Находки европейских монет XV—XVIII вв. в Центральном Предкавказье

Author(s): Yuriy A. Prokopenko / Language(s): Russian / Issue: 6/2017

The proposed catalog of European coins of 15th — turn of 18th—19th centuries, found in the Central Caucasus, is the first step in creating a complete set of the relevant finds from the whole territory of the Northern Caucasus. It is important to study political and economic relations between indigenous peoples with traders and travelers from different European countries, as well as involvement of Ciscaucasian population in the national Russian market in the 18th — early 19th century. Study of Western and Eastern European coins (German, Polish, Riga and others) found in the central part of Northern Caucasus minted by different rulers of European states and cities helps us significantly enrich our knowledge of evolution of international political and economic relations in the Northern Caucasus in the Middle Ages and Modern Time. The finds of coins minted in the region, in the cities of Tsardom of Muscovy, and later in the Russian Empire, allows us tracing the process of rapprochement of the Ciscaucasian peoples with the Russian lands and their subsequent integration with Russia.

Находки монет европейских государств времен золотоордынского господства на территории Молдовы

Author(s): Andrei V. Crivenco / Language(s): Russian / Issue: 6/2016

The author publishes finds of medieval European coins: the Kingdoms of Castile and Leon, Sicily, Hungary, Poland, the Republic of Genoa and imitations of Crusader states’ coins in the territory of the Republic of Moldova. All coins date back to the rule of the Golden Horde. Three areas of origin of these coins are identified: the Balkans, Central Europe and the Mediterranean. The information about these numismatic finds complements the already known data on the coins of the European Christian states found in the Prut-Dniester region. It allows us to assume the existence of vast economic and other ties between the Golden Horde settlements in the region and various territories both within and outside Jochi’s Ulus.

Находки монет на Северо-Востоке России

Author(s): Alexander I. Lebedintsev / Language(s): Russian / Issue: 6/2017

The article summarizes all available data on ancient and medieval coin finds in the North-East of Russia. Questions of the origin and distribution of coins in this region are discussed. Ancient coins are widely used in South-East Asia in the period of the Iron Age. Small amounts of eastern coins are found in the peripheral areas to the north from these countries, where they completely lose their transactional function and are used as decorations or as ritual objects. The northern aboriginals could receive these coins and other metalware in exchange for the furs, which were highly demanded in southern regions.

Находки русских монет XVI—XVII вв. в Англии: вклад в изучение деятельности Московской компании

Author(s): Raško Ramadanski / Language(s): Russian / Issue: 6/2015

This work represents a thorough overview of eleven new finds of Russian 16th—17th century coins discovered in England. In that regard, all specimens are studied and determined individually and according to catalogue references. Along with the numismatic nature of the finds, the other part of the text is concerned with possible reasons that could be behind presence of the Russian currency in England considering the facts about Russian and English coinage and commerce as well as the intensive diplomatic and trade relations between the two states. This mainly refers to an English trading guild consortium called the Muscovy Company, which had the most significant role in establishing and maintaining that communication.

Национализъм, миграция и туризъм (Случаят с детско летовище „Ерма“, гр. Трън)

Author(s): Petar Parvanov / Language(s): Bulgarian / Issue: 1/2017

Following the Neuilly Peace Treaty and the secession of territories from the Bulgarian state, including the so-called “Western Suburbs”, the country is experiencing a business and migration crisis. It has to reorient its economy and seek new sources of income for the national economy. One of these new branches of the economy is tourism, which is begun to look, not only as a means of recreation and pleasure, but also as a source of income. The state has to cope with refugee waves of Bulgarians who have moved to the interior of their homeland because the settlements in which they live remain under foreign rule. Another part of the migrants are moving to the big cities for economic reasons. As they settled in the big cities, refugees began to create community organizations, and a wave of patriotic and nationalist feelings rose there. There is nostalgia for the native end. Organized, refugees are beginning to seek economic recovery and cultural development in their native places. It is the combination of these factors that leads to the combination of national feelings, migratory waves and economic and cultural recovery, as is the case with the creation of the Erma Chateau Committee in Tran.

Националната принадлежност на Кръсте Мисирков през погледа на публичните учреждения в Бесарабия през 1916 година

Author(s): Yordan Simov / Language(s): Bulgarian / Issue: 1/2008

Националното в империята. Човешкият капитал и икономиката на Русчук на границата на две епохи (1864–1880)

Author(s): Kristian Valchev / Language(s): Bulgarian / Issue: 1/2016

In the present work the development of Ruse on the border of two ages, marked by their typical characteristics, is considered. The aftermaths of the Crimean War and the Reforms in the Ottoman Empire are continuously examined. The development of the crafts, building construction and industry is traced. The researched period is divided into three chronological sections. A general conclusion for the development of Ruse in the examined period is offered.

Национальный вопрос и районирование в РСФСР в 1920-е — начале 1930-х годов: управленческие стратегии и их реализация (по материалам Поволжья)

Author(s): Olga Aleksandrovna Sukhova,O. A. Filenkova / Language(s): Russian / Issue: 18/2017

Authors examine of national construction practice in the USSR in the 1920s — 1930s on the basis of RSFSR Central Executive Committee’s department of nationalities documentation, as well as on documents of department of agitation and propaganda of Central and regional Committees of the CPSU(b). Both the unconditional recognition of the right of nations to self-determination and the thesis of the age-old backwardness of remote regions of Imperial Russia in the first post-revolutionary years became an active factor in the reconstruction of the country and in creation of large national autonomies. During the NEP period despite a sharp reduction in funding of national programs, the strategy of regionalization, which was part of a global national economic reforms, also experienced the impact of this issue and has been supplemented by the formation of ethnic districts, counties and finally by indigenization policy. New ideological priorities in national policies were set up at the beginning of the 1930s, when there was a serious threat to social and political stability, caused by implementation of collectivisation. “Mechanical” indigenization was replaced by functional indigenization; the districts were eliminated under the slogan of making lower authority apparatus closer to people. Permanent adjustment of nationbuilding ideology shows the inconsistency of the course. The evidence of ignoring of the principle of economic expediency during the zoning process and, on the other hand, its public reclamation allow to doubt that officially proclaimed intentions of the Soviet leadership corresponded to its real political activities. The exclusive criteria for the choice of the course was the strengthening of “authority vertical” and an irrational belief in the omnipotence of the administrative methods of solving any problems of social development.

Начало на социалистическата конспирация. Полска социалистическа партия „Свобода, равенство, независимост“

Author(s): Maciej Żuczkowski / Language(s): Bulgarian / Issue: 5/2019

The article presents inception and the first months of the functioning of the underground Polish Socialist Party occurring in 1939-1944, under the code name “Wolność-Równość-Niepodległość” (Freedom-Equality-Independence). Its hows both the pre-war preparations of the PPS and the way in which the PPS-WRN was formed at the beginning of October 1939, as well as the principles on which its organization was based. The article also discusses both the beginnings of the PPS-WRN underground press and the party’s place in the forming structures of the Polish Underground State.

Начало энеолита на северных окраинах поздних дунайских культур на рубеже V и IV тысячелетий до н. э.

Author(s): Sławomir Kadrow / Language(s): Russian / Issue: 2/2016

The author presents a survey of socio-cultural processes in the beginning of the Eneolithic in Poland in the second half of 5th millennium BC and their consequences in the 4th millennium. There are shown origins of main Eneolithic traits on the territory in question against the background of general process of eneolithization in Europe. The chronology of this phenomenon is specified and cultural entities engaged in processes of Eneolithisation of Polish territories are described. The most important cultures involved in this process are Lublin-Volhynia, Brześć Kujawski and Jordanów. Subsistence, settlement patterns, funerary rites, copper metallurgy, flint manufacture and other elements of material culture are characterized. In the end, an attempt was taken to reconstruct different models of cultural changes, which resulted in the emergence of various models of Eneolithisation of Polish territories.

Не все амфоры с энглифическими клеймами принадлежат Гераклее Понтийской

Author(s): Vladimir I. Kac / Language(s): Russian / Issue: 3/2015

In recent years, one of the favorite S. Monakhov’s aphorisms was the following: not every amphora with englyphic stamps belongs to the workshops of the Heraclea Pontica. This statement can hardly be disputed, since besides Heraclea, there are reliably known englyphic stamps of other centers which practiced marking of their ceramic wares.However, what cannot be accepted, it his attempt to attribute certain groups of amphorae, traditionally attributed to Heraclea, to some other South Pontic centers. Remarkably, this attempt at the moment finds supporters and followers (G. Lomtadze, O. Gabelko and E. Kuznetsova).S. Monakhov’s identification of “pseudo-Heraclean” amphorae is not undisputable. On the one hand, the researcher has convincingly shown that these amphorae in their morphological features are close to the separate types of Sinopa ceramic wares. On the other hand, his statement that their englyphic stamps do not correspond to the Heraclean tradition of marking contradicts the reality. All indicated stamps find analogies among typical Heraclean stamps, and the magistrates mentioned in them fit well into the overall list of the Heraclean officials who controlled the ceramic production. In this connection, the main conclusion that these vessels were produced outside Heraclea cannot be firmly substantiated.

НЕВІДОМА ІМІТАЦІЯ ВІЗАНТІЙСЬКОГО ФОЛІСА МИХАЙЛА ІІ

Author(s): W. Schulze,Wolfgang Schulze / Language(s): English / Issue: 2/2018

Dieser Artikel berichtet über Imitationen eines Byzantinischen Follis aus der Regierungszeit von Michael II. (820-29). Michael II. ließ Münzen in Konstantinopel und auf Sizilien schlagen, die ihn zusammen mit seinem Sohn Theophilus als Mitkaiser zeigen. Zwei Ausgaben von Folles aus Konstantinopel sind bekannt: eine kleinere von 20 mm Durchmesser und einem Durchschnittsgewicht von 5,5 g. mit der Offizin A unter dem M auf der Rückseite und eine größere – möglicherweise von 824/5 – mit ähnlichem Aussehen, aber mit einem Durchmesser von 28-32 mm. und einem Durchschnittsgewicht von 7,5 g. Der auf Abbildung 1 gezeigte Follis von Konstantinopel hat einen Durchmesser von 31 mm und ein Gewicht von 7,8g. Die Vorderseite zeigt die Büsten von Michael (links) mit Chlamys und Theophilus mit Loros, beide mit einem Kreuz auf der Krone. Es gibt ein zusätzliches Kreuz und einen Punkt zwischen ihren Köpfen. Die Umschrift lautet MIXAHL ЅΘ ЄOFILOS. Die Rückseite zeigt ein Kreuz über dem M, darunter die Offizin Θ. Die Buchstaben X/X/X und N/N/N an den Seiten werden als rein dekorative Elemente bezeichnet. Die Folles aus der größeren Serie – Klasse 3 in DOC – sind üblicherweise gut geschnitten und sorgfältig auf Flans in richtiger Größe geprägt. Die Abweichungen von dem Durchschnittsgewicht von c.7,5 g. und dem durchschnittlichen Durchmesser von 30 mm. ist marginal, und die Stempelstellung von 6 Uhr entspricht der Norm. Alle genannten Daten stehen im Gegensatz zu der neuen Münze, bei der es sich mit Sicherheit um eine Imitation handelt, die nun präsentiert werden soll (Abbildung 2): Dieser imitative Klasse 3 Follis hat einen Durchmesser von 30,5 mm. und wiegt 12,22 g. Der Durchmesser entspricht dem Original, allerdings ist das Gewicht viel zu hoch für das Durchschnittsgewicht von 7,5 g. Außerdem entspricht die Stempelstellung von 1 Uhr ebenso wenig der Norm wie das Design der Münze: Die Vorderseite ist dem Original ähnlich, allerdings zeigt sie nun Michael mit Loros auf der linken und Theophilos mit Chlamys auf der rechten Seite. Offenbar hat ein ungelenker Stempelschneider das kopiert, was er auf einem Original gesehen hat. Die Legenden sind ebenfalls vertauscht und zusätzlich verwildert. Anstelle von MIXAHL ЅΘ ЄOFILOS liest man …FILIS IMICSA... Wie Chlamys und Loros sind auch die Kronen auch ziemlich grob dargestellt; das Kreuz zwischen den Köpfen ist zu groß. Die Rückseite der Imitation zeigt ebenfalls ausgetauschte und verwilderte Legenden. Rechts vom M kann man nur ein X anstelle der üblichen X/X/X lesen. Links vom M, wo üblicherweise N/N/N steht, erscheint so etwas wie ЧІ. Verdächtig ist auch das Kreuz als Offizin unter dem M statt des üblichen Θ. Nach alledem bestehen kaum Zweifel, dass wir es hier mit einer ungeschickten Imitation eines Klasse 3 Follis von MichaelII. zu tun haben. Interessanterweise listet Grierson im DOC-Katalog einen „italienischen Solidus von grobem Stil, verwilderten Umschriften und niedrigem Goldgehalt im Namen von Nicephorus (802-11) und Theophilus (829-42), der vielleicht den Herzögen von Neapel zuzuschreiben ist“ sowie „Solidi von Theophilus, deren Stil und Fabrik es unmöglich machen, dass sie aus einer regulären Münzstätte stammen“. Im Hinblick auf die von Grierson beschriebenen Imitationen lag der Schluss nahe, dass es sich bei dem hier vorgestellten Follis ebenfalls um eine zeitgenössische Imitation (vielleicht aus Unteritalien) handelt. Diese Einschätzung musste allerdings stark in Zweifel gezogen werden, als Steve Mansfield das Foto eines zweiten Stückes einer solchen Imitation vorlegte (Abbildung 3). Die Abbildung dieser ebenfalls übergewichtigen Münze ist nicht sehr gut, aber ein detaillierter Vergleich lässt den Schluss zu, dass beide Münzen vom selben Stempelpaar stammen. Die zweite Imitation ist mit einer – vermutlich – künstlichen sandigen Patina belegt und hat das Aussehen, als ob sie gerade ausgegraben worden sei. Steve Mansfield hat außerdem mitgeteilt, dass er während einer Reise in Ägypten ähnliche Münzen gesehen habe, die an leichtgläubige Touristen verkauft wurden. Solche Fälschungen sind gut bekannt: Während geführter Touren finden Führer in archäologischen Stätten „zufällig“ gefälschte Münzen in der Erde, die sie zuvor versteckt haben, und verkaufen sie an begeisterte Touristen.haben, und verkaufen sie an begeisterte Touristen.

Неизвестен план на Търново от 1857 г.

Author(s): Ivan Rusev,Bernard Lory / Language(s): Bulgarian / Issue: 1/2020

The article presents a newly found city plan of Tarnovo, which was composed in 1857 by the Brittany-born geographer and cartographer Guillaume Lejean. The city plan was found at a Paris bouquiniste in 2018. As it is unsigned, the article offers some arguments supporting its attribution to Lejean. When he visited the old Bulgarian capital in the spring of 1857, he collected data, which he published and used as a basis for drawing the plan. This is the best among the city plans (maps) of Tarnovo to be composed until the late 1870s, both as a work of cartography and in terms of its historical information and artistic value.

Неизвестные псковские мастера

Author(s): Alexandr V. Kurbatov / Language(s): Russian / Issue: 5/2013

The author has identified a group of flat ceramic flasks covered with green glaze from towns of the northwestern and central Russia. It is suggested here that the rather rare flasks of this type were manufactured at a single workshop in Pskov during a time span of 10 to 15 years in the last quarter of the 16th century. In the end of the 16th century, the potter (or his followers) moved to Moscow where he started to make flasks of other shapes and from a different raw material — flat vessels from white kaolin clay. In Moscow, flat flasks on thin stems became popular as canteens and later as kumgans (Asiatic water vessels). The most famous ware of this type has been produced in Gzhel since the 18th century.

Неколико прилога о пољопривреди Крајинског округа, значају виноградарства и утицају филоксере 1891/1892. године

Author(s): Marija Kralj / Language(s): Serbian / Issue: 39/2018

In the 19th century the Krajina District was known as a viticulture area of Serbia. Viticulture and wine production in general were at а low level since grape was neither carefully selected nor maintained, and wine was not produced in a modern manner customary for the 19th century. Serbian wines, including the ones from Krajina, were not exported to a greater extent until the 1880s, when grape phylloxera devastated vineyards in other European countries so they could no longer give a sufficient amount of wine. Subsequently, grape phylloxera was found in Serbian vineyards in 1882. When phylloxera appeared in Serbia, the Ministry of National Economy passed laws and regulations to prevent the spreading of phylloxera and to contribute to vineyard renewal. The opening of a vine nursery in 1886 and the Viticulture and Pomiculture School in 1891, both of them in Bukovo, was the most notable measure of vineyard restoration and labour development for the Krajina District. The first administrator of the Viticulture and Pomiculture School, Milovan Savić, exposed the poor state of Krajina’s agriculture and viticulture in his reports to the Ministry of National Economy. He urged the Ministry to invest more resources in order to improve viticulture in the Krajina District. Savić noted that the devastation of vineyards contributed to the impoverishment of the population and warned the Ministry that if nothing was done in regard to the improvement of viticulture, the whole district would depopulate. Savić’s reports are an important source for studying Serbian agriculture during the decade after the phylloxera epidemic, as well as general obstacles encountered during the restoration of the nation’s vineyard industry.

Некоторые вопросы нумизматики и истории Старого Орхея (золотоордынский период)

Author(s): Sergey N. Travkin / Language(s): Russian / Issue: 6/2000

The paper is based on the Golden Horde numismatic evidence and reflects a complex and contradictory history of monetary circulation on the territory of the Old Orhei. The author underlines that the monetary circulation and life on this settlement seem to cover a more extensive period than the dawn of the town itself.

Некоторые замечания о географии распространения мелких номиналов Шведского королевства на территории Восточной Европы в XVII в.

Author(s): Sergey N. Travkin / Language(s): Russian / Issue: 5/2013

The author examines geographical distribution of the Swedish Kingdom's small coins in medieval Eastern Europe. Swedish coins were a rare find there in the early Middle Ages and got a much wider spread in 17th c. They are known in three areas. These areas differentiate by value and metal of coins and channels of penetration. The first one covered Sweden's possessions in the Baltic region. The second included the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth, Moldavia and North-Pontic possessions of the Ottoman Empire. The third one was located in Muscovy. The first area channeled various Swedish coins. The second area was a place for circulation of billon coins minted in Baltic cities and for coinage of Swedish imitations. The third area used Swedish copper coins. Geographical distribution of Swedish coins witnesses political and economic crisis in East-European states in 17th c.

Нематериално културно наследство и музеи в условията на глобализация. Примерът на България

Author(s): Mila Santova / Language(s): Bulgarian / Issue: 2/2011

The presentation is based on the statements of a group of forums organized by ICOM and UNESCO, dedicated to problems of Intangible Cultural Heritage (ICH). In the focus of the presentation the author will put the specific nature of ICH as living heritage, its local nature, as well as its fragility in the contemporary globalization era. In addition, special attention will also be paid to the changing functions of the Museum within this context and the Bulgarian experience in the sphere of ICH will be presented and discussed.

Неолиберална заблуда 26 година касније: несавршеност тржишта и улога државе у транзицији у Источној Европи после 1989. године

Author(s): Dušan Pavlović / Language(s): Serbian / Issue: 1/2018

Is the neoliberal economic policy applicable in East and Central Europe after the breakdown of communism in 1989? The first part of the article defines neoliberalism as a system of market allocation of resources, the domination of private property, personal initiative for exchange, and the minimal state. This definition is derived from the two cases of neoliberal reforms in the US and the UK in the 1980s. The second part discusses market imperfections by considering the government solution for the principal-agent problem created by information asymmerty. Since the state intevention itself suffers from political failures resulting in inefficient allocation, it can be justified only if it offers an institutional design that solves the principal-agent problem and political failures.

Неподлежащ на сравнение? Източногерманският държавен социализъм като пример за индустриално общество

Author(s): Thomas Lindenberger / Language(s): Bulgarian / Issue: 1/2016