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The article is presenting the greatest corruption scandal ended in a legal way from the period of Kingdom Yugoslavia. “Našička” company created a chain of corruption, in which took part officials and clerks from all levels of state hierarchy, with aim to spread influence on passing the regulations, to obtain profitable state concessions, to usurp illegally forest regions and to appoint local and other clerks due to business interests.
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The building of a market economy in the transitional countries of Southeastern Europe has not yet created favourable business circumstances for an unhindered development of the growing private sector of the economy. Arguably the most significant obstacle to successful private business is the considerable presence of administrative corruption in the public administration structures of the region’s countries. Research conducted by the World Bank and the European Bank for Reconstruction and Development (EBRD) between 1999 and 2002 suggests such a conclusion. The research rates perceptions of administrative corruption by business managers and expresses it by an index ranging from 1 to 4, where 1 indicates that corruption is not an obstacle to business, and 4 indicates that it is the main obstacle. On the ranking list of 27 countries in transition the Balkan countries are placed unfavourably, with average index values between 2.29 and 3.10. Three countries from the Southeast of Europe are placed among the five transitional states with the highest indices of administrative corruption as an obstacle to business, namely Albania, Romania, and Bosnia and Herzegovina.
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Early in October 2003, the former Serbian Government adopted a Draft Law on Amendments to the Law on Public Procurement, with a view of addressing the problems that had become obvious in the practical implementation of the Public Procurement Law. The new regulation should eliminate the discrepancies between particular provisions of the Public Procurement Law and allow a more efficient implementation of the Law. The Government has asked for an accelerated procedure of enactment of the Draft Law, based on the urgency of the need to eliminate the procedural obstacles to an unhindered functioning of the Commission for the Protection of the Rights of Bidders. However, the Draft Law has not been adopted by the Assembly due to political circumstances, which had led to a several months long blockade of the legislature and finally its disbanding late in 2003 due to the numerous irregularities committed by the representatives of the DOS Coalition. The new Serbian Government has stated in its programme that it would use the first year in office to propose changes to the public procurements legislation, with a particular view of the importance of this area. It is possible that the Draft Law mentioned above that was designed by the previous government could be a basis for the further discussions on changes to the public procurements legislation. The Draft Law is a relatively voluminous normative text, because it addresses a third of the entire Public Procurement Law. The most important changes that it envisages are a more precise implementation of the principle of transparency in the expenditure of public funds, broadening of the authorisations of the tendering agency, specification of further conditions for the awarding of a contract, a further specification of the obligations of the tendering agency, regulation of the conditions for participation in the tendering process, privileges for the domestic bidders, and other aspects of the protection of rights of the bidders and of public interest.
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The article is presenting the activities of the organization for economic co-operation and development in the scope of the PUMA project (Public Management Programme) aiming to provide assistance to the member countries in good governance ― strengthening efficiency and transparency of public service.
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This is an analytical attempt to assess corruption in state administration as it is restricting efficiency of public investments aiming at advance the citizens’ life standard in transitional and developing countries.
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This editorial offers an analysis of the reform in the judiciary since democratic opposition of Serbia have risen to power, from a point of view of establishing professional and ethical integrity as vital presumption for stamping up the corruption and developing of independent judiciary.
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The inner structure of prefaces and epilogues of Romanian printed texts from sixteenth century is very similar to the inner structure of Slavonic-Romanian diplomatic documents, which suggests that the mode of expression in print, just like the expression in documents issued by various chancelleries, follows rules that took shape and stabilized in time. Some formulations used long before fifteenth century were still in use at the end of the sixteenth century. It should be added that the style of prefaces and epilogues varies depending on the author, his professional and intellectual background, characteristics reflected in the way they were conceived. One can notice that a certain structure is observed, a certain route is followed in rendering their content. Here one finds the initial protocol with the specific formulae, such as the verbal invocation, the intitulatio, the inscription, and arenga; the context with the type of intervention, the narration, disposition, sanction, and corroboration; the final protocol with the appreciation and the date. In the initial stage these texts, adjacent to religious texts, were quite succinctly written. In time the ideas developed. An improvement of the style becomes visible. Yet, their structure remains in general the same. Preference was give to following a certain topology, a certain scheme originating in the earliest documents written on the territory of the Romanian principalities. Some of the formulae employed were autochthonous creations while some others were taken from Byzantine, Old Church Slavonic, Latin or Hungarian diplomatic.
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This study presents an exploration of advertising’s history, focusing on clerical commercials diffusion in a newspaper that is representative for the religious and political beliefs of the Greek-Catholic community from Blaj, and not only, between 1897 and 1938. Because of the up-to-date character of the advertising’s history in the Romanian historiography, we are confronted with a lack of references regarding this field. Unfortunately, Romanian historians are still uninterested of it, even though this topic has many things to say about those factors which contributed to diversification of the commercial activity and at the variety of communication forms at social level. Following this idea, in this article we imagine a Church without priest and parishioners, by presenting only commercials of architecture offices, bells and clerical objects producers, and icon painters. We have chosen these clerical commercials because we can not talk about prestige and social acceptability conferred by a product or service only toward an individual. In this case, the group is invested with this acceptability, and often it might be identified with the entire community. In our investigation we have detected three major functions of newspaper advertising: it brings profit, stimulates scientific research, and educates. It brings profit because their presence in newspapers certificates the demand’s existence. Stimulates scientific research only to provide a more competitive product on the market and educates the consumer by stimulating his judgment.
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The question of authenticity of some ancient bronze figurines is often debated in the international scholarly literature. These representations raise uncertainties, both historically and artistically (the so-called dubitanda). The author reviews several such object (38 pieces) that are preserved nowadays in Romanian museums.
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After King John Zápolya’s death in 1541, the region called Partium became an object of dispute between Austria and the Ottoman Empire. The relations between the two states took a new course as a result of the Ottoman campaign in Hungary in 1542, and essentially due to the decision of the sultan concerning the status of the kingdom and the type of government regime. Jammed between the two powers, Transylvanian authorities asserted their position regarding the question of the territories of Partium in 1556, after widow queen Isabella and her son came back. The study investigates the way in which the status of Partium’s territories was solved during the peace negotiations between Habsburgs and Ottomans in 1559, 1562, and 1568 and between Transylvania and Habsburgs in 1562-1565 and 1570-1571. The treaty from Speyer (1570) signed between Maximilian II and Prince John Sigismund put an end to the dispute for Partium for a few decades.
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The Roman imperial treasure, unearthed in the military camp from Bumbesti Jiu (Gorj county) in 2002, is one of the fewest of this kind discovered within Roman fortifications. This consists of 92 coins, 87 denarus and 5 antoninianus. The treasure begins with pieces minted during emperors Clodius Albinus and Septimius Severus and it ends with the coins from the emperor Gordian III. In the last years, in extramuros, a treasure similar to that from Bumbesti Jiu was discovered. This treasure consists of 185 coins, 5 anchor-shaped brooches and 2 bracelets. These two treasures were probably hidden during the Carps’ invasion in 245 A.D..
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Statistical interpretation of pottery includes the identification of type of firing besides the analysis of decoration and shape. This feature can offer a series of information, provided especially by secondary firings applied to the artifacts during the production or as a result of their use in fire technologies. Another cause for occurrence of changes in the appearance of fragments of the same piece could be the time difference until these were covered by soil. The action of external factors could have produced a number of degradations. The statistical analysis must take into consideration these factors in order to pursue a study that is as objective as possible.
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During the saving excavations campaign from 2003 of the Roman settlement of Apulum II, an important descovery was made not far from the “small Roman therms” complex. A large hall, belonging to a very rich decorated Roman villa, came to light this time. The fine mural paintings, namely some fragments of cinabre red and egyptian blue, are still unique in Dacia and they are certifying that the area lately excavated these years identifies an insula with rich decorated houses belonging to the high Roman aristocracy of Apulum II.
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This article synthetically discusses the results of archeological investigations from 2000- 2002 at the southern gate—principalis dextra—of the legion XIII Gemina’s castrum. The castrum was built in Apulum, at the order of Emperor Trajan. The site belongs to the category of doublegates, guarded by rectangular towers and it has numerous analogies in the Roman Empire and in Dacia. In 1999, the author published a small volume dedicated to this site which deserves to be conserved and opened up as a scientific and tourist attraction. (V. Moga, BMA, XII, 1999). The buildings from the Middle Ages, when the site of the ancient gate was occupied by the minting workshops shops of the town Alba Iulia (in the 18th-19th centuries) were removed.
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The art and ethnography section of the museum “Ion Raica” from Sebes possesses a valuable collection of wooden and glass icons painted by painters of Laz center. Laz is a village located 16 km south of Sebes, part of the commune Săsciori, famous for its tradition of icon painting. The wooden icons are not as numerous as the glass ones, but they are extremely valuable. Their painters were members of Poienaru family, and were called Savu, Simion, Toma, and Ilie. In combination with other wooden icons from the churches of Laz, Dumbrava-Marga, Loman, Cărpinis, and the collection of the Orthodox Archbishopric of Alba Iulia, they reveal a less investigated angle of the production of this centre of icon painting. Based on the examination of the wooden icons one can establish the starting point, continuity or singularity of themes that were employed or avoided in glass icons.
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This study attempts to approach the life and activity of the Orthodox archpriest of Alba Iulia, Nicolae RaŃiu. However, the sources of this research are quite meager or refer only indirectly to his biography. A search for unpublished documentary sources is required for future investigations in order to deepen the historical knowledge regarding his biography and his intellectual portrait.Some details of his familial life could be recovered. We know now that he had at least two children from the marriage with Agaftia, who was seventeen years younger than the archpriest. An attempt was also made to investigate his conduct during Horea’s uprising, based on unpublished sources contributing to the recreation of the atmosphere of the age. The author has used the bishop’s ordinance that requested Orthodox clerics to participate in the action aimed at stopping Romanian peasants from joining the border militia. In fact, this event has contributed to the start of the movement. The author has also used the Christmas’ pastoral letter of the Bishop Ghedeon Nichitici, a text found in Bălgrad (Alba Iulia). This localization of the text suggested that the bishop held the religious service in Alba Iulia, in the church Maierii I, named “of the Greeks”, dedicated to the Annunciation (?), and not in Sibiu. The glosses written by the archpriest on the margins of his books were also employed and references were made to the oldest of them, from 1778, including his personal seal applied as an ex libris on a precious printed book from Wallachia. The subject proved to be extremely attractive, which urges the continuation of the research. The biography of the archpriest promises to clarify many aspects of the religious life of the Romanian inhabitants of Alba Iulia in the second half of the eighteenth century, which is exceptionally representative for the whole community of Romanians from Transylvania. Thus, the archpriest’s biography is not a common one, but one of foremost interest for the Romanian contemporary historiography.
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The author makes explores the question of Saxon colonization in Transylvania emphasizing the details concerning the formation, organization, and development of the Saxon seat Sebes. The seat has functioned between 1303 and 1876 in a marked geographical area where Romanians represented the majority of population.
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