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The bulk of runic inscriptions on bracteates from the Migration Period, mainly in Scandinavia, seems to be gibberish (Moltke). But looking at the antique magical papyri and temporaneous commentaries one notices that their tets are specifically addressed to gods and demons; for men, however, they are without any linguistic meaning. In this paper the runic bracteat inscriptions are considered in the light of this antique material and its peculiarities.
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Egill Skallagrimsson’s poem Sonatorrek, traditionally held to have been composed ca. 960 AD and thus perhaps one of the very few genuinely pre-Christian skaldic poems that have been preserved, treats the grief of a father who has lost his son to the sea and his reckoning with the divine powers who have allowed this to happen. The poetic presentation of this emotional struggle repeatedly draws on a stylised and fundamentally mythologising imagery of the coastal landscape in which the central tragedy – the drowning of the poets son – has occurred. The paper will analyse the poem’s use of this landscape imagery, compare it with attitudes to the landscape that can be grasped through the everyday medium of place-names as well as through Icelandic place-storytelling, and contrast the implications of this comparison with the cosmic character of much of the mythological imagery employed in the poem. This will serve to contextualise the poetic technique of Sonatorrek and show how it harnesses the tension between the cosmic and the everyday as a means of poetic expression.
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Beside the aspect of the technical removal of a dead body, a burial is mainly a public ritual within the local community which fulfils several religious, cultic but also social and political functions. As other public feasts like weddings, the highly dynamic burial ceremony allows a negotiation or manipulation of the social reality through grave goods, the outer form of the grave or the position of the dead body itself. By this, death and burial can serve as an immaterial resources for the bereaved to reconstruct, legitimize or secure their social position or political claim, which will be analyzed within the research project “SFB 1070 Resource ąCultures B06 – Humans and Resources in Viking Age”.
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In the article the author investigates the contet of Jómsvíkinga saga: What kind of meaning did Jómsvíkinga saga have in the environment where it was produced but also preserved for centuries Two of the oldest etant manuscripts – AM 291 4to and Stock. Perg 4:o No 7 – are the focus of the investigation. The preservation of these manuscripts in northern Iceland could imply that the saga had relevance for people living there. Jómsvíkinga saga mentions four Icelanders who participated in the battle of Hjrungavgr, and who were originally from northwestern or northern Iceland. Therefore, the saga may have been an anchoring story for local families who were related to the characters mentioned in the saga. Earlier research has shown how Jómsvíkinga saga is positioned among the saga genres but contetualisation of this saga in the Icelandic environment helps understand why Icelanders were interested in it. A further investigation of the family trees of the owners of the manuscripts could cast light on this matter, and it could possibly add to what we know about the post-medieval use and reception of the saga.
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The present article tries to throw light on Viking Age slavery by looking at several biographies of slaves, such looking at slavery from below, instead of looking at normative texts regarding the legal status of slaves. These biographies of course normally regard those who regained their freedom again, whether transmitted by themselves (as in the case of Findan or Moriuht) or by those procuring their release (Ansgar, Rimbert). They throw light on various aspects of slave-making and slave-trading, especially on the dominant role the payment of ransom for prisoners played especially in Western Europe. This may have had to do with the problems involved by transporting slaves over large distances, their chance to escape (as in the case of Findan), but it also explains the scarcity of silver in the form of dirhems west of Sweden. A side issue, and one for future research, is the question of genre, in which such biographies tend to be found, and where hagiography plays a large role.
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Widely defined interdisciplinarity is an undisputed and essential element of Old Norse studies. Almost any research on cultural, social and political developments of medieval Scandinavia is both supposed and forced to land at the crossroads of various disciplines: history, archeology, linguistics, literary and legal studies to name only these few most prominent ones. Such a situation, on a one hand, makes the subject even more intriguing, on the other, even more demanding. Despite potential and obvious difficulties, such a junction of various points of view and ways of interpretation of historical data, seems to provide a chance for better understanding of various phenomenons being a part of medieval past of the North. The legend of Jómsborg seems to be an good example in this case. Due to its specific historical subject and structure, state of preservation and numerous references to literary and material culture, the story of infamous warrior band, from the very first glance, reveals its complexity that requires necessity of interdisciplinary approach. The aim of this paper is to point at the main disciplines (history, literary studies and archeology) that, providing different perspectives on the subject, treated jointly, are able to push us further in research struggles to better understanding of the legend, its origins and its development.
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The article contextualizes the inow of Arabic silver coins, the so-called dirhams, to Scandinavia. The first stream began in the 810s/820s. However, at this time most Arabic coins circulated in northern Russia and on the southern shores of the Baltic Sea, above all in the emporium of Truso. In northern Russia settled small groupings of Scandinavian peripatetic craftsmen and traders who used dirhams and brought them to Gotland and Uppland. The dirham flow to Scandinavia increased apparently from the 830e onwards and culminated in the 860s/870s. Bands of mainly Upplandic and Gotlandic Vikings penetrated northern Russia participating in levying tribute and raiding. Furs and seized Slavs or other indigenous people Norse warlords and traders brought to Khazar markets where they sold them for silver. In Scandinavia itself the gifts from treasury served warlords, chieftains and kings to intensify the social ties with their retinue, helping in this way to create a symbolic capital necessary for reproduction of power. Rulers, who possessed silver, demonstrated leadership. Conseuently, the primary function of using silver was not the demand for currency but the necessity of having precious metal to regulate social and political hierarchies.
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Modern business conditions are characterized by an increasingly more dynamic and turbulent environment, due to that, the biggest challenge for organizations is how to transform the existing organizational culture in the direction of an organization that learns and adapts quickly to changes in the business environment. Changes in the Serbian financial market often lead to changes in the ownership structures of banks, which caused larger or smaller changes in their strategic orientations. The aim of this paper is to clarify the dependence between strategies and organizational cultures of banks, as two crucial concepts in the management of financial institutions, all based on practical knowledge. The paper will use the case study method on the case of bank A. The usefulness of this paper is based on the fact that the presented knowledge will provide insight to the employees of bank A and other participants in the Serbian financial market about the importance of activities that contribute to creating and maintaining adequate organizational culture within the banking system. Also, this paper can be useful for all legal entities that operate within other business activities.
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Moving the standard finance theory further away from practice has led to an increased criticism of standard finance. Much evidence in favor of the absence of perfect investor rationality have called for the need of a new approach and a new point of view offered by behavioral finance. Behavioral finance relies on standard finance, supplements its theory and, according to behavioral economists, gradually substitutes it; however, behavioral finance also faces a number of limitations. The aim of this research is to find answers to the question of whether preference should be given to standard or behavioral finance, in terms of finance theory and investment practice. By applying the methods of qualitative economic analysis, it has been concluded that we should strive towards the integrated application of these theoretical frameworks in order to achieve their synergy, exploit the positive and concurrently eliminate the negative aspects. An example of a theoretical approach that reconciles the differences between standard and behavioral finance is Adaptive Markets Hypothesis (AMH), which is given particular attention in the paper and has not beendiscussed in the literature in the Republic of Serbia thus far.
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The notion of a cashless society is slowly becoming an inevitability of the modern way of doing business. Withdrawal of cash from use is the result of wide application of information and communication technologies. Increasing digitalization has contributed to the fact that most transactions are performed via smart devices (phones, tablets, desktops), without the use of cash and without going to the bank. The development of technological innovations, as well as innovations in finance, has undoubtedly contributed to increasing efficiency in business, but the question is whether the increasing digitalization of life and business, which is reflected in the creation of a cashless society, is still so desirable for humanity. The paper focuses on the socio-economic aspects of withdrawing cash from use. On the one hand, states are given the opportunity to influence economic activities even more directly through their central banks, while on the other hand, the issue is raised concerning human freedoms and rights in the digital world, in which it will be possible to electronically control the entire business.The debt crisis in the European Union is known to be caused by the interdependence of banking and state financial stability, and, together with the non-existence of the fiscal union, it has taken on the existential dimensions of the EU project itself. Under the guise of financial fragmentation within the financial markets of the Eurozone, and from the aspect of the outbreak of the crisis, EU member states resorted to national interventions, thus closing national banking and financial markets, which ultimately resulted in deepened and stronger structural foundation of the crisis and its economic and financial consequences. In that context, the Banking Union is the regulatory and institutional response of the EU after the global financial crisis, about which the first proposals have found a place in institutional controversies since 2012. In addition to the key moment and motive for establishing such an institutional regulatory arrangement, the reason for its creation is more to create a union that is connected with the creation of a single market for financial services and free money circulation, and certainly with the tendency of fuller monetary integration. However, certain questions which arose remained relevant to date: whether these established and instrumentalized frameworks, mechanisms and procedures are in fact sufficient; whether the EU banking union, conceptually designed, really represents banking integration; and whether the “centralized-common” and “sovereign-national” relationships continued in the EU financial architecture, the use of the principle “one measure for all” in the implementation of the Basel III, non-inclusion of all types of banks, and the conflict of emission and supervisory roles of the Central Bank, be a structural conflict in achieving the desired financial stability, which is the ultimate goal. In the broader context of the functioning of the EU, financial stability can also be interpreted as a factor in the survival of the common currency and the European Union itself, regardless of the intertwined contradictions and construction conflict. In this paper, we analyze the functional scope of the regulatory framework for banking supervision in the EU during the five-year existence to date, and finally the effects and impact that this framework has had on the regulatory adjustment of the Serbian banking sector.
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The notion of a cashless society is slowly becoming an inevitability of the modern way of doing business. Withdrawal of cash from use is the result of wide application of information and communication technologies. Increasing digitalization has contributed to the fact that most transactions are performed via smart devices (phones, tablets, desktops), without the use of cash and without going to the bank. The development of technological innovations, as well as innovations in finance, has undoubtedly contributed to increasing efficiency in business, but the question is whether the increasing digitalization of life and business, which is reflected in the creation of a cashless society, is still so desirable for humanity. The paper focuses on the socio-economic aspects of withdrawing cash from use. On the one hand, states are given the opportunity to influence economic activities even more directly through their central banks, while on the other hand, the issue is raised concerning human freedoms and rights in the digital world, in which it will be possible to electronically control the entire business.
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The paper provides a review of the activities of the Ministry of Finance and the National Bank of Yugoslavia in the period from 1931 to 1941, during which the 50-dinar banknote was prepared, printed and, after almost ten years of waiting, put into circulation for a short amount of time. The preparations for the production of the 50-dinar banknote, which bears the date 1 December 1931, began at the beginning of the same year. The banknote was made for the event of an emergency situation in the country, when silver coins disappear from circulation, to replace those coins, and to enable unhindered cash circulation. It was released on 8 April 1941, when the Kingdom of Yugoslavia was already at war, in the total amount of 30,792,000 pieces. The National Bank only put a small part of that into circulation, and destroyed a larger part, but the occupying forces also used it for payments in the country. The withdrawal from circulation was carried out by the Serbian National Bank in the occupied Serbia, from 14 to 22 October 1941.
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The article elaborates the legal basis for data processing provided in Article 12, item 6 of the Law on Personal Data Protection, Official Gazette of the Republic of Serbia no. 87 as of 13 November 2018. The article deals with the comparative advantages of implementing this legal basis in relation to others and provides a practical overview in terms of legitimate interest as an equivalent legal basis to other legal bases of data processing. Examples of good practice of the British Supervisory Authority for Personal Data Protection, as well as the practice of the Agency for Personal Data Protection - the Croatian supervisory authority for data protection - are presented, as well as a significant part of the exceedingly relevant Opinion no. 06/2014 of the Working Party referred to in Article 29 of the cited Directive 95/46 (now the European Data Protection Board). Special attention is given to the so-called LIA, a legitimate interest assessment document and a test of the balance between legitimate interest and the rights and freedoms of individuals, with regard to the processing of personal data. Finally, the article presents the safeguards that must be provided to individuals whose personal data are processed - as well as the need for transparency - in terms of informing individuals of the existence of a legitimate interest, as well as all other necessary information that must be provided to ensure the fair and lawful processing of personal data.
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This article examines the effects of macro-level processes – economic recession, growth of the service economy, and deindustrialisation – on the social support networks of residents of Slovenia in the period between 1987 and 2018. Before the transition, Slovenia enjoyed highly functional social support networks. The economic downturns of the early 1990s and late 2000s increased the probability of insufficient social support. The growth of the service economy saw the importance grow of formal sources of support. Socio-demographic changes captured by the notion of the post-industrialisation of society brought various effects: the increased educational level and diminished size of households impacted the growing presence of formal sources and mixed social ties in support networks, while the ageing population contributed to the increased presence of networks with insufficient social support. We conclude that Slovenian social support networks have experienced a distinct transformation over the last three decades.
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The article deals with work-related stress that ever more employees experience in the modern business world. The article criticises the discourse of the individualisation of stress, which states that employees must construct themselves as individuals and shape their own reality beyond the scope of broader collectivism. The authors set the model of managing stress emotions at a group level and deal with the concept of a group emotional culture, which enables employees to be more successful and effective in coping with stress by using group emotional norms, strategies, rituals and routines and cultural artefacts. The article focuses on the problems of growing work-related stress, which ought to be characterised as an organisational problem and dealt with on a primary, secondary and tertiary level.
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