levels of responsibility and groups of interest. The article hypothesized that not all of the analysed commercial banks include in their missions the idea of corporate social responsibility, and those that do are limited to specific areas of action and specific stakeholder groups. The analysis was conducted on the basis of the contents available on the websites of the 10 largest financial institutions in Poland in terms of assets.

Kontrowersje związane z reklamowaniem leków. Analiza porównawcza Polski i Stanów Zjednoczonych

Author(s): Marta Makowska / Language(s): Polish Issue: 3/2016

For many years, the subject of aggressive marketing campaigns conducted by pharmaceutical companies has been raised in Poland. Drug ads are everywhere, on television, the radio, magazines and on the Internet. Therefore, it is extremely important is to ensure both their legal and ethical dimension. In my article I will present the differences between direct-to-consumer adver- tising of medicines in Poland and in the US. The dissimilarities result mainly from differences in legislation. In Poland the law is much stricter than in the US. For example, in the United States companies are allowed to advertise prescription drugs directly to patients. In the whole of the European Union, and thus in Poland, it is strictly prohibited. The article will present other regulations existing in Poland and in the United States and it will compare them. It will show examples of violations of the law and ethics in the advertising of medicine in both countries. It will briefly outline the negative consequences of unacceptable pharmaceutical marketing.