Петко Славейков, Атанасиос Христопулос и предизвикателството на анакреонтичните мотиви

Author(s): Roumiana L. Stantcheva / Language(s): Bulgarian Issue: 08/2010

This article studies the echoes of Anacreontic motifs in the poetry of Petko Slaveikov, inspired mainly by the poems of Athanasios Christopoulos. The endurance of the literary devices, used to express feelings of love is studied here in ancient authors, such as Anacreon and Sappho, through the European Renaissance, the Enlightenment, and in the works of Romantics, to early Bulgarian Modernists like Kiril Christov and Dimitar Boyadjiev. The perseverance of motifs throughout the centuries and in different literatures is presented as bound to songs in their role as a cultural practice. Anacreontic motifs, resurrected in the Balkans during the 19th century, have filled а void and have constructed a link with the Western notions of love discourse.

„Слово на св. Василий Велики и на отец Ефрем за светата Литургия, как подобава да се стои в църквата със страх и трепет“

Author(s): Klimentina Ivanova / Language(s): Bulgarian Issue: 1/2002

The Sermon is a Bulgarian text which belongs to the unofficial exegetic liturgical tradition. It is preserved in a miscellany, completed in 1552, the work of the copyist Kalinik in the Bulgarian village of Oreshane for Priest Gonstantine, and was later was passed on through generations of priests. In the 17th с. the manuscript was in Sopot. In the 19th c. it was owned by A. S. Norov and after him by Count A. S.Uvarov. At present it is in the State Historical Museum in Moscow (Uvar. F 535). The copy is the earliest dated and localized Bulgarian text of the Sermon known to date. The spelling of the manuscript is Bulgarian, inconsistently using two yus and two jers. The Sermon is thematically related to a number of similar texts. It is a lively and engrossing narrative about the struggle between the devil and the angels during liturgy. The heading attributes the work to St. Basil and to St. Ephraim. It is possible that originally the work was attributed to St. Ephraim the Syrian only. The text probably appeared in the 13th с. In the present copy there is a transposition of passages which indicates a prolonged manuscript tradition.

Старобългарската служба за св. Аполинарий Равенски от Климент Охридски

Author(s): Mariya Yovcheva / Language(s): Bulgarian Issue: 1/2002

The article publishes and analyses a newvly discovered service for St. Apollinarius of Ravenna the canon of which contains an acrostic indicating the name of its author – Clement of Ohrid. Its structure is examined, attention being focused on the metrical and stylistic-linguistic particularities of the canon. After an analysis of the textual tradition that takes into account the hymnographic context of the sources, some problems concerning the history of the early Slavonic Menai are examined. The spread of the commemoration of St. Apollinarius in Byzantine and Slavonic practice is outlined on the basis of various liturgical sources. As a result of the analysis it is concluded that the hymnographic work and the Slavonic translated life of the Ravenna Saint offer valuable data for the study of the peculiarities of the Old Bulgarian calendar of saints on the basis of early liturgical practice in Bulgaria. The newly discovered service is not only of importance because it enlarges the body of Old Bulgarian hymnography but also because it reveals the rich repertoire of hymnus for martyrs revered by the whole church that were created in peripheral areas of Byzantium.

Съкращенията в рилския препис нa повестта „Варлаам и Йоасаф“

Author(s): Monia Camuglia / Language(s): Bulgarian Issue: 1/2002

This article is a study of the abbreviations to by found in the Middle Bulgarian Gopy of the Povest of Varlaam and Joasaf from the 14th c. kept at Rila Monastery (Rila 3/14) that has not yet been examined from a linguistic point of view. The abbreviations are studied and described in detail. Word formation as well as graphic, phonetic, linear, lexical, comparative and diachronic aspects are analysed. Fore the first time the dependence of the abbreviations on the morphemic structure of the lexeme is established. We helped ourselves with the DBT software (Database testuali), a program of textual analysis able to perform a full text navigation with quick and precise output of data. The abbreviations of the Povest are studied from their linguistic and graphic aspects. What we call “pseudoabbreviations”, i. e. not abbreviated words which present graphic features typical for abbreviations, are given separate attention in our analysis. From the graphic point of view, the graphic characteristics of abbreviated words, the compositions of overwritten letters and their relation with the titla, the typology of missing letters and their position between the written letters, the position of abbreviations in the frame of the line and definition of the principles of their usage are defined. From the lexical point of view; the relation between the abbreviated words and their semantic peculiarities are defined.

Книга Естир и нейният славянски превод

Author(s): Boryana Velcheva,Kiril Kostov / Language(s): Bulgarian Issue: 1/2002

"The Slavonic Book of Esther", which was published in 1998 in Cambridge, Mass., is undoubtedly a model edition of a medieval text. Textual and linguistic analyses led Horace G. Lunt and Moshe Taube to the conclusion that the Book of Esther was translated into Slavonic from Greek and not directly from Hebrew. The authors of the review article accept the assumption of H. G. Lunt and M. Taube, that "perhaps a Judeo-Greek text of Esther was translated into Slavic in the Balkans and somehow made its way to Rus' during the 14th century" (p. 248). In addition to the analysis presented in the book the authors of the article offer some new observations on Byzantine Greek-Bulgarian parallels in the syntax and new linguistic data from Bulgarian sources. They suggest that the Slavonic translation of the Book of Esther was made in north-eastern Bulgaria (presumably in Turnovo) in the middle of the 14th century.

Аористните форми на тематичните глаголи с инфинитивна основа на съгласна във Ватиканския палимпсест

Author(s): Maria Măžlekova / Language(s): Bulgarian Issue: 1/2002

The newly discovered Old Bulgarian Vatican palimpsest contains extremely interesting linguistic material. This is due to the fact that this Cyrillic apracos of the 10th c. is distinguished by numerous archaic linguistic features. A morphological case in point is the use of asigmatic forms of the aorist. The aorist forms from Vat are compared with the text of four gospels: the Glagolitic Zogr, Mar and As and the Cyrillic apracos SavKn. The basis for the comparative analysis are 276 aorist forms from Vat. The ratio simple aorist: II sigmatic aorist in Vat is 105:9. These data refute the opinion existing in Slavistics that the simple aorist is encountered mostly in the Old Bulgarian Glagolitic monuments. There are essential differences between the Cyrillic Vat and SavKn. The data show mat they are Old Bulgarian manuscripts copied at different times and that Vat preserves a much older text than SavKn. For Vat it may be assumed that it was created in a period of transition when the Glagolitic script was replaced by Cyrillic and that the scribe was well acquainted with and used both Old Bulgarian alphabets. A particular situation and the needs of the church service urged him to make a Cyrillic copy of a Glagolitic aprakos gospel that was already outdated.

От грандиозния книжовен проект на XVI-то столетие към вековната история на славянската православна литература (Abhandlungen zu den Grossen Lesemenäen des Metropoliten Makarij... Band 1 (= MLS T. 44)

Author(s): Lora Taseva / Language(s): Bulgarian Issue: 1/2002

Обобщаващо изследване за спецификата на християнската култура в Украйна (Т. Г. Горбаченко. Вплив християнства на становлення писемної культуpu Pyci-України: релігіезнавчо-філософський аспект. Київ, Видавничий центр „Академія“, 2001, 270 с.)

Author(s): Lidia Denkova / Language(s): Bulgarian Issue: 1/2002

The German heritage in Balkan languages

Author(s): Helmut Wilhelm Schaller / Language(s): English Issue: 15/2015

All Balkan languages show some German elements in their vocabulary, beginning with Old Bulgarian Bible texts up to modern Balkan languages, including Bulgarian, Macedonian, Serbian, Albanian, Romanian and Modern Greek. Etymologies of Balkan words and German words must be distinguished. Loanwords in Balkan languages are confined to words which are traceable back to Germanic languages, e. g. Gothic, Old and Middle High German and contemporary German. Not only the word store but also onomastics were occasionally influenced by German languages, but it is not possible to speak of a German substrat or adstrat in the way we can speak of a Thracian or Illyrian substrat, or Greek or Romance adstrat.

Clues to the chronology of Old Germanic loans in Romanian and in other South-East European languages

Author(s): Adrian Poruciuc / Language(s): English Issue: 15/2015

The present article is directly based on the handout of the talk this author gave at the International Conference on Balkan Linguistics (6-7 May, 2013, Toruń, Nicolaus Copernicus University); therefore the subchapters and paragraphs observe the arrangement of the materials included in that handout. The first part contains a chronological table that reflects mainstream archaeological-historical information regarding the history of military-political actions and achievements of the Old Germanic populations in south-east Europe between the 3rd century BC and the 6th century of our era. Then concrete textual proofs follow, which are chronologically arranged and briefly commented upon. Finally, the author proposes interdisciplinary approaches based mainly on reference of linguistic features to historical stages and evolutions.

Implications of macro-areal linguistics

Author(s): Corinna Leschber / Language(s): English Issue: 15/2015

Using the examples of some Balkan words with a difficult etymology, we attempt to show the possibilities for and implications of applying a macro-areal linguistic perspective to establish a wider view of the linguistic and cultural history of a region.

Slavic *tъrgъ, Old Church Slavonic trъgъ. Their origin and distribution in postclassical times

Author(s): Sorin Paliga / Language(s): English Issue: 15/2015

Slavic *tъrgъ, Old Church Slavonic trъgъ, preserved in the modern Slavic languages as well, has had an impressive distribution in both vocabulary and place‑names, to note just Bulg. Tărgovište (also an important archaeological site), Rom. Târgoviște, also spelled Tîrgoviște (the political centre of Wallachia for some time, approx. 80 kms north-west from Bucharest) and as far as Finnish Turku (gen. Turun). See also the discussion regarding the Polish place-name Toruń. The origin has been debated, but it cannot be analysed independently from ancient Illyrian town of Tergitio, later Tergeste, the precursors of modern Slovene Trst, Italian Trieste. The ultimate origin has been looked for even in remote areas like Sumer, e.g. Václav Machek, who quotes Assyro-Babylonian tamgaru ‘trader’, in fact following a suggestion of the orientalist Bedřich Hrozný, the decipherer of Hittite (he published the study in August 1915). The author assumes that the origin of the word must be accepted as ‘Balkanic’ or, in a perhaps better phrasing, as a common Illyrian and Thracian ‘technical term’ referring to trade and commerce. Its spread from south to north is entirely normal, following the spread of economic relations from the Roman, then the Byzantine world northwards at a date difficult to determine, but definitely prior to the Slavic expansion, i.e. before the 6th century C.E. It is unlikely that we have to do here an Oriental term. If indeed that were so, the term should have spread first to Classical Greek, then should have migrated northwards at an earlier date. It is rather likely that we have here a ‘Mediterranean’, perhaps even a Pre-Indo-European term, in Machek’s terminology, ‘praevropský původ’ (of Old European origin).

Creolization and balkanization as a result of language (dialect) contact. Is the origin of mixed languages universal?

Author(s): Michał Głuszkowski / Language(s): English Issue: 15/2015

There are several types of language contact depending on the relations between languages. The article focuses on the results of language contact with multi- and unidirectional influence: balkanization, pidginization, creolization and other types of contact – why not all of them result in mixing codes. The author considers various theoretical approaches to describe languages in contact, the process of convergence and the genesis of mixed codes. While the comparison of such language situations as Balkan Sprachbund, colonial and postcolonial societies, multi-ethnic societies in the Western world, has shown that each type of language contact needs its own approach, the final part of this paper is devoted to two analogical language situations: Russian Old Believers in Poland and Poles in Siberia. However, despite of many similarities, even these two communities have developed their bilingualism in a different way.

Надградени показатели на динамичните просторни релации во македонскиот јазик (во балкански контекст)

Author(s): Marijana Marković / Language(s): Macedonian Issue: 15/2015

In the Macedonian language, 'doubling' of prepositions is well documented in grammars and monographs, but now we can witness increased use of prepositional sequences both in the modern Macedonian standard and in dialects. The need for more precise spatial determination became necessary, and this is precisely where the role of the (secondary) complex prepositions are used: nasred, nakaj, dokaj, otkaj, etc. However, Macedonian has so-called double prepositions (prepositional sequences), whose main function is more precise spatial determination (od pred, od zad, od pod, do pred, za pred, za vo, za na, etc.). The first preposition in those sequences becomes the dominant exponent of dynamic spatial relation (ablative or adlative) while the second preposition becomes part of the prepositional phrase – the localizer. The high frequency of prepositional sequences is common not only in modern Macedonian but also exists in western peripheral dialects which have had closer contacts within the Balkan linguistic environment. It can be concluded that the balkanised structure of Macedonian language allows certain Balkan tendencies to expand and evolve in some new directions and still retain the primary goal – more transparent and clearer communication among the speakers of the language.

Dans quelle mesure la flexion roumaine et albanaise sont-elles convergentes?

Author(s): Tomasz Cychnerski / Language(s): French Issue: 15/2015

This paper presents the results of a short contrastive analysis of functional inflection in the contemporary Romanian and Albanian. Its aim is to determine convergences between these two languages on a highly general level. Nine morphological categories (number, person, gender, case, determination, voice, aspect, mode and tense) with all their main values are described here in each variable lexical class of both the Romanian and the Albanian language. Such a treatment of two corresponding lingusitic subsystems clearly demonstrates that differences overcome similarities, and supposed balkanisms are dubious on this level.

Zanikanie bezokolicznika w języku serbskim. Wstępne rozpoznanie zagadnienia

Author(s): Artur Karasiński / Language(s): Polish Issue: 15/2015

The article concerns the loss of the infinitive in Serbian literary language and its gradual replacement by the construction da + praesens. The analyzed material consists of Serbian and Serbo-Croatian literature and goes from the Saint Sava’s texts - these are the first widely available texts of Serbian. The last text analyzed comes from the beginning of XXI century. The process of the loss of infinitive has been checked in the contexts in which it is possible to replace the infinitive form by the structure da + verb in the present tense without changing the meaning.

На кръстопътя на езиковите теории: глаголната комбинаторика

Author(s): Tzvetomira Venkova / Language(s): Bulgarian Issue: 15/2015

This paper discusses the limitations of syntactic research conducted within a single theoretical framework. The basic claim is that theories have both distinctive and common features, which can be taken into consideration and some interesting results and ideas can be encoded in terms of the original theory. The discussion of the theory interactions is focused around a particular linguistic issue – the head element of the simple verb phrase. Three basic syntactic models are analyzed in regard to their treatment of the head element in the verb phrase: Phrase Structure Grammar, Head-Driven Phrase Structure Grammar, Systemic Functional Grammar. The analysis shows some variations within the frameworks and similarities across them. In general, it is an attempt to point out that the modern linguist can build bridges between theoretical frameworks if the postulates of the original framework are not violated.

Syllabic patterns in South-Eastern Europe

Author(s): Irena Sawicka / Language(s): English Issue: 15/2015

Whereas in most of the world’s languages syllable patterns are built according to the principles of sonority theory (they have the one-peak syllable pattern), in some Balkan languages, there occur deviations from the one-peak syllable pattern of a systemic nature. Such deviations occur also in the northern Slavic languages. They mainly concern the distribution of nasal consonants and appear either in the onset (Albanian) or coda (Romanian). At the very south of Europe the open syllable pattern occurs.

“Why Gypsies and Albanians do not have their own letters”. Greek attitudes towards neighbouring languages during the 19th century

Author(s): Doris K. Kyriazis / Language(s): English Issue: 15/2015

In this article several aspects of the Greek attitudes towards neighbours’ languages during the 19th century are presented and analyzed. We believe that the decades before the Greek Revolution, known also as the period of maturity for the Modern Greek Enlightenment, deserve more of our attention and concern. The issue needs to be further investigated and the written resources from the specific time must be exhaustively researched in order for us to form a broader view of the situation.

The Bulgarian-Romanian language boundary: anthroponymical data

Author(s): Krasimira Koleva / Language(s): English Issue: 15/2015

The topic is Balkan anthroponymy. The area is the Lower Danube – the Bulgarian-Romanian language boundary. In this contact zone there is a distribution of family names, formed from urbonyms. They signal a specific regional belonging, and they show the link with the common area: the Danube river. We are referring to family names of the type: Vidinliev, Kalafatov, Beketov, Svishtovliev, Ruschukliev, Kalarashev, Tutrakanov, (meaning ‘from Vidin’, ‘from Calafat’, ‘from Bechet’, ‘from Svishtov’, ‘from Ruse’, ‘from Calarashi’, ‘from Tutrakan’). This phenomenon is widespread on both banks of the river.