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Germany has a long tradition in the context of federalism. The roots of this tradition can be traced back to the time of pre-national unity era in 1871. The main issue of our case will be to evaluate the historical dimension of German federalism and therefore we will examine the period between 19th century where the foundations of the modern German State was laid until the Federal Republic of Germany which is established in the following century.
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This study first explains the constructs ethical leadership style and depersonalization. Then, relationships between ethical leadership styles, depersonalization and demographic characteristics are investigated on a sample of banking employees. The purpose of the study is to determine the potential effect of ethical leadership style on depersonalization within banking sector. The effects of demographic characteristics on depersonalization are also examined. The research sample consists of banking sector employees in Edirne Province. Within this scope data were gathered from 110 employees. Frequency analysis, factor analysis and reliability tests, simple linear regression test, Kolmogorov-Smirnov normality test, t-test and one-way Anova were carried out. According to the findings of the study, ethical leadership style has a significantly negative effect on depersonalization and the 22-29 age group displays a relatively higher level of depersonalization. The study concludes with the limitations of the current study and recommendations for future researches.
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According to Article 51 of UN Treaty, states’ right to use force in the face of an attack within the framework of self-defense is recognized in international law. In Nicaragua Case that was conducted based on BM Treaty, the scope of self-defense was interpreted differently by International Court of Justice and the situations in which states gain the right to self-defense against “armed attack” were determined. The USA after-9/11 Bush Doctrine that came up with the so-called struggle against terrorism and weapons of mass destruction and made it easier to use force, differs both from Nicaragua Court decisions and UN Treaty, and it shows to what extent the rule of law could be stretched and capitalized on to the benefits of powerful states.
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Turkey continues to be statistically in the forefront of the world rankings in terms of the exposure to cyber security threats. In Turkey, many academic studies related to cyber security or legal issues in regard to cyber-crime have been conducted to date. Further, the risk factors that lead to cyber security problems and the causes of these factors should be examined more rigorously. Internet banking, debit and credit card uses and e-commerce are the key components of the online payment system that suffer intrusions. Software supply system is also one of the most important technical infrastructure elements of the financial system security. Increasing cyber risks diminish consumer confidence regarding online payment systems, and such risks could cause extraordinary expenditures within financial system. Therefore, a nationwide analysis and interpretation of the cyber security risks is vital for national economy and cyber critical infrastructure security. In this study, online payment systems in Turkey and the appertaining cyber security systems that are supported by software supply chains are examined in terms of the associated risks. The study addresses the aforementioned potential cyber security risks in the context of cyber security norms and cyber security measures are discussed from an administrative perspective.
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The process of globalization led to essential developments both in national and international trade. In parallel with these developments, firms need accounting as a core element to present their business activities correctly, credibly, comparably and understandably. In this sense, accounting became an important element for all firms. To meet the need for qualified work force in the area of accounting, a good number of associate degree and undergraduate degree programs are established in Turkey. However as in all sectors, the differences between theoretical knowledge gathered through education and sectoral practices present a problem in accounting sector as well. The aim of this study is to identify if there is a significant difference between the theoretical knowledge in associate degree and undergraduate degree accounting education and the accounting sector practices. For this purpose, an interview study is implemented to independent accountants registered to Aydın Chamber of Certified Public Accountants with a simple random sampling method in order to reveal the relationship between theoretical knowledge and implementation of sector.
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The article aims to better understand the impact of intercultural communication competence on personal interaction and customer satisfaction in grocery retail industry. The study explored three major constructs namely intercultural communication competence, personal interaction which is one of the important variables for service quality and customer satisfaction of major grocery retail outlets (e.g. supermarkets and hypermarkets) in Klang Valley area, Malaysia. The customer based approach methodology was adopted and the data was collected using structured questionnaire survey. The measurement of the constructs and their interrelationships were examined based on structural equation modelling approach. Based on the proposed framework, a number of propositions were developed to facilitate empirical research on intercultural communication competences of staff comprises of inter-role congruence and interaction comfort as perceived by customers of the selected grocery retail outlets. This contributes to the development of a theory based path model, which links the intercultural competence to service quality and customer satisfaction. Although numerous researchers have studied the extensive topic of service quality and customer satisfaction, none of those studies explored the critical role of intercultural communication competence and integrated the construct in their service quality and customer satisfaction model. Since intercultural notions are becoming acknowledged as crucial to success particularly in multicultural society, an inclusive dimension of the key determinants of the factor should improve our understanding of this phenomenon and provide an impetus for future research.
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The aim of this study is to determine how tourists’ online booking sites related risk and cost perceptions affect their adoption level of this technology. In order to detect tourists’ adoption level, Technology Acceptance Model (TAM) was adapted to online reservation technology. In this context, relationships between perceived risk, perceived cost, and the variables of TAM which are perceived ease of use, perceived usefulness, and behavioral intentions were tested. The participants of the study were 242 Russian tourists visiting Antalya, which is an important touristic destination in Turkey. In the research, participants were determined with the convenience sampling method and the data was gathered through face to face survey method. In the analyses of relationships between and effects sizes of variables, Structural Equation Modeling was used. The results revealed that tourists’ risk perceptions about using online reservation technology have negative effects on TAM variables while cost perceptions have positive effects on these variables.
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Tourism, which has become one of the main sectors of developed and developing economies of the world, also holds a great importance for the economy of Kyrgyzstan. Tourism can provide a positive contribution to the national income of a country's economy as long as there is continuous and consistent increase in investment in this area. However, for all these factors to come together and work perfectly well, homeland security of the country must be extremely robust and continuous. This study examines how Kyrgyzistan who has rich health and thermal, winter and summer, spring, hunting, mountaineering resorts cannot use this potential due to homeland security issues. As a result, these sources of national income is lost to the economy of the country. These serious homeland security problems discourage entrepreneurial activity. However, this situation can be overcome if state or the private sector focuses on the reorganization. Along with observing how the lack of internal security due to social upheavals has created this dismal situation, this study also suggests policies to solve the problem.
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Customer Relationship Management (CRM) and service quality approaches are the most effective ways for retail stores to compete for creating long term brand and customer loyalty by way of ensuring customer satisfaction. Retaining the increasingly sensitive and selective customers has become vital for the retail stores in today’s competitive environment. Within this context, retail stores offer similar services to both sustain their profitability and ensure customer loyalty. Specifically, these stores offer transportation services, run various campaigns, and try to provide effective solutions within their customer services units. The cost of carrying out these activities plays a pressing role. However, the fact that avoiding these costs will lead to customer loss prompts retailing stores to analyze service quality in CRM. In this study, the concepts of service quality and brand loyalty are co-analyzed. The service quality of customer services department of Başakşehir/İstanbul branch of Migros has been measured with a satisfaction survey among customers. The effect of the service quality on brand loyalty is analyzed via structural equation modeling. As a result and based on the Migros example, this study concludes that Migros attaches particular importance to CRM and the service quality contributes significantly to the brand loyalty.
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In spite of having a rapid growth during the last three decades, the mobile phone handset market faces severe competition. Mobile phones, which have been complex technological products, meet more than one need and exceed the line of being only a communication tool. Especially young consumers’ needs, wants, and desires play major role in the existing severe competition among the brands and the formation of mobile phone market itself. In this regard how young consumers make their mobile phone handset decisions is concerned both from academic and industrial points of view. The purpose of this study is to determine the factors that influence the mobile phone handset choices of university students. It presents the findings from a survey carried out to the students in Kyrgyzstan-Turkey Manas University, Bishkek. The study reveals that young consumers primarily use cellular phones for internet, talk, listening to mp3 and radio, taking pictures, and wireless inter-device connections (bluetooth) and accordingly give more importance to the factors that make their phones more usable in their choices. For university students product quality, brand, price, warranty, and model as non-physical features and battery life, color screen, esthetic and appearance, screen resolution, and screen size are important factors as physical features in choosing their mobile phone handsets.
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Project performance models should serve as managerial measurement tools that evaluate the various aspects of projects with a holistic approach. However, predate models in the literature generally focus on limited performance indicators of projects - such as budget and time - for performance assessment and they lack broad perspective. In this respect, we aimed to introduce and propose a new model for the quantitative, effective and holistic evaluation of projects. The proposed model is originally developed as a conceptual approach by Livvarcin (2013) and entitled as The Bridge Model. In this study we enlarged the study and embodied the project performance parameters. In this study, we examine project performance by focusing on two different parameter groups: Process parameters and indicator parameters. Process parameters include seven elements of The Bridge Model, these are preparation phase, initiation phase, implementation phase, closing phase, post-project phase, project atmosphere and project actors. Indicator parameters are measures that are similar to the project parameters used in existing project performance models and they include cost, time, quality, performance of outcomes, motivation, development and competitiveness. We also performed a pilot study to figure out the performance of 42 different projects by using the performance parameters of the proposed model. We proved the validity and reliability of our model by using both quantitaive and qualitative methodologies.
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The opening of the accession negotiations with the EU was an important threshold in implementing important legal and institutional reforms in the field of migration in Turkey. When we come to 2011, it is possible to see a remarkable development, The Law on Foreigners and International Protection in Turkey was drafted and approved by Parliament on 4 April 2013 after some revisions. While the significant reforms are implemented in this policy area, Turkey still maintains the geographical limitation to the 1951 Geneva Convention although removing this limitation is one of the requirements for the EU membership. In this regard, it is important to examine the concerns of decision makers. In other words, Europeanization process that the existing literature mainly indicates, is insufficient to explain the whole picture, it is now necessary to explore domestic dynamics. By using elite interview data, this study argues that it is necessary to conduct an institutional analysis while examining migration policies. What is more, it is indicated that financial concern –based discourses appear one of the important determinants that needs to be addressed.
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The purpose of this study is to make suggestions about improving recycling consciousness through analyzing recycling and environmental protection awareness and defining attitudes and behavioral tendencies of consumers. Two socio-economically distinct neighborhoods were selected as research population and recyclable waste of these two districts were analyzed. In the next stage, data were collected through in depth interviews with the residents of respective neighborhoods about their environmental and recycling awareness and attitudes, which was followed by data analysis. Results indicate that participants interpret various definitions of the environment from different viewpoints and they are not aware of how their environment protection behaviors which are supposedly true, could lead to pollution.
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