We kindly inform you that, as long as the subject affiliation of our 300.000+ articles is in progress, you might get unsufficient or no results on your third level or second level search. In this case, please broaden your search criteria.
Review of: Kamil Luczaj - Christine J. Walley. Exit Zero: Family and Class in Postindustrial Chicago. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2013. 216 pp. ISBN 978-0-226-87180-6.
More...
Review of: Alexander Etkind - Douglas Rogers. The Depths of Russia: Oil, Power, and Culture after Socialism. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 2015. 394 pp. ISBN 978-0-8014-5373-1.
More...
Review of: Olga Smolyak - Christine Varga-Harris. Stories of House and Home: Soviet Apartment Life during the Khrushchev Years. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 2015. 289 pp. ISBN 978-0-80145-307-6.
More...
The article represents the gender analysis of Russian luxury market during World War I and February Revolution. The article contains analysis of social experience of upper-class society members, their daily pursuits and activities in emergency conditions. The major conclusions are as follows. Luxury consumption by upper-class womenfolk increased. One can say that luxury in war time has distinct female feel about it. In a way it was a compensation for the toils of war as well as means of wealth accumulation. Women psychology had a major impact on the market. The growth of luxury consumption may be explained not only by social but also by psychological reasons. Gender peculiarities of consumer activities on Russian luxury goods market were as follows: feverish demand on luxury goods bordering on prodigality. Veblen effect was demonstrated. Customers selected goods that were more expensive and were in fashion. The author explores the wide range of historical sources. The commentaries and “women” press were among the most important ones. This research represents a multidisciplinary approach drawing on social sciences, history and economics.
More...
Based on archival materials, the article considers the problems of women’s employment in Karelia in the 1950s, pinpoints the causes of the multitude of non working women, describes the ways and methods used to involve them in public production. It is noted that the party organizations regarded the public employment issue to be of political significance, putting it in opposition to the private-property mindset of those engaged in subsistence farming. Identified were the challenges encountered when dealing with employment issues in the Republic, associated with the narrow economic profile of forest villages, the numerousness of settlements with meager population in rural areas. The factors that influenced the process of transformation of the professional employment of women are outlined. Special attention is paid to the measures taken by the government to provide people with kindergartens and infant daycare centers, to organize children’s and teenagers’ leisure time, to improve services to households, medical care for mothers and children. Significant differences between the living and working conditions of women in urban and rural areas are highlighted.
More...
The paper is divided into two parts together thematically related. The first part informs about fires occurring in Košice in 16th century on the basis of the literature, but most of the archival documents. The largest space is devoted to probably one of the biggest fires in the city dating to April 1556. The effort is not limited only to lay damages caused by this and other fires, but also points on the situation in the city after disaster, on the required financial and material assistance for the city from the emperor and from towns of Pentapolitana. The second part provides an insight into the incidence of arson in Košice, as one of the crimes against property, where output a specific perpetrators different management considerations and motives. It provides an informations about punishing offenders under the then existing regulations and laws. For both parts of the contribution the archival research was conducted in the Košice City Archives, to show the lesser known facts of the history of the city, as fires and other disasters have remarked economic and social face of this and later periods.
More...
Medieval towns were not an isolated island, but a living organism with intense interactions with its environment. From a demographic point of view they were dependent on the flow of people from beyond its walls. The town needed new people to its natural development and functioning. In the example of five Slovak towns (Bratislava, Trnava, Bardejov, Prešov, Košice), we have shown how immigration and immigrants contributed to their demographic picture. The main sources for exploring this question were the registers of new burghers and also the tax registers. These sources, however, do not register low-income inhabitants forming a significant part of the urban population. Therefore, on the basis of their analysis, we can not form a realistic picture of the immigration. German patriciate played a leading role in researched towns, what is reflected by the data coming from the registers of the burgher rights acceptance. They provide evidence that the burgher rights were granted mostly to the persons of German nationality (except Trnava). The regular trade contacts with foreign countries have led to the immigration of foreigners mostly of German origin. Location of the city and its surrounding neighborhood with different ethnicity played also its role.
More...
Košice represents an atypical European town in the 16th century. Unfortunately, due to numerous destructive events, relatively small number of documents has been preserved from this period. The testaments, which originated in particular period, were selected as the source for the reconstruction of everyday life. The primary aim of this paper is to provide an overview of the existing research on the townspeople of Košice in the 16th century. Secondly, the possible difficulties that might arise during the research of the topic are being listed. The final part of the paper contains specific examples of the life experience of the selected inhabitants of the town.
More...
The aim of this paper is to provide an overview over the last wills as the historical sources. The first part of this work consists of the overview of published relevant works; it also summarised the well-known facts about purpose and creation of the last wills. The paper describes its form, possible use as well as their development. The emphasis is put on the concrete manuscripts originated from the region of Kraków from the 17th and 18th century. The last part of paper is dedicated to specific section of testament – the invocation.
More...
The study deals with the characteristics of Opava, the metropolis of one of the Silesian principalities in the period of completion of political and religious transformation (circa 1630 – 1660) and culminating transformation of the burgher society. Its elites are classified as people (and their families) with the highest extent of social prestige and political rights that shaped the public life of the locality in a fundamental way. It states that in Opava in the given period it concerned estimated 20 – 25 people/families out of circa 300 burgher families and 500 – 600 settled families. It perceives family strategies as intentional steps and activities aimed towards improving and strengthening of the positions of an individual and his or her family in the private, professional and public areas, and ensuring (improving) the status of the descendants in the town, respectively the country society. Based on the present micro-studies, it declares the initial theses for the consequent research considering the following strategies: 1. ensuring and enlarging of the real estates of municipal and free (nobility) character as a source of strengthening the social status and influence, as well as securing the family positions, 2. nobilitation as a source of achieving an exceptional position in the municipal society, 3. transitional rituals (marriage, christening, funeral) where the most substantial role is seen in the marriage policy and the choice of partners for the members of the elites and their children, or alternatively the closest relatives, 4. support of education and directing of the professional orientation of the descendants. The study also indicates further possible activities that may be included into family strategies that so far stand completely (or almost completely) aside from the interest of historical research of Opava in the given period (expansion of the family memory, marriages across the social classes, motivation and features of private bonds and contacts, relations of burghers and household members without blood and relative bonds, etc.)
More...
In the legal sense, Silesian towns and cities constituted as early as the 12th century. Up to the half of the 13th century, approximately 20 towns and townlets were established. After the Mongolian invasion in 1241, apart from the economic significance, it was also their defensive role of towns that was valued. During the Middle Ages and the early modern period a rather extensive network comprising altogether 165 towns and townlets was built in Silesia.
More...
After the Second World War, the totalitarian regimes have collapsed and paved the way for a multiparty system by giving it’s way to more democratic regimes which aggrandize the individual right and freedoms. The multiparty system gives important clues about the modernization adventure of a society because of embodying in itself a change and a transformation in political life. It is extremely easy to adapt to a multiparty system and the terms of this in a society without cultural, economical and political breakdowns. Otherwise, it is inevitable to be lived serious pains in the modernization process. Resisting by centrist, bureaucratic and distinguished staff who were transferred from Ottoman Empire to Turkey passed multiparty system in 1946 against polyphony discourses for keeping their own existence causes a painful transition process for Turkey for the multiparty system. Especially the cultural breakdown provoked the deepening of the painful process by causing intelligentsia postpone the sense of obligation and blowing the conflict of highbrows and public.
More...
According to the Kültepe Tablets, there were intensive trades between the Assyrian merchants and the Anatolian kingdoms. In this period that lasted nearly for two centuries (BC. ca. 1950-1750), the merchants from Assyria began to live in the fields which were used as residence and market place founded near the cities and called as Karum. Assyrian merchants who spent almost all of his life in Anatolia, brought their wives with them, but some of them married women from the local communities of the region. The biggest supporters and assistants of the Assyrian merchants in the trade were their spouses. In many documents there was information about that women had a voice in trade life, helped their husbands, bought and sold goods and played active role in the production process. In this study, benefitting from the Kültepe tablets which have been published since today, the family relations of the Assyrian Merchants with their wives, their commercial partnerships, individual activities of the Assyrian women traders, how they help their husbands in trade are going to be clarified with the documents.
More...
Gazi Mustafa Kemal Atatürk has taken some steps to make an attempt in technical sense in the newly established Republic. The most important of these steps is the establishment of the Turkish Tayyare Society with the password of the future sky and the opening of the Kayseri Aircraft Factory immediately afterwards. Because a state that is strongly supported by Mustafa Kemal Ataturk's statism principle should have a sound economy. The contract for the establishment of an aircraft and aircraft engine plant in Kayseri was signed between the Turkish Government and the German firm of Junkers on August 15, 1925. The establishment of this plant in Kayseri, the strategic location of an plain city surrounded by mountains and the presence of a large and flat area in the southern part of the city, which is important for aviation at first, is an important factor.
More...
The paper deals with issues related to identification of the causes of formation of independent legal regulation of the housing relations in Russia, description of the development of housing legislation, and influence of the doctrine on this process. During the post-revolutionary period, the burden of solving the housing problem was taken by the state, which is reflected in the regulations. The normative material was then intensely accumulated and served as the basis for further codification of housing legislation. Originally, the legislator demonstrated a comprehensive approach to the regulation of housing relations. Subsequently, however, the focus shifted mostly to the normalization of tenancy agreements in the codification acts of civil legislation. After having been established in 1977, the constitutional right of citizens to housing became a prerequisite for housing legislation. Thus, the basics of housing legislation and the Housing Codes of the Union Republics developed. During the period of transition to market relations in the housing area, normative legal acts were published. They were intended for the adaptation of the institutions of the Soviet housing legislation to the recent political and socio-economic conditions that were in effect until the adoption of the new Housing Code. It is emphasized in the paper that the historically doctrinal research in this area has been always directed at finding the most appropriate legal regulation of housing relations. The conclusion is made that the modern housing legislation is a stable complex array of regulations, having the ability to adapt to the changing political and socio-economic conditions.
More...
The paper deals with the problem of interaction between the concepts and discussions about the goals of the Comintern policy in China that developed since the middle of the 1920s. On the basis of the works written by the Soviet sinologists (A.Ya. Kantorovich, B.K. Radek, and E.S. Varga) and covering the specific, different from Western feudalism, pre-capitalist social system of China as an example, a tendency is revealed toward more detailed and economically substantiated approach of the Soviet historians to analysis of the past and present of China, its economy and social relations. Most participants of the analyzed discussions did not belong to the academic community. They proclaimed the method of historical materialism as the main method of research, as well as the leading role of the Marxist theory, but these discussions demonstrated that conclusions made by the participants contradicted each other. The development of Soviet sinology was preceded by the open discussion that took place in the Communist Academy in the 1920s–1930s. Despite the apparent loss of the idea of “Asian mode of production”, the adoption of which meant a special path of China’s development as an instrument of the foreign policy, the discussion continued shifting from the problems of the current policy into the area of history.
More...
The tourism industry is one of the rapidly developing sectors in the world. Because it is a sector that contributes directly or indirectly to other sectors of the tourism industry to the economy of the country is one of the areas studied in detail the contribution is calculated. Kazakhstan declared its independence as of the date of the most valued within the sector, the tourism sector is also given importance. Tourism in Kazakhstan, especially after independence to occupy a place in the international tourism industry to develop rapidly and it is evident that are. Thus between the years of 1990-2014, the time series of gross domestic product (GDP) with variables and tourism revenues has been investigated by using the VAR model. The obtained empirical results, and economic growth in Kazakhstan tourism on the economic growth of tourism, it was determined that did not have an impact on. Consequently, the suggests that a reciprocal relationship exists between two variables, the result of the test integration.
More...
Energy resources, especially hydrocarcons like oil and gas, today is one of the most important factors that determine the political economy of international relations system. In this direction, the struggless among big states over energy resources in the last century is expected to continue to increase in the 21stCentury. The area of this fight has expanded to the Caucasus and Central Asia together with the Soviet Union collapsed in 1991. The Caspian Basin is located in the lands of Eurasia has become the most important centre in the geography with its rich hdyrocarbon resources and geopolitical position Especially, encountered instability in Middle East and neccessity of ensuring energy supply security for states makes Caspian more attractive for regional and global powers. İn this study, we specifically analyzed the Caspian basin the complement of Caucasus region in terms of a kind of unresolved legal status problem and we have tried to reflect the perpectives of the Caspian littoral countries on the issue.
More...
HOŘEJŠ, MILOŠ – KŘÍŽEK, JIŘÍ. ZÁMEK S VŮNÍ BENZÍNU : AUTOMOBILY A ŠLECHTA V ČESKÝCH ZEMÍCH DO ROKU 1945; OTČENÁŠOVÁ, SLÁVKA – ZAHORÁN, CSABA (EDS.). SHIFTING DISCOURSES ON CENTRAL EUROPEAN HISTORIES; SOUKUPOVÁ, BLANKA – STAWARZ, ANDRZEJ (EDS.). MÝTUS – „REALITA“ – IDENTITA : NÁRODNÍ METROPOLE V ČASE „NÁVRATU DO EVR OPY“; SPURNÝ, MATĚJ. MOST DO BUDOUCNOSTI : LABORATOŘ SOCIALISTICKÉ MODERNITY NA SEVERU ČECH;
More...
Senior executives in large establishments had a humble object for themselves and their organizations: stability. Stockholders sought little more than foreseeable earnings progression. Because so many markets were either inaccessible or emergent, leaders could dispense on those expectancies through annual exercises that offered only humble adjustments to the strategic plan. Prices resided in check; people settled in their jobs; life was decent. Market pellucidity, workforce mobility, global capital drifts, and rapid communications have blown that relaxed scenario to smithereens. In most industries — and in almost all businesses, from behemoths on down — heightened worldwide competition has focused management’s collective mind on something that, in the past, it happily prevented: change. Successful businesses, as Harvard Business School professor Rosabeth Moss Kanter expressed in 1999, develop “a culture that just keeps moving all the time.” (strategybusiness. com 2016)
More...
