U początku kształtowania się na ziemiach polskich nowoczesnych nauk o człowieku i jego zróżnicowaniu „rasowym”

Author(s): Joanna Nowak / Language(s): Polish Issue: 20/2021

The article analyses the earliest period of the shaping modern human sciences, studies on human nature, the origins of humans, and physical and cultural diversity of humans in Poland.This process, including several separate stages, began under the influence of the ideas spread by the European Enlightenment and reflected the development of natural sciences that brought a deeper interest in humans, seen from a new perspective, free from religious determinism.Pioneering searches for a secular approach combined creationism and biblical tradition with a rational attitude based on achievements in natural history, linguistics, philosophy, history, and biblical critique.In the next stage, natural history constituted a distinct science with a precise scope of research that included, except mineralogy and botany, also zoology as well as human sciences perceived from a biological perspective. First definitions of anthropology described it as a science only emerging from natural history, with the aim to study both physical and moral aspects of humans.After 1831, human sciences experienced a different situation in various Polish research centers that finally ceased to exist, including Vilnius University, the leader in research in natural history. Under the influence of Romantic ideas, a view was propagated that mental ties were superior to physical ones, spiritual ties to blood kinship, culture was more important than biology.The emphasis in the study of humans was no longer on natural history, as in the late 18th century and the early 19th century, but on issues connected with mind and culture. The growth of both natural science and the humanities led to the establishment of new directions and areas of research that earlier were covered by natural history and history. Authors came to believe that study of humans requires a combination of various methods and cooperation of scholars representing numerous specialized sciences, however with their specific features preserved. This pioneering period lasted until the early 1860s when anthropology became an academic discipline on the Polish lands (translated by Jacek Serwański).

Dzikie rośliny w leczeniu codziennych dolegliwości Lasowiaków (na podstawie badań Franciszka Kotuli)

Author(s): Lidia Maria Czyż / Language(s): Polish Issue: 1/2023

Medical first aid is needed at any time, in any community of people. This is may be difficult for groups isolated because of their place of residence. The ethnographic group of Lasowians, once inhabiting the region of the Sandomierz Primeval Forest, was extremely interesting because of its origins and daily occupations. This area was comprehensively explored by participants of the so-called research camps, organised by the Regional Museum in Rzeszów during the years 1960–1970. The research was mainly initiated by the historian and specialist in regional studies Franciszek Kotula (1900–1983). Those observing the daily life of the Lasowian villages, interviewed individuals who, being of middle age, could remember the realities and various aspects of their ancestors’ daily life. The various domains investigated included treatment of common illnesses with the use of wild or cultivated plants. The related findings, in a form of research reports, today are in the holdings of the Ethnographic Museum in Rzeszów. Analysis of these research reports, by reference to a Polish herbarium, as well as The Book of Herbs by Simon Syrenius, and contemporary literature discussing medicinal plants, shows that the use of plants in rural medicine changed little over the centuries. It is also interesting to consider the origins of medical knowledge presented by those providing premedical care, the question being whether the expertise was based on their own experience and long-standing practice, or perhaps the knowledge was transferred from written sources, present in the manor houses of the nobility, commonly employing rural women. In the 1930s, the areas inhabited by Lasowians were incorporated into the newly established Central Industrial Region, which radically changed the everyday living conditions of this ethnographic group. Its traditions are cultivated by amateur folk ensembles whereas the unique artefacts of Lasowian heritage are collected in the Ethnographic Park established in Kolbuszowa.

НОВООТКРИТ ПРЕСТОЛЕН КРЪСТ С РАЗПЯТИЕ НА ИИСУС ХРИСТОС В МИТРОПОЛИТСКАТА ЦЪРКВА „УСПЕНИЕ НА ПРЕСВ. БОГОРОДИЦА“ В САМОКОВ. ДАРИТЕЛСТВО – РЕСТАВРАЦИЯ – НАЧАЛНО ИЗСЛЕДВАНЕ

Author(s): Rossen Malchev,Rositsa Manova,Teodor Peev,Konstantin Rangochev / Language(s): Bulgarian Issue: 22/2023

In the spring of 2023, R. Malchev made a donation for restoration and conservation of a throne cross with a Crucifix of Jesus Christ from the altar of the “Dormition of the Holy Mother-of-God” Metropolitan Church in the town of Samokov. The work process reveals that the Crucifix of the Christ was overdrawn probably in the late 19th – early 20th century. The original Crucifix was made in a studio outside Samokov, and the cross itself was made on the spot. The revealing of the original testifies that this is the work of a fresco master from the late 17th – first half of the 18th 78 century. Presumably, the author is representative of the Cretan-Venetian Art School. The artists from this art school are strongly influenced by the work of western authors, which is displayed in their works. Future research works will reveal how and why this particular Crucifix appeared in the town of Samokov.

САМОКОВСКИТЕ ХАЙДУТИ

Author(s): Hristo Yarlovski / Language(s): Bulgarian Issue: 22/2023

The author tells about five of the most famous Samokov outlaws from the era of Ottoman slavery in the Bulgarian lands.

СОФИЙСКИТЕ ТАБИИ И РЕДУТИ: ПОЯВА И ДНЕШНО СЪСТОЯНИЕ

Author(s): Lyubomir Tsonev,Ivan Ivanov / Language(s): Bulgarian Issue: 22/2023

The article comments the fortifications around the city of Sofia, built in the 19th century by the Ottoman and later by the Bulgarian administration after the Liberation. The historical reasons, the location and the shape of the fortifications are described. Their current state has been inspected. The possibility of being exhibited as historical heritage objects of the city of Sofia has been carried out.

САМУИЛОВА КРЕПОСТ – ИСТОРИЯ НА ОБЕКТА И ВЪЗМОЖНОСТИ ЗА ЕКСПОНИРАНЕ

Author(s): Sotir Ivanov / Language(s): Bulgarian Issue: 22/2023

The medieval fortifications of Tsar Samuel in the valley of the Strumeshnitsa River were first identified by Bogdan Filov in 1916. The National Park-Museum “Samuil’s Fortress” construction is a wellplanned and executed project. The first step is the settlement of the site’s legal status. In 1965, comes the declaration of Samuil Fortress as an architectural and structural monument of culture of Antiquity and the Middle Ages with the category “of national importance” (State Gazette No. 32/1965) and according to §10 of the Cultural Heritage Act (State Gazette No. 19/13.03.2009, amended and supplemented) has the status of a registered single archaeological immovable cultural property with the category “of national importance.” The second step includes the archaeological investigations from 1968 to 1976, which proved the identity of the registered fortifications on the Samuil Fortress hill with those described in medieval sources. Unfortunately, no strategic plan for archaeological investigations has been drawn up, and consequently, the entire length of the rampart has yet to be investigated. As a result, the configuration, the authentic level, the main approach to the fortification, the construction of the fortification on the hill, and its relationship to the rest of the fortification system built between the mountains Belasitsa and Ograzhden are not completely clear. The third step in realizing the Samuil Fortress relates to constructing King Samuel’s and his warriors’ sculptural compositions. The sculptor, prof. Boris Gondov is the author, along with the architects Rositsa Gon- 164 dova and Evgenia Kashavelova. As a result, in the construction of the memorial composition at the foot of the Samuil Fortress hill, a harmonious synthesis between architectural, sculptural volumes and the natural setting, set against the backdrop of the Belasitsa and Oгражден mountains, was achieved. The fourth step relates to the work of the National Institute of Immoveable Cultural Heritage. In just three years, from 1980 to 1982, the institute developed a complex project for the conservation and exposure of the Samuil Fortress. Opened on 23.10.1982, the National Park-Museum “Samuil’s Fortress” is more a memorial, monumental-decorative, and artistic than an archaeological and historical view of Bulgarian history. It creates a significant gap in the exposition related to the importance of King Samuel and the Battle of the Kliuchka Gorge for Bulgarian history. Our joint project with Billa Bulgaria from 15.07.2020 allowed the use of possibilities for virtual exhibitions that do not require a physical display, have relatively low maintenance costs, and offer online access. During the project, the exhibition concept was significantly changed. Among the essential activities are the 16 holographic showcases and one holographic pyramid, a Plexiglas’s frame with graphics of the protective facilities and dugouts, and their interactive presentation, respectively, videos with subtitles in English.

СВЕТИ ИЛИЯ И БАЛИ ЕФЕНДИ ИЛИ ИСТОРИЯТА НА СЪЖИТЕЛСТВОТО НА ДВЕ РЕЛИГИИ

Author(s): Dilyan Tsvetkov / Language(s): Bulgarian Issue: 22/2023

Over the past century, the capital’s district Kniazhevo offers an opportunity to glimpse not only into the coexistence of the different ethnic groups of the young state of Bulgaria but also into the coexistence of the religions – the tomb of Bali Effendi and the church of St. Elijah. Here, struggles for supremacy take place in order to add value to the world and understanding.

Ewolucja pojęcia jakości i metod otrzymywania olejków eterycznych; znaczenie w historii nauk medycznych wybranych olejków eterycznych z obszaru Morza Śródziemnego

Author(s): Małgorzata Biniecka,Małgorzata Wrześniak / Language(s): Polish Issue: 1/2023

Many scientific works indicate that essential oils are used in the treatment of many diseases and are of particular importance in aromatherapy, given the science of the existing balance between the mental, neurological, endocrine and immune systems. The paper will take into account the evolution of the methods of obtaining essential oils, methods of testing their quality and use. In addition, selected essential oils produced and used in the Mediterranean area will be described.

Najstarszy zachowany leksykon przyrodniczy na ziemiach polskich. Z warsztatu filologa i wydawcy. Kwestie edytorskie, perspektywy badawcze

Author(s): Piotr Wolski / Language(s): Polish Issue: 1/2023

This article presents the main issues related to the development and critical edition of the oldest manuscript entirely devoted to the subject of botanical, zoological and pharmaceutical and originating from Poland. Such an issue requires a more detailed discussion and precise presentation to a broad audience not only due to the specific and atypical nature of the research papers, differences in the development of common-use Latin texts and literary texts but also due to its importance for other fields of science: the history of pharmacy and medicine. The article comprises the initial status quaestionis over the manuscript number ms225 – the opus of Jan Stanko, dated 1472, stored away in the Archives of the Krakow Cathedral Chapter. The manuscript has not yet been the subject of a detailed study; some crucial remarks on its subject are included in Józef Rostafiński’s Średniowieczna Historya Naturalna w Polsce, published in Cracow in 1900. By profession, Rostafiński was a botanist, thus his coverage vastly differs from the method in which the text would be analysed by a classical philologist and a book publisher. The article provides preliminary findings on the history of the manuscript, its characteristics and peculiarities, and also raises issues related to the methodology of codicological research facilitating the understanding of the text, including the complexity of the lexis used in the text. Parles the specifics of research on ancient texts that are not Piotr Wolski literary works. The final part of the article illustrates the main objectives: source and linguistic research, the principles of editorial work, as well as further research perspectives.

КЛЕТВАТА НА БЪЛГАРИТЕ ОТ ДОБРУДЖА СПОРЕД АРХИВНИ МАТЕРИАЛИ ОТ СИЛИСТРА И ОТ С. ЛИПНИЦА, ОКРЪГ КЮСТЕНДЖА

Author(s): Snezhanka Gencheva / Language(s): Bulgarian Issue: 22/2023

The research focuses on the sworn texts of secret organizations created in 1917–1929 to support the Bulgarian cause in Dobrudja that incorporate a Masonic formula for appealing for help.

Простихме се с изявен изследовател на българската общност в Чехия. Мирям Моравцова (1931–2023)

Author(s): Vladimir Penchev / Language(s): Bulgarian Issue: 1/2023

In memoriam

Отиде си изследовател на фолклора на словаците в България. Вера Гашпарикова (1928–2023)

Author(s): Vladimir Penchev / Language(s): Bulgarian Issue: 1/2023

In memoriam

Проблемите на медицината и здравеопазването в СССР след Втората световна война на страниците на съветската специализирана преса

Author(s): Vladimir Gamza / Language(s): Bulgarian Issue: 2/2023

The article shows how the trends and problems in the development of medicine and health care in the former USSR in the post-war period are reflected in the specialized Soviet journals. The article analyzes how the following topics are considered in medical newspapers and magazines: the relationship between science and practical medicine, the use of innovative technologies for the treatment of various diseases, the features and principles of management of the healthcare system, the influence of political and ideological factors on the processes of decision-making in the field of medicine and health care, etc. The content, structure and specifics of some printed publications are examined in detail. Special attention is paid to the popular science journal “Zdorovye“ (Здоровье) - “Health“

Г. Георгиев. Традиции, памет, идентичност на българите в Украйна и Молдова (Динамика на културата в диаспора). София, 1922.

Author(s): Sonya Sredkova / Language(s): Bulgarian Issue: 2/2023

Елена Александрова. Женски активности на българската общност в Македония и Одринска Тракия (втората половина на XIX и началото на ХХ век). Издателство „Иврай“, 2022. 230 стр. ISBN 978-954-9388-00-8

Author(s): Vera Boneva / Language(s): Bulgarian Issue: 1/2023

Actorii patrimoniului și dezvoltarea durabilă a comunităților rurale din România. Cazul colecției RezArt – Muzeu – Ateliere din satul Iaz, județul Sălaj

Author(s): Ana Pascu / Language(s): Romanian Issue: 1/2023

Cultural heritage has changed its definition for the last decades, slowly becoming an important economic resource especially in areas where the sustainable development through tourism is the only economic development solution. These changes happened based on a strong connection with the worldwide awareness of the important role of social actors, creators and beneficiaries of the heritage. In this study, we focus on the particular case of private actors in heritage (communities, NGOs, individuals), found at the interface between rural communities and state institutions, between constraining laws and the freedom of those who create cultural values, but cannot manage. Among those, we refer to the private collectors of ethnographic objects. The tasks they assume for themselves are difficult. Leaders with distinguished moral qualities are needed, leaders that are true „cultural entrepreneurs”, to whom the work for cultural heritage demands a specialization. The paper discusses the problems and tensions that occur during the management of cultural heritage done by the private actors and also present the fortunate case of the RezArt - Museum - Workshops ethnographic collection, Iaz village, Sălaj county, owned by Ligia-Alexandra Pop.

Западните Балкани между балканизацията и интеграцията. Съвременни проблеми на региона

Author(s): Martin Doykov / Language(s): English,Bulgarian Issue: 1/2021

At the beginning of the 21st century, two parallel and opposing processes took place – integration into the Euro-Atlantic structures and Balkanization. They are the result of the desire of the countries in the region to improve their socio-economic development and the ambition of some of them to strengthen their recently found identity. Along with this, a number of typical regional problems will determine the future of the countries in the long term. The lost identity of the people leads to internal weakness, the influence of external factors, unemployment, decreasing birth rate, quality of education, and emigration – these are some of the problems which have their specifics in the region and are of interest to the present research.

Turks and Tatars in Romania in the Bilingual Edition of the 𝐷𝑜𝑏𝑟𝑢𝑗𝑎 / 𝐷𝑜𝑏𝑟𝑜𝑔𝑒𝑎 Newspaper

Author(s): Metin Omer / Language(s): English Issue: 1/2023

This article analyzes the content of the bilingual edition of the Dobruja newspaper, which was published between 1919 and 1924 in Bazargic (present-day Dobrich). Until 1921, it was published in Romanian and Ottoman Turkish, and later only in the latter. Dobruja is important because it was the first bilingual newspaper of the Muslim community in interwar Romania that existed for a long time. Also, the main authors of the articles published in this newspaper were important figures of the community, such as Halil Fehim (the mufti of Caliacra County), Mehmet Niyazi (the national poet of the Tatars and a Turkish language teacher at the Muslim Seminary in Medgidia), and Ibrahim Themo who had an Albanian background and was an important leader of the Young Turks. After presenting the context in which the Dobruja newspaper came out, the article analyzes the content of bilingual editions from three perspectives: the demands that the Turks and Tatars made before the Romanian authorities, the organization of the community, and international developments. The author points out that the main idea encountered in the articles published in the newspaper is that the Turkish and Tatar minority was a safe one for the Romanian state because it had no territorial claims. This message was important, given that Southern Dobruja had an ethnic composition in which the Romanian ethnicity was a minority, and that the territory was claimed by Bulgaria. Thus, the reiteration of this by the elites of the Turks and Tatars was necessary for the attempts to obtain the satisfaction of some demands and support in the initiatives to improve the situation of the community. The Dobruja newspaper was the means by which this message was conveyed.

Notes bibliographiques

Author(s): Pavel Trost,Elias Katz,Karel Dolista,Vladimir Sadek,Josef Hrásky,Jiřina Hlaváčová,Karel Lagus / Language(s): English,French,German Issue: 2/1968

Reviews of: 1. Medieval Judaeo-Czech 2. Elias Katz: Tres semestri seu duodeviginti menses, Antwort zur Bemerkung K. Dolistas: Anni tres et menses sex. (Judaica Bohemiae HI, 1967, S. 135/6.) 3. Magyar-zsidó aklevéltár (Monumenta Hungariae Judaica), tome 10 (1150-1766). L’édition préparée par les soins de Sandor Schreiber et ses collaborateurs, Budapest. A magyar izraeliták országos képviseletének kiadâsa 1967. 615 pages de texte, 7 illustrations 4. Jan Herman: Židovské hřbitovy na Moravě (Les cimetières juifs en Moravie) (Památková péče, 1968/3, pp. 81-87) 5. Dagmar Hejdová-Bořivoj Nechvátal: Studie o středověkém skle v Cechách (Etude sur le verre du Moyen âge en Bohême) Památky archeologické, LVIII, No. 2, pp. 433-491, Prague 6. Franz Kafka: Dopisy Mileně (Lettres à Milena) Prague, Academia 1968. 261 pages, 21 illustrations. Traduit par Hana Žantovská 7. Franz Kafka: Briefe an Felice. Herausgegeben von Erich Heller und Jürgen Born Frankfurt a. M., S. Fischer Verlag 1967. 784 s. 8. Dagmar Hilarová: Hundert Farben hat der Regenbogen Aus dem Tschechischen übertragen von Rudolf Iltis und Günther Deicke Verlag der Nation, Berlin, 1966, 112 s. 9. Walter Pillich: Jüdische Goldschmiede unter Kaiser Rudolf II. Zeitschrift für die Geschichte der Juden IV., 1967 Nr. 2/3, Seite 79-82. Herausgegeben von Hugo Gold in Tel Aviv. 10. Bernhard Brilling: Geschichte des jüdischen Goldschmiedegewerbes in Schlesien. Hamburger mittel- und ostdeutsche Forschungen Band VI. Verlag Ludwig Appel, Hamburg 22. 1967, S. 163-221. 11. Bernhard Brilling: Zur Geschichte der jüdischen Goldschmiedgewerbe in Prag. Die ersten Prager jüdischen Goldschmiede Zeitschrift für die Geschichte der Juden Jhg. 1967, Nr. 1, Seite 21-26. Herausgegeben von Hugo Gold in Tel Aviv.

Notes bibliographiques

Author(s): Vladimir Sadek / Language(s): French Issue: 2/1969

1. Pokorný Petr: Počátky gnose. Vznik gnostického mýtu o božstvu člověk. (Les commencements de la gnose. La naissance du mythe gnostique Dieu-Homme). Publications de l’Académie Tchécoslovaque des Sciences, série des Sciences sociales, 78/1968, Prague 1968, Academia, 68 pp. 2. Kestenberg-Gladstein, Ruth: Neuere Geschichte der Juden in den böhmischen Ländern, I., Das Zeitalter der Aufklärung 1780-1830, Tübingen, J. C. B. Mohr, 1969, 418 pp. (Un compte rendu détaillé paraîtra dans le prochain fascicule des Judaica Bohemiae) 3. Hrozinky a mandle. Výbor z jidiS povídek. (Raisins de Corinthe et amandes. Choix de contes en yiddish), Prague, Odeon, 1969, 480 pp. 4. Allegro, John: Rukopisy od Mrtvého moře. (Les Manuscripts de la Mer Morte), Prague, Mladá Fronta, 1969, 214 pp. 5. Petiška, Eduard: Golem a jiné židovské pověsti a pohádky ze staré Prahy. (Golem et autres contes et légendes juifs du Vieux Prague), Prague, Editions d’Etat du Livre pour enfants, 1968, 174 pages. 6. Černý Bohumil: Vražda v Polné. (Le meurtre de Polná), Prague, Editions „Magnet“ du Ministère de la Défense Nationale ,1968, 215 pages. 7. Fuks, Ladislav: Pan Theodor Mundstock. (Monsieur Théodore Mundstock), Prague, Ecrivain tchécoslovaque, 1969, 180 pages. 8. Fuks, Ladislav: Smrt morčete, sbírka povídek. (La mort d’un cobbaye. Choix de contes). Prague, Mladá Fronta, 153 pages. 9. Kříž, Ivan: Pravda o zkáze Sodomy. (La vérité sur la destruction de Sodomě), Ecrivain tchécoslovaque, 1968, 733 pages. 10. Hostovský, Egon: Všeobecné spiknutí. (La conspiration générale), Prague, Melantrich 1969, 345 pages.