Tretji svetovni okoljskozgodovinski kongres
Tretji svetovni okoljskozgodovinski kongres (3rd World Congress of Environmental History), Florianópolis, Brazilija, julij 2019
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Tretji svetovni okoljskozgodovinski kongres (3rd World Congress of Environmental History), Florianópolis, Brazilija, julij 2019
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The article concerns the first two years (1992-1993) of the formation of commercial broadcasting in Ukraine. It studies the factors that influenced the creation of the first commercial radio stations, which gradually attempted to switch from a "game mode" to the broadcasting business and business entrepreneurship. The activity of the first ten commercial radio companies is studied by means of systematization, content analysis, generalization and other methods. The authors of the article offer the documented time of the first airwaves of each company mentioned (from the authors‟ personal archives). The role that these stations played in the formation of commercial private broadcasting in Ukraine is analyzed. Additional information is given about the creation of the Association of Private Radio Stations in Ukraine which was intended to unite commercial radio stations. The minute of the seminar "Local Radio" is published for the first time. The meeting with the head officers of the radio stations present was organized by the public organization International Media Center – Internews (Ukraine) and by the training center British Broadcasting Corporation (BBC, England) from May 20 to June 3, 1994 in Pushcha-Vodytsia near Kyiv. It was there where they decided to create the association. One of the radio projects of MMCInternews "Interview from Internews" is examined. It may be considered as the first radio project unifying commercial radio stations, and also the first student radio project at the private radio station in Ukraine. Therefore, the purpose of the article is to study facts and documents (from the authors‟ personal archive) certifying the dialectic progress of Ukrainian commercial broadcasting from the so-called "musical patchwork" to the transformation into a profitable means of mass communication.
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The villages of Vânători and Petricani were donated to the Secu monastery at thebeginning of the 17th century and the village of Mănești belonged to the Monastery from CetateaNeamț, which was dedicated to the Secu monastery, in 1650. In this presentation are shown somedescriptions of the villages mentioned at 19th century. Also are shown two documents containing theincome and expenses of the monks of the monastery in these villages in 1845 and 1849. Thesedocuments reflect the economic activities that took place in Vânători and Petricani, also showing indetail how the money were spent.
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Historical research has no content without the publication of the new documents which arein the custody of the Central National Historical Archives and county branches, the Romanian AcademyLibrary, similar institutions from abroad, in private collections and other locations. The presentdocuments bring the german researcher, but not only him, closer to the historical sources, whichprovides information on the moving and non-moving assets of the Neamț Monastery, held in the city ofTârgu Neamț and in the surrounding area, such as: hospital, churches, school, spokespersons, inns,duchies, houses, mills, bars, tenants, Jews
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The purpose of the present paper is to analyze the evolution of prices and wages in the first four decades of the twentieth century in Romania. The interwar period is often regarded as a kind of Golden Age of Romania. The reality was completely different, Romani, a a predominantly rural and agrarian country, faced many problems from social and economic to financial ones. The present study will analyze both the evolution of prices and wages, as well as their index and it also includes a short case study on interwar prices in the cities of Bacau, Piatra Neamț and Roman.
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Istoria țăranilor chiaburi este o dimensiune centrală în procesul de colectivizare a agriculturii, care implică un trecut dramatic descris prin deportări, arestări, închisoare, regimul de colectare a produselor agricole, confiscarea proprietăților.Prezentul studiu se concentrează pe satul transilvănean Romos, dorind să scoată la lumină aspecte ale vieții țăranilor chiaburi Construită pe documente de arhivă, istorie orală și literatură, cercetarea prezintă modul în care, chiar și în spațiul investigat, motivele politice, economice și sociale ale regimului comunist au perturbat și au distrus viața unui sat laic în numele transformării socialiste a agriculturii. Relațiile dintre țărani, criteriile după care au fost clasificați în clase sociale distincte, reținerea și umilința la care au fost supuși țăranii kulak, ilustrează abundent implicațiile colectivizării agriculturii la Romos, în perioada 1949-1962.
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The organization and functioning of the administrative-financial system within the Gendarmerie during the interwar period is a segment of the history of this institution that offers the possibility of a brief study. The paper brings to attention aspects concerning the evolution and organization of the accounting service, the budgetary funds, the monetary rights allocated to the gendarmes for various missions, the activities they carried out according to the tasks established by the hierarchical head. For the identification of these issues, the economic legislation was consulted, as well as archival documents from funds such as the General Inspectorate of the Gendarmerie held by the Central National Historical Archives.
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The Neamț Depression is typically sub-Carpathian, with well-defined boundaries, with rivers springing from the Oriental branch and coming out of the depression through wide valleys, with well-defined and inhabited terraces from ancient times. Archaeological research, conducted largely by specialists from the Neamț Museum Complex, with disciplinary and interdisciplinary interpretations, has obtained a remarkable result in terms of salt resources. Most salt water springs have a millennial exploitation, for instance Lunca-Poiana Slatinei, Târpești area, or a current exploitation namely the balneo-climatic one in Bălțătești-Băi or Oglinzi-Băi. The links and connections between mineral resources of salt water and human communities continue to be sustainable and explained from several inter and transdisciplinary points of view. The issue is open to discussion though, archaeological and ethnographic investigations must be continued to render a complete picture of the mineral resources of salt water in the Neamț Depression.
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The objective of this text is to demonstrate the plausibility of the use of the Hobbesian resolutive-compositive method as a base for analysis of the history of modern economic thought, and particularly of macroeconomics. Firstly, the importance of the resolutive-compositive method for the works of Dag Strpić is explained. Secondly, the text shows the basic tenets of stylized shifts in economic paradigms (neoclassical economics – Keynesian economics – free-market paradigm) which are reinterpreted here as resolution-composition- reresolution. An interpretation of the intellectual history “after Hayek” is also offered, focusing on Keynesian macroeconomics based on aggregates. The text then explains neoclassical synthesis and the elementary methodological dilemmas it represented through its long integration of Keynes into the mainstream (including the choice of aggregates or aggregated individuals as the basis of macroeconomics). The text follows the complementary relationship of the effects of long-run analysis, the assumption of rationality and optimal free-market results. The state of the economic mainstream at the end of the 20th century and the beginning of the 21st century is then shown – particularly the Lucasian methodological upgrade of Friedman’s ideas and the developed form of this conceptual framework within the Real Business Cycles theory. The renewed dominance of the resolutive element (free-market paradigm) – constituting the idea of a self-regulating market around the perfectly rational individual – leads us into a challenging situation. The reduction to a perfectly rational individual (resolutive maneuver) should not constitute a larger (compositive) whole if such a reduction is unrealistic to an extent that dramatically limits the very usefulness of the theory. Therefore, the conclusion raises the question of applying this idea of predicting crises and formulating responses to them.
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The site is located about 13 km north-west from Buzău city, in the perimeter of Cârlomăneşti village, on an oval-shaped plateau of about 7500 square meters, at an altitude of 200 m. The vegetation of the zone is an admixture of hill forest and steppe elements. Obviously, the favorable position was suitable for agriculture, animal breeding, and hunting as illustrated by faunal analysis. Since prehistory the area has enjoyed a proper natural protection, so an important Monteoru settlement and an impressive Geto-Dacian dava, dated in the 2nd -1 st centuries BC had developed over there. An impressive and diversified archaeological material has been recovered over time including a large amount of animal bones. The first faunal sample was collected during 1973-1975's campaigns counting for 2,818 bones. The second sample we are talking about was gathered during 2005-2012’ campaigns and consists of 12,483 bones. The mammals account for 98.64%, birds 0.74% and fish 0.69%. Fish remains originate in freshwater species, as carp, pike, catfish etc. Of 12,313 mammal bones, 5,274 fragments (42.25 %) are not exactly assigned to species. Of 7,039 identified bones, 6,486 (98.64%) belong to domestic mammals and 553 bones (7.86%) to the wilds. The pig bones prevail among domesticates, its share is 32.6%. The small ruminants rank the second with 27.87% followed by cattle with 26.34% and equids with 4.66%. To note the presence of donkey and mule remains among domestic species. By compare with the former sample from Cârlomăneşti, some changes in the share of the main domestic mammals occur. The cattle share keep unchanged, they are quoted by 26% in both samples. Variations occur only in the ovicaprids/pig report. The small ruminants prevail by 41.4% in the former sample against 27.8% in the second. Pig is quoted only by 24.7% against 32.6. The hunting percentage is around 7%. The pig age-class distribution suggests a low percentage of individuals slaughtered below 6 months (11.92%), 15.6% between 6-12 months, 57.8% between 1-2 years, 10% between 2-5 years (especially between 2-2.5 years), and 0.9% over 5 years. The stock breeding (animals slaughtered over 2-3 years) is 11%. The report male/female is 17/5 on maxillary remainders and 19/6 on mandibles. However, this rate suggests the use of females for farrowing and the males, predominantly for meat. In case of cattle, of 47 individuals suggested by dentition, 14.9% were slaughtered below one year, 17.02% below two years, 29.79% below three years, and 38.29% over this limit. Of the specimens exceeding 3-4 years, about 23.4% were killed between 3(4)-6 years, 10.6% between 6-9 years, and 6.38% much later. Consequently, few slaughters of calves are registered, preserving an important stock to stimulate dairy production. A large proportion (40%) of specimens was kept to an advanced stage for by-products. Even if the rate of immature bovines is about 47 %, the beef consumption was not specific to Dacians’ diet, rather the milk-based products. The further age-class distribution was suggested in case of goat. No slaughters have done before 2 months, about 13.7 % between 2-6 months, and 10.34% between 6-12 months. One third of the specimens were cut off between 1-2 years and 20% between 2-4 years meaning slaughter for flesh and reducing the number of low output goats. 24% is the rate of animals killed between 4-6 years, suggesting milk, and wool exploitation. Senile specimens were not found. The age profiles of the sheep are something different than goat. There are no animals slaughtered below 2 months and only 4.76% between 2-6 months. The share increases at 23.8% between 6-12 months, meaning slaughters for a mutton of good quality. Only 19% were slaughtered between 1-2 years and 23% between 2-4 years; that means the using of the mutton of males, as well the reformation the flock, by cutting the barren ewes or with diminished output. A small percent was kept between 4-6 years, about 19% and 9.5% over 6 years, meaning milk and wool exploitation. The specific vegetation and rugged area were propitious mostly to goat breeding. His number overlaps the sheep so, of 71 ovicaprids, 29 are goats (40.8%) and 21 sheep (29.6%). Of the 12 equids identified, at least one-third or more were sub-adulte specimens. Excepting three of them, four individuals exceeded 10 years; the others were slaughtered at an adult stage. For sure horse was occasionally eaten; at least this is suggested by the bony sample.
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This paper was written in the framework of the research undertaken by the authors, over the last two decades, with Jorge Raposo. It focuses on two main sites of the Lower Tagus basin: Quinta de São João (whose functionality has not been determined) and Quinta do Rouxinol (amphorae and coarse ware production site). Both sites are located close to each other, in front of the city of Olisipo (Lisbon), one of the most important harbours of Lusitania, and within one of the main areas concerning the production of amphorae for the exportation of salted-fish and wine. In this text we discuss the differences of the ceramic consumption patterns between Quinta de São João (whose stratigraphy runs between c.70 and c.425 AD) and Quinta do Rouxinol (whose stratigraphy runs between c.235 and 425+ AD).
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This paper aims at re-examining the dominant historiographical views on the transformation processes in the economic history of the Ottoman Empire, and at expounding on the previously unknown aspects of the financial measures undertaken by the Ottoman government with an agenda of providing stability in the early 18th-century province of Bosnia. The research shows the nuances of the Ottoman strategy in dealing with the actual and perceived consequences of the economic crisis in the Western periphery of the Islamic world, caused by the long warfare with the Christian coalition of the Holy League. By critically evaluating the state-of-the-art in the Ottoman studies and by comparing the results with the unpublished primary sources, the author argues that a better understanding of the Ottoman transformation processes requires elaborate research on the governmental fiscal policies in the borderland provinces, along with the exploration of their long-term impact on the finance sector and market economy, as well as the material position of the power elites and the taxpaying local communities. As a primary example of these under-researched financial measures, this paper highlights the permanent exemption of the 18th-century eyalet of Bosnia from the bedel-i nüzûl, an important tax used to secure the provisions and financial resources for the army. Another argument for the above-mentioned hypothesis is the crucial change that occurred in the structure of the state revenue sources, as this research has established that the traditional monetary taxes, such as the so-called “taxes of the Vlachs” (rüsûm-ı Eflâkân), i.e. the resm-i filûrî (or resm-i filori) tax, were abolished and substituted by the in-kind obligation, the tithe. This phenomenon has been ascertained for numerous land plots in the early 18th-century agrarian economy of Ottoman Bosnia. The present research has been based on the previously unused and unpublished financial records from the Ottoman chancelleries.
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This paper offers an insight into the uprisings that took place in the Neamt, Bacău and Roman counties, in the spring of 1907. The fact that most of the estates in northern Moldavia were managed by Jewish ethnics caused the rebellion to have an anti-Semitic character. Unfortunately, this episode was marginalized by later Romanian historiography. The 1907 uprisings were repeatedly described as a confrontation between peasants and local landlords. However, the uprisings also had a strong anti-Semitic character, especially in respect to wealthy Jews. This paper offers a chronological perspective of the events that took place in March 1907, by emphasizing the dynamics between the peasants, local authorities, and the Romanian and Jewish landlords. It aims to prove that the 1907 peasants’ uprising had not only social claims – the end of feudal relations –, but also strong anti-Semitic implications.
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In this paper it is analysed using the methods of the economic microhistory a letter written by a notable from Sarajevo, certain Ibrahim-alemdâr Pinjo. The letter is datable either in 1824 or in 1825. In his letter, Pinjo was recommending a Serbian-Orthodox merchant from Sarajevo, Jeftan Kovačević, originally native of Mostar in Hercegovina. The addressees of recommendation were the custom officers of the Trebinje custom-house lead by the revenue farmers of that custom-house: a Muslim notable family from the border town of Trebinje, the Resulbegovićes. Pinjo was seeking for a special treatment on behalf of Jeftan Kovačević who was exporting hare skins via the port of Dubrovnik. The paper provides review of the state of preservation and research of the Ottoman personal, family, and private archives in Bosnia and Hercegovina. The critical edition of the Ottoman original is provided, accompanied by Bosnian translation. For the purpose of the better understanding of the source, the biographies of both Pinjo and Kovačević are added. The paper dwells upon the economic, political , and social role of the janissaries in Sarajevo during the first three decades of the 19th century. Also the paper is devoted to the phenomenon of the Serbian Orthodox merchant diasporas from Bosnia and Hercegovina during the very same period. Another subject treated in paper were the Bosnian and Balkan production, commerce and export of the raw fur and skins, of their semi-products as well as of their final products. Those questions are especially illustrated using the traffic of zečina (hare skins). The role of Bosnia in the premodern global exchange was reviewed as well as the importance of the Bosnian raw materials for the European production of both felt and hats (1550 — 1880). Equally, the Ottoman system of the internal and international customs in Bosnia together with the role of that system in the traffic with the Bosnian fur and skins are dwelt upon. It is shown that Dubrovnik even after the fall of the independent Republic (the fall took place in phases: 1806, 1808. 1814 — 1815) – pace the declinist paradigm in the ex-Yougoslav historiographies – continued to be an important international export port, especially for Bosnia and Hercegovina.
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In this paper I present the medieval (i. e. until 1526) prices and wages of Braşov, one of the most important medieval Transylvanian towns, on the basis of the town`s preserved financial accounts, written in the first decades of the 16th century.
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This paper analyzes the European Commission of the Danube (ECD) attempt to provide its sanitaryvision, on a modern basis, in an unhealthy area. The need to impose a public health policy at the mouth ofthe Danube was given by Sulina's position as the gateway to Europe, subject to intense transit thatbrought with it mobility of the disease. Doctors Jellinek, Vignard, Petrescu Hagi Stoica, were some of thepillars that formed the basis of the formation of this health policy, which through their work andobservations, made Sulina has known worldwide, not only in commercial importance but also in health.The epidemic waves, but also the doctors' findings, led to the construction of adequate medical facilities.Starting with 1878, after the involvement of the Romanian authorities, combining the social model withthe medical one, a series of measures are adopted, which confers a new dimension of public health at themouth of the Danube
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Purpose – The “ explosion” of entrepreneurship observed in Poland after 1989 andcontinuingthroughout the years withvaried intensity is a globalphenomenon.Mostimportantly, the entrepreneurship freed theaccumulatedresources of human energy thathadbeendormant in the years of thePeople’s Republic.Research method – For thestudypresented herein themethod of analysis of availablestatisticaldatadatingback to the years 1989-1992,and of sourcematerials in theform of memories of entrepreneursoperating in thatperiod w as applied. Results – Theobjective of research as such provesthat, even though theeconomicallyactive entitiesdidnot fall within theframe of theconcept of “ entrepreneurs”proposedby Joseph Schumpeter,they were the one who initiated thedynamicchanges in thePolisheconomy after1989, often referredto as the “creativedestruction”. Considering theabove, thedevelopment of theresources of entrepreneurship observed at thosetimes tookplaceduring thetransformationalrecession thatoccurred in 1990-1991.In its classicalform, theSchumpeterianphenomenonof usingrecession as a springboard to businesssuccessbyactiveindividuals wasobserved.Originality / value / implications / recommendations – In the literature on the subject, there is a lively and inspiring discussion about the transformational recession and its social consequences. Less frequently, scientists point to the link between the explosion of entrepreneurship after 1989 and the transformational recession. The article deals with this research problem from the microeconomic perspective. It reveals the efforts of entrepreneurs to build their own businesses and indicates their contribution to alleviating the social consequences of the transformational recession.
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Over forty East Roman coins have been found in China over the past hundred years but many of them have no archaeological context, so it is almost impossible to establish when they got the Celestial Empire. Besides, a significant part of the finds are rather crude initially or heavily worn. Fake coin printing was also frequent on the Silk Road. It is believed that sometimes this was not even malicious intent — Byzantine and Iranian coins acted as stable monetary units, the position of which was stronger because China, with all its role in international trade had been fragmented starting from the 3rd century CE for hundred years. And this fragmentation, in contrast, for example, with the Eastern Zhou period (771—221 BCE), was accompanied by the constant emergence and disappearance of kingdoms and empires, which rarely existed for more than one century (especially in the north). Of course, in such a “political climate” the value of foreign coins, which had a standard mass and precious metal content, increased significantly. It is no less obvious that this prompted many to produce solidus “analogs” in an artisanal way, and such “craftsmen” could act on areas from Near East to the Yellow Sea. Genuine and questionable coins of the Eastern Roman Empire are spread along the Silk Road (modern Xinjiang Uygur and Ningxia-Hui autonomous regions, Gansu, Shaanxi and Henan provinces, partly also south of Inner Mongolia). For example, in the area of Xi'an city, the bright find of Justinian solidus (the authors of the excavations, however, tend to regard the coin as belonging to Justinian's reign) was printed in the tomb (571 CE) of the Sogdian Kan Ye. We put this golden coin into circulation in 2018. However, the study of Byzantine coins in China sheds light on events in the Eastern Roman Empire itself. The “conjugation” of the processes described above is the focus of this work.
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Interregional links in their complexity within the human activity have been historically conditioned by economic factors, either in the form of exploitation or the exchange of material goods. Kosovo is among the countries that have provided optimal conditions for the use of natural resources, while with the Adriatic area there has been a certain direction of economic relations since the most ancient periods. Links between Kosovo and the Adriatic have been of varying intensity through history, but particularly have been pronounced in periods of involvement in political and administrative units, such as the Roman, Byzantine and Ottoman Empires. Since it was known as a name, in the Middle Ages, Kosovo has not encompassed the same territory that exists today. Kosovo's economic and trade relations with the Adriatic had a specific development during the Ottoman period, which lasted more than five centuries in Europe, from the 14th to the beginning of the 20th century. As a specific mode of commercial activity, the caravans and land routes they followed played an important role until the end of the 19th century.
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The Higher Commercial School in Varna is the oldest business high school in Bulgaria. Its first university curricula played a pioneering role for the establishment of higher business education in Bulgaria. Significant place in the first university curricula was reserved for language teaching. Distinguished philologists who had graduated abroad were recruited to teach foreign languages. The aim of this paper is to investigate the role of the foreign language teaching in the university curricula and to promote the names and work of the first language lecturers at the Higher Commercial School in Varna.
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