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1. Le cycle: de conférences d’automne du Musée Juif d’Etat en 1971 2. Les études hébraïques à la Faculté des Lettres de l’Université Charles de Prague 3. Bedřich Nosek: Raimundus Martini (Pugio fidei), ses rapports avec le judaïsme et la philosophie islamiqu
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1. Zweigstellen des Konzentrationslagers Gross-Rosen in den Leinenwebereien der Gegend von Trutnov während der Nazi Besetzung 2. The Exhibition “Folk Art in the Collections of the State Jewish Museum“ 3. Das Faksimile des Grabsteines von Avigdor Kara
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The article approves the biographical approach and the case study method on a specific text fragment – the ancestral memories of a descendant of refugees from Lozengrad in 1903 about poverty, deprivation, humiliation, lack of social support and the difficult integration into the host community for three generations in a row. The empirical text is interpreted through the theoretical concepts of some of the most prominent researchers of poverty and its accompanying social dynamics such as Sorokin, Bourdieu, Simmel, etc.
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Examining the heritage of Bulgarian studies published in “Ricerche slavistiche” over seven decades, I focused on the reviews of Bulgarian studies in Italy written by two renowned scholars: Janja Jerkov and Giuseppe Dell’Agata. This approach makes it possible to reconstruct the main lines of development of both traditional themes and recent trends in Bulgaristic studies in Italy. The studies of the pre-war period are dominated by the activity of Enrico Damiani and Luigi Salvini, whose works were published with the purpose to discover the cultural heritage of the Bulgarian people to the Italian public, and therefore of spreading its history, its language and its culture. The journal “Ricerche slavistiche” was founded while the era of the fathers of Bulgarian studies was fading away. While the editors of a previous journal, “Bulgaria”, aspired to make Italians aware of the cultural beauties of the Bulgarian people, the new journal was conceived with a programmatic intention of separating scientific research from journalism and of bringing about a renewal of the Slavic sphere. In the review of studies published in “Ricerche slavistiche”, given the substantial variety of essays, to reconstruct the main lines of thematic development during Seventy years of history, any division of the bibliographic material by subject would have a rather conventional value. Hoping in an empirical utility, along the lines of the subdivision adopted by Dell’Agata, I propose a categorization of the studies: the medieval period is treated in the first paragraph, 1) paleobulgaristics, language and literature of the I and II Bulgarian Empire; the further paragraphs are: 2) the period from the 15th to the 18th century; the modern era 3) Neo-Bulgarian language; 4) modern literature; 5) varies; 6) Bulgarian-Italian scientific and cultural events. The most important studies of this period from a methodological point of view are due to Ivan Dujčev, Riccardo Picchio and Mario Capaldo. One of the major researchers of the modern Bulgarian language is Giuseppe Dell’Agata, whose linguistic studies marked a new phase for the era of popularisation and eclecticism of Bulgarian studies in the 1940s and 1950s. In Italy, the period between the two wars saw the development of a tradition of studies focused on the problems of Bulgarian literature and culture by the masters and pioneers of Bulgarian studies Damiani and Salvini. A recurring theme of particular interest to Italian scholars is emphasizing the work of the poet Penčo Slavejkov (1866-1912), considered “the founder” of Bulgarian literary modernism. Bulgarian-Italian cultural relations are part of an uninterrupted tradition of almost a century, anchored in the studies in Italy between the two wars, continued after World War II (by Picchio and Borriero), vital in the following decades (Dell’Agata) up to the present day (Jerkov, Marcialis, Stantchev, Garzaniti, Ziffer, Diddi). Concluding this review of seventy years of Bulgarian publications in “Ricerche slavistiche”, we observe, on the one hand, an evolution over time of study interests that change with the generations; on the other hand, the interdisciplinarity and interculturality and, more generally, novelty and originality of Italian Bulgarian studies.
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Genocide can take many forms and be justified in many different ways. The cultural genocide that was intended to annihilate the identity of the Aboriginal people in Australia during the 20th century was based on the assumption that these people were visibly “inferior” to those who colonized Australia and thus, had to be “civilized”. It was a process of internal colonialism present in other parts of the world, too, and its intention was to assimilate the ethnic groups of Aboriginal people and integrate them by educating their children by force, in the schools of the white people. To admit the wrongs done, and the injustice of governmental programmes was not an easy task but, in Australia, it happened in 2008 when Prime Minister Kevin Rudd delivered a public speech, which took him a lot of courage, saying officially “sorry” for the “stolen generations; that were affected by the forced removal of children on racial grounds” made fully lawful by the authority. In his speech The Prime minister mentioned they could resolve together all the common problems while preserving the dignity of difference and trying to give Australia a new beginning, a new chapter in looking for a new kind of identity which should include “cultures that provide a unique uninterrupted human thread, linking the Australian Continent the one of the most ancient prehistory of our planet!
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On the basis of extensive research in the State Archives of Montenegro in Cetinje (SAM) within the fund of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of the Principality of Montenegro for the period from 1880 to 1896, as well as relevant literature, we analyzed the situation in Nikšić. Nikšić with its surroundings was one of the largest regions that was annexed to Montenegro after international recognition at the Berlin Congress in 1878. We must emphasize that archival documents with these details were used for the first time in this paper. Documents of similar or the same provenance make an integral part of some monographs used in this paper, but not in this issue and with this much detail. They are about agrarian reform and the distribution of land to the families of Montenegrin soldiers. However, there is hardly no mention that the land was illegally taken from its legal owners, thus violating the provisions of the Berlin Congress of 1878. It is a well-established opinion of readers, including some historians, that Prince Nikola I Petrović Njegoš and the Montenegrin government did everything to comply with the decisions of the Berlin Congress in 1878, which recognized Montenegro internationally. However, the truth is completely different. Muslims who were in conflicts with the Principality of Montenegro for centuries had become its subjects. The best areas of land in the newly liberated regions belonged to them. Contrary to the decisions from Berlin, the Montenegrin authorities did everything to prevent the return of the refugee owners to their property. A huge number of families of Montenegrin warriors who fought against the Ottomans for centuries settled large areas of abandoned land. Cetinje’s secret policy was to prevent the owners from returning through bureaucratic pressure and delay of the process. We found that in relation to the opinion about the correct attitude of the Montenegrin authorities towards Muslims - subjects of the Ottoman Empire, who were almost entirely the population of the Nikšić region, the reality was quite different. Montenegrin authorities have been working for years to evict the Muslim population and appropriate their goods and real estate. Despite the provisions of the Congress of Berlin, which guaranteed all rights to Muslims, the Montenegrin government systematically carried out this intention to the end.
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The migration of Bulgarians from Macedonia to the territory of free Bulgaria represents a long and multifaceted process with significant political, demographic and sociocultural implications for the new Bulgarian history. This study provides an overview of the foundational stage of this process spanning from the Liberation in 1878 to The Balkan Wars of 1912–1913. Its internal periodization is determined by the various phases of the Macedonian question, characterized by uprisings, wars and diplomatic endeavors. Throughout this period, migration from Macedonia extended beyond refugees and their settlement, encompassing temporary stays and repeated permanent movements back and forth for economic and other reasons. In many respects and instances, these movements were regulated, restricted and even effectively reversed through the efforts of the Bulgarian state, which prioritized preventing mass emigration from Macedonia in order to avoid the de-Bulgarianization of the region. However, this dynamic shifted dramatically with the Balkan Wars and the First World War, after which the migration of Macedonian Bulgarians became unstoppable, predominantly refugee-driven (or at least forced) and irreversible. In perspective, a very significant part of the modern Bulgarian nation turned out to be Macedonian-Bulgarian in its geographical origin, genealogy and collective memory.
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Blagovest Njagulov, a prominent historian, dedicated his career to studying modern, contemporary, and comparative history, with a particular interest in ethnic policies and minorities. His doctoral thesis on Dobrudja marked the beginning of a brilliant career at the Bulgarian Academy of Sciences. His research shed light on underexplored aspects of the history of Bulgarians abroad, especially in Romanian Banat. He adeptly navigated diverse cultural and linguistic contexts, contributing to a rich and nuanced historiography. His work also illuminated the complex Bulgarian-Romanian relations, the issue of minorities, and the challenges of historical memory, particularly in the context of European integration. In addition to his academic endeavors, Njagulov was an engaged actor in civil society, supporting Bulgarian organizations abroad and actively participating in initiatives aimed at strengthening ties with Bulgarian communities worldwide. In this regard, this article also aligns with the recent renewal of reflection on the biographical method in Bulgarian historiography.
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After the collapse of the Russian Empire at the end of the First World War and the accession of Bessarabia to the Kingdom of Romania, a large Bulgarian population found itself within the borders of this country. The census of the population in the Kingdom held on December 29, 1930 allows to trace certain aspects of the demographic development of the Bulgarians in Bessarabia. This article focuses on the quantitative growth of the Bulgarian population, the territorial distribution of Bulgarian communities and the level of urbanization of the Bulgarians.
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The article is dedicated to the resettlement of Bulgarians from Southern Bessarabia and Northwestern Bulgaria to Northern Azov (Northern Tavria) in 1861–1862 as an integral part of a broad multinational and multi-vector migration process in this region. The place of the Bulgarian element in the context of this complex migration process is outlined. A conclusion is made that as a result of this migration process a separate group of the Bulgarian Diaspora was formed – the so-called “Taurid Bulgarians”
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This text presents the women’s clothes of the Bulgarians in the settlements of Korten and Tvarditsa in Moldova in the period between the end of the 19th and the beginning of the 20th century. Two museum collections from the museums in the village of Korten and the town of Tvarditsa in Moldova are analyzed. In this study, the author seeks to answer the question of what did the Bulgarian women dress at that time and how did they do it. The reconstruction and interpretation of the data include the form, the structure and the terminology of clothing, as well as its constituent parts. The comparative-historical and systemic-structural analysis is applied, which allow to clearly reconstruct the idea of clothing of women from the Bulgarian settlements of Korten and Tvardica in Moldova on the boundary between the two centuries.Bulgarian women’s clothes in the settlements of Korten and Tvarditsa in Moldova
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In my previous announcements and publications, I have already paid attention to the expedition of the famous Bulgarian folklorist Rayna Katsarova in Dobrudza in the summer of 1944. The expedition is more deeply analysed in this article, the particular occasion being that after the finding of the file with the report by Rayna Katsarova about this travelling, I was happy to find her fieldwork records done in several living settings in Northeast Bulgaria: Balchik, Lyulyakovo, Dobrevo, etc. Their data is preserved in the Musical Folklore Archive of the Institute of Art Studies at the Bulgarian Academy of Sciences. A specific focus of Rayna Katsarova’s expedition in Dobrudza is the Bulgarian newcomers from Tavria (region which at that time was situated in the Ukrainian SSR), who bear specific vernacular, traditions and folklore. Our big folklorist did not know at the time being that just in several months they would leave their metropolis. In about 2000 Tavrian Bulgarians were deported back to the USSR. In their turn, the Tavrian Bulgarians in Dobrudza did not know that the meetings with a scholar like Rayna Katsarova were a unique chance to leave to the next generation a record of a small part of their cultural memory, rites and musical folklore as a document for the development of their culture and ethnic identity in the conditions of the Second World War.
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As the leader of the World Zionist Organization, Chaim Weizmann laid foundations for a future Jewish state in a calm manner. Believing that the future of the whole Zionist enterprise lies in the hand of Great Britain, Weizmann became friend and common guest to many highlevel politicians in London. Using these connections during WWI and 1920’s, he gradually gained quite a few concessions for the Jewish community in Palestine. With the WWII approaching however, his policy crumbled. New ways were needed in order for the Zionist dream to become a reality. This is what David Ben-Gurion offered, first as head of the Jewish Agency for Palestine, and then imposing his views on the whole WZO. This paper deals with the different characters and beliefs of Gurion and Weizmann.
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