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After the World War I the East Central European countries implemented their own land reforms, which, by the letter of their legislation, were meant to ease the social tensions caused by the inequalities in the distribution of the land property. Most of these land reforms failed to fulfill these goals, more importantly, they contributed to the agricultural crisis developed by the end of the 1920s. Due to the intensified anti-Semitic discourse, both in Hungary and Romania by the end of the 1930s and the subsequent years several acts were promulgated which were meant at first to restrain, than to cease the Jewish presence in economy. After the Second Vienna Award the Hungarian legislation was extended upon the newly annexed Northern Transylvania, with the acts regarding the Jewish land property, too. The first law that contained regulations about the restriction of the Jewish property was the act nr. 1939: IV; later the act nr. 1942: XV regarding the expropriation of all Jewish agricultural and forest property was also promulgated. Our paper analyzes the situation of the Hungarian land tenure policy in Northern Transylvania towards the Jewish land property, focusing on the measures taken accordingly to the regulations of the act no. 1942: XV, until the period of the German occupation in 1944.
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Pulitzer and Hearst, the fathers of the yellow press, had a decisive effect to the future development of new trends in journalism. Furthermore, many modern companies were guided by the business model of the mentioned American magnates. In the 19th century, the newspapers of Pulitzer and Hearst had an important role in informing citizens about events in the country, but at the same time they influenced the foreign policy of the USA. Most historians agree that, through their papers, Hearst and Pulitzer had a major role in forming public opinion and manipulating the public during the Spanish-American War. Their unscrupulous manner of reporting on the rebellion in Cuba forced American President William McKinley to declare war on Spain. In view of historical facts, this paper will be dedicated to the assessment of the role of Hearst and Pulitzer in the Spanish-American War.
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The example of Gligorije Jeftanović, the most influential and wealthiest Serb in Bosnia and Herzegovina during the Austro-Hungarian rule and his involvement in providing supplies for the Austro-Hungarian military, shows one method of economic rise of the B&H economic elites that cooperated and were fervently supported by the government itself.
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Purpose of the article: identification of phases of the transformation in Polish retailing between 1989 and 2014, their duration and indicators used to define them. Research of methodology/research approach: an analysis of secondary data. Key research findings: the transformation of retailing in Poland can be described by four phases, i.e. privatisation, internationalisation, concentration, and innovation. Only in the case of privatisation phase, its duration can be specified (the years 1989-1992). For the remaining phases it is possible to determine their beginning and operate under the assumption that they are still in progress. Practical implications: the nature of transformation phases of retailing in Poland is not sequential but overlapping. Identification of the phases or the key trend in retailing is a strong indication for retailing companies in defining market strategies. Social implications: the analysis of phases of transformations in retailing allows determining of the level of retail development and thus determining of its contribution to the quality of consumers’ lives.
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Ever since the enactment of the 1957—1961 Plan for the Economic Development of Yugoslavia which gave special prominence to the expansion of agricultural production particular attention has been paid to the development of farming collaboration between socialist and private farms as a factor of outstanding importance for the advance of agriculture.
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The Standing Conference of Yugoslav Towns was founded some 16 years ago (April 1953). Today it has a membership of 265 communes — out of a total of 501 — from all constituent republics, and acts as a forum for exchange of experience and for public discussions of socio-economic and other matters of common interest to its members (towns or communes). As a voluntary, consultative organization, whose conclusions, decisions and recommendations are not binding on its members, the Conference is a form of intercity and intercommunal cooperation in the broadest national sense. Since the Conference is made up of communes from all constituent republics and of various level of economic and social development, the work of Conference is adjusted accordingly.
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VOLUME AND STRUCTURE OF PRODUCTION. The most important development in the Yugoslav copper industry in 1961 — 1968 was that production became far more stable in comparison with preceding years. Il Whereas earlier copper production had stagnated and output of copper processing increased very quickly, in the period 1961—1968 production in both sectors of the industry increased at varying rates in various specialized technological groups.
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Although the first, modest foundations of the aluminium industry in Yugoslavia were laid as early as 1937, it is only in the postwar period, especially in the last ten years, that major progress has been made in this sector. It is characteristic to note that in all postwar development plans the targets for this industry were set too high and could not be fully attained, primarily because of inaccurate estimates of the essential preconditions for its expansion. There was always one or another essential factor missing, making it impossible to realize the planned estimates. The most important among these factors were a lag in the generation of hydroelectric power, the industry’s shortage of capital for large initial investment outlays, the cancellation of already contracted foreign loans on the part of foreign creditors, etc. Because of all this the expansion of the aluminium industry has not reached the level warranted by the country’s natural potential.
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The development of tourism in Yugoslavia since the war has been rather uneven. This has been due partly to market conditions and partly to the development policy, which has dictated institutional framework of the tourist trade. The year 1952 marked the beginning of intensive stimulation of foreign tourism and of efforts to run domestic tourism on a cost-and-profit basis (until then prime emphasis had been laid on its social functions). The most important period for tourist development began in 1965 with the introduction of the Economic Reform, under which tourism came to play a significant role in Yugoslavia’s efforts to ensure herself a greater share in international commerce.
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Mnogi posjetioci kahvane u Osmankapetanovoj medresi, znanju koje Gračanlije napravise doprinosom i dobrovoljnim radom 1889. godine, a u kojem se sve do izgradnje novog, nalazio takozvani stari Dom kultüre i biblioteka, zastajali su pred likom jednog metuzalema, ovjekovjecenog na umjetničkoj fotografiji, koju između dva svjetska rata napravi tadašnji gračanicki učitelj Stanoje Bojović. Fotograf je majstorski “uhvatio” pogled starca, zaronjen duboko u utrobu pohabane cipele i “govor” njegove ruke sa Silom i iglom kako vjesto krpi mjesto koje je vlažilo nogu ko zna kojeg tadašnjeg žitelja Gračanice.
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The text is about the findings of fieldwork in Razmetanitsa on how thetraditions, customs and way of life of locals keep the cultural memory of KingSamuel (Samuil) and his time. It is looked at in several aspects. The first fo-cuses on toponyms. The second aspect (the most typical) presents the material,making of the legend part of everyday life, expressed in the transformationsof objects. The memory of Samuel is grounded in the specifics of the familiarmundane, the material. The third aspect relates to the secularization and cus-tomization of the neomythological settlements of cultural memory and focuseson festive rituals and imaginary stories.Key words: Bulgarian kings, Samuel, cultural memory.
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Das mittelalterliche Ete ist in der Region Sárköz des Komitats Tolna, ca. 10 km südlich der Stadt Szekszárd und rund 3 km westlich von Decs, zu finden (Abb. 1). Seine geographische Lage war äußerst günstig: Die Siedlung wurde nahe der sich am Westrand der Sárköz erhebenden Hügelkette, auf einem bis an den Fluss Sárvíz reichenden lang gestreckten Hügel begründet. Dieser Hügel überragte das Sumpfgebiet des Flusses am weitesten und eignete sich daher am besten als Flussübergangsstelle. Da die Siedlung vom Inneren der Region und von der am Fuß des Hügelzuges verlaufenden Straße gleichermaßen gut erreichbar war, entwickelte sich Ete im Laufe des Mittelalters zu einem der größten und bedeutendsten Marktflecken der Sárköz.
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The article is devoted to the research of archaeozoological materials which are one of the main sources of palaeoeconomic reconstruction the steppe Ukrainian regions at the Late Bronze Age. Hunting and fishing were not of great importance in the economy. The tendency to decrease hunting is evident in the economy of the population of the Bronze Age in comparison with the previous ones. Cattle breeding was based on cattle cultivation, the remains of article prevailing on all monuments without reservation. The author points out some differences in a herd of domestic animals already in the middle and late stages of Sabatinovka Culture which are linked to landscape peculiarities of monument’s location and certain cultural influences.
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An article based on archival materials examines the preparation for issuance of special banknotes in the circulation on the Chinese Eastern Railway — coupons of the Russian-Asian Bank. The author shows how, in the context of monetary circulation crisis that gripped Russia during the First World War, local authorities tried to find a way out of the difficult economic situation. At the turn of 1917–1918 the railway administration and the Russian-Asian Bank held a series of business meetings in Beijing and Harbin, during which the principles and scale of emissions were worked out. Appeared in circulation at the end of 1918, banknotes were signed by Chairman of the Board of the Russian-Asian Bank A.I.Putilov and Director of the Chinese Eastern Railway General D.L.Horvath. Bonuses of the Russian-Asian Bank, widely spread not only in the railway estrange zone, but also in the cities of Manchuria, were actively accepted by the population, having received the name “horvatovki”. Their course established by the market was almost identical with the royal monetary objects highly valued by the population. Under conditions of the financial chaos that engulfed Siberia and the Russian Far East, this step contributed to the more or less planned functioning of the railway. By mid-1920, the Russian-Asian Bank and the Chinese Eastern Railway ceased to use tokens as a means of payment. Their issue in 1918–1919 allowed maintaining the entire apparatus of the Russian-Asian Bank in Harbin. At the same time, the bank managed to save currency in the emergency conditions of the Civil War in Russia.
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It is quite important to determine the factors, as well as their impacts, that cause inflation which is defined as the continuous increase in the general level of prices regarding countries. There is a serious dispute over the determinants of inflation in the literature. Traditional models assert that inflation is a monetary phenomenon and that an independent central bank would provide price stability. Nonetheless, the supporters of the price level’s fiscal theory emphasize that the changes in the general level of prices are caused by the implementation of fiscal policy which is also important for ensuring price stability. In this study, the relationship among budget deficit, money supply, and inflation in Turkey is examined using the Bayer-Hanck Cointegration approach over the period 1971-2016. The analysis results indicate the existence of a long-term relationship between the variables. A 1% increase in both the money supply and the budget deficit would increase inflation by 0.82% and 0.64%, respectively.
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This article and the last article1 on »Uskoks’ War Economy« consider why Uskok and Wako piracy played an active part for almost the same period in the late sixteenth century. In the previous article, the author pointed out that the succession states of the Mongol Empire, assuming this world empire to be a common base, formed several empires including the Ming Empire. First, to understand the context in which Wako appeared, I will present three(macro, mesoscopic, micro) dimensions of the situation. 1.The macro (Eurasian) dimension. The Ming dynasty returned to trade with silver from the Mongol Empire, though this was always denied by the Ming dynasty. It coincided with the significant change of policy. In 1570, the leader of nomadic herders, Altan Qayan, would conclude peace and start trade with the Ming dynasty. This trade, called »Horse Fair,« was the new »shore« trade after the relaxation of the Sea Ban. 2.The mesoscopic (East Asian) dimension. Japan needed to develop its economy and resolve its financial difficulties through trade with China. On a political level, China wanted to retain the integrity of its great nation, and »economically its strength was not equal to its wish.« Historian Arano emphasized two factors in the process of change: »Wako« and »Portals.« As for »the Wako situation,« he pointed out that the last interchange between the areas of the China sea regions, especially traditional public trade, was seized by »the Wako power( the European power, the Japanese power, the Chinese marine merchants),« and therefore an international dispute did not die out in this area. 3. The micro (the East China Seas) dimension. Gakusho Nakajima offers new periodization of the history of the area, dividing it into five segments: ① Tribute, Ryukyu trade period, ② Shuangyu Wako period, ③ Wako, Western trade period, ④ Western trade period, ⑤ Western/ Chinese ship trade period. After 1570, various trade routes such as the tributary system, international trade with foreign merchants, and the Southeastern Asian trade conducted by the Chinese marine commerce were allowed. Second, the Historiographical Institute of Tokyo University Institute describes the Wako, especially the »Jiajing Wako Raids«: The friction between the government officials and various groups of smugglers, as well as the rivalry among these groups, formed the »substance« or prerequisite of Wako piracy. These frictions developed along the Jiangsu shores and then in Zhejiang (Fujian) when newcomers, including the Portuguese, entered the smuggling network of the Chinese along with the Japanese. I believe this to be the comprehensive definition since it was based on results gathered from the great amount of available Wako studies. I intend to present the trends in the Wako studies of China and Japan. In the Japanese historiography, significant new explanatory models moved further from the Marxist historiography, and they included the Wako phenomenon. There is a study on Wako members unprecedented elsewhere. I introduce several themes or groups, among them, »estuary people« who lived from fishing and water transportation seem to be important. They joined the Ming forces and were called to suppress Wako but eventually joined them. Third, we will first concretely detail the change of the trade that was discussed previously. Then we will inspect what kind of trade Wang Zhi, the leader of late Wako, expected, and confirm how the intense struggle over the Sea Ban policy in the form of the »Jiajing Wako Raids« ended. In the following, I introduce the latest study on Wang Zhi in detail. However, the author perceives that the attitude toward the authorities of Wang Zhi was ambiguous. On the other hand, the position toward the authorities of Zheng Chenggong was clear, and he built authorities by himself. Zheng Chenggong or Koxinga was in contrast to Wang Zhi at the point. Finally, Around 1570, the Ming dynasty changed its commerce policy while Portuguese/Spanish merchants reclaimed the new trade route at the same time. In this way, the trade order of East Asia was entirely reorganized. Nakajima names this new trade order simply the »1570 system.« And around 1570 the second phase of the »long sixteenth century« began.
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The article deals with the find of coins of the tetradrachm type Huși-Vovriești. It discusses also the settlement of the mountainous and sub-mountainous area of the Nitra and Žitava river basins in the La Tène period. Emphasis is placed on the information value of the find and the function of the site where the coins were discovered in the Middle La Tène period. The article attempts to determine whether the location was a refuge or a sacrificial site. Attention is paid to contacts with the surrounding catchment area and the origin of the coins in Eastern Dacia and the territory of Moldavia.
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Matthias Bel in his work Notitia Hungariae Novae historico-geographica offered a contemporary view of the status, importance, response and concrete realities of counties of Hungary within the Habsburg monarchy. The study is historical and geographical research history and environmental issues of non-ferrous raw materials, and their extraction in the Nitra County in the first half of the 18th century. Description of the subject contains text „Other finds“ in § XII. science section (Membrum primum physicum) of general parts of Notitia of Nitra County in Hungary (1742). The „probe” into Bel’s characteristics of this theme we have realized through critical commentary on contemporary texts supplemented by other sources, respectively literature and information obtained by studying geological maps. Specific findings, we finally compared with the results of field research and their own knowledge of the subject.
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Letterpress join-stock company in Turčiansky Sv. Martin was one of the most important printing and publishing institution in our country. This institution made a significant contribution to the dissemination of culture and education among Slovaks, but also supported the ideas of national movement an revival in the second half of the 19th and in the first half of 20th century. At the first place, however, this association was a shareholder-based company which main objective was, as well as any other company in past, present and future, to provide annual stable income and profitability for its own future development and growth. The writing is divided into two main parts. The first part is a description of the organizational structure of the association through the creation of basic capital by the selling of shares, rights and obligations of the general assembly or the management called administration. The second part is about history describing the first 30 years of association existence.
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