Становление византийской Таврики: по данным нумизматики

Author(s): Mikhail M. Choref / Language(s): Russian / Issue: 5/2013

The study was conducted with the purpose of detailed coverage of the history of Byzantine Taurica in the first half of the V — VI centuries. The fact that no written sources nor archaeological research results do not give a complete picture of the time and circumstances of the establishment of the Byzantine province in the region. , Data of numismatics. As a result, it was found that the reopening of the Cherson Mint under Justinian I indicates an increase of Byzantine influence on Taurica . Link the event to the establishment of the province.

Стара Велика България и възходът на уногундурите при кан Куб­рат

Author(s): Stanimir Zvezdov / Language(s): Bulgarian / Issue: 4/2017

This article deals with the genesis and development of Old Great Bulgaria, founded by khan Kubrat in the VII century. We will use all extant sources, as well as most of the existing literature on the subject.

Старо савезништво и нова искушења: Југословенско-чехословачки односи 1945-1948.

Author(s): Slobodan Selinić / Language(s): Serbian / Publication Year: 0

Between the end of WWII and the Resolution of the Cominform, Yugoslavia and Czechoslovakia cooperated intensively. Although Czechoslovakia remained a multi-party state and Yugoslavia had experienced a change of government, the continuity of intensive cooperation and improvement of mutual acquaintance from the previous period were maintained. The two countries were tied by the treaty of alliance (the Treaty of Friendship that was signed in Belgrade on May 9, 1946). Their communist parties were members of the Cominform. The Yugoslav leaders relied in development of industry after WWII primarily on Czechoslovakia that was the major trade partner from where goods, licenses and machinery were imported. Czechoslovakia was irreplaceable in Yugoslav plans for industrialization. Cultural cooperation was very rich, manysided and meaningful. It comprised exchange of artists, writers, musicians, painters, scholars, translations, exhibitions, ample sports cooperation etc. Yugoslavia sent students and apprentices to be educated in Czechoslovakia. During three years (1945-1948) 3000 students and apprentices from Yugoslavia passed through Czechoslovak faculties and vocational schools. Tens of thousands of tourists from Czechoslovakia visited the Adriatic and Czechoslovak students, experts and professors toured Yugoslavia during their numerous visits. On every step they recorded and photographed customs, architecture, people, history and arts of the Yugoslav lands. However, the conflict with the Cominform changed everything. Czechoslovakia sided with the Cominform; cooperation grew weaker and was finally terminated on October 9, 1949 as Czechoslovakia canceled the Treaty of Friendship.

Старозагорецът Борис Охридски — последният български владика в Македония

Author(s): Lizbet Liubenova / Language(s): Bulgarian / Issue: 4/2011

Статистическо изследване за етнодемографията на Македония през 1914 г. от Владимир Сис

Author(s): Vladimir Penchev / Language(s): Bulgarian / Issue: 4/2018

СТВАРАЊЕ НАЦИОНАЛНИХ ЕКОНОМИЈА И РАЗБИЈАЊЕ ЈУГОСЛАВИЈЕ

Author(s): Slobodan Vuković / Language(s): Serbian / Issue: 3-4/2003

In the article author reflects the proces of forming of national economies in the former Yugoslavia as one of main cause of its later disintegration. The very proces get started immediately after the first Yugoslavia has been established after the WWI. It was noticed primarilly as an advancement of notrhwestern regions on the count of the southeastern regions of the country. The proces has been realized through the means of state economic policy. After the WW II same process has been continued, namely since 1945. It was done directly until 1952. when the issue of underdevelopment of the southeastern regions has became well known fact. In the forthcomming years for the ruling authorities this was only reason to continue the same process with more sophisticated means of economic policy.

Стеклоделательная мастерская и находки стекла в Комарове: импорт, сырье, продукция?

Author(s): Olga S. Rumyantseva / Language(s): Russian / Issue: 4/2020

Technological evidence for glass working and chemical composition of glass from the Komarov settlement of the Chernyakhov culture (Middle Dniester, Western Ukraine) have been examined in order to revise possible production of a glass workshop, the only one discovered beyond the territory of the Roman Empire. It made possible to identify new kinds of local production, unknown by now. Some free-blown vessels among them are not typical for the local material culture. Possibly, their production was intended for newcomers form the Roman provinces living at the settlement. The moil types found here imply different traditions of manufacturing blown vessels — using a pontil and without it. The most possible type of vessels, made in the latter technique, seem to be conical beakers. One of the finds might be a discarded fragment of a thick-walled (mold-pressed?) vessel, possibly of the Kowalk type. Different percentages of raw glass and moils of different hues of glass suggest that not only blown vessels were made of olive-tinted glass. The composition of the glass indicates a wide application of cullet in the manufacturing process. Comparison of the composition of raw glass and vessels of different categories suggests that a significant part of the workshop’s products remains disregarded. At the same time, a high proportion of vessel fragments from the settlement might represent more likely glass cullet, rather than local production.

Стеклоделие за лимесом: новые данные об организации производства и хронологии мастерской в Комарове

Author(s): Olga S. Rumyantseva / Language(s): Russian / Issue: 4/2017

Accumulations of glass cullet from the Komarov settlement (Western Ukraine), where the only one glassworking workshop beyond the Roman limes was studied, were analyzed using archaeological methods. These assemblages comprising up to 500 fragments of glass vessels were concentrated in dwelling houses of local Barbarian population or near them. They contain not only numerous blown vessels and thick-walled beakers with facet cut decoration, but also items untypical for the local material culture, including the ones dated earlier than the settlement of Late Roman Time (fragments of cast vessels of the 1st century AD, window panes, a stirring rod). These accumulations seem to represent glass cullet intended for secondary production at Komarov. They could have been partly collected locally and partly imported to the site. Location of clusters of cullet implies that they were collected by local population, whereas the workshop should have been operated by provincial Roman craftsmen. According to the obtained data, the workshop existed at the site in the mid-4th century — early Hun period, which has been confirmed also by chemical composition of raw glass.

Стекло-сырец с поселения Комаров на Среднем Днестре: химический состав и данные о характере и хронологии стеклоделательного комплекса позднеримского времени

Author(s): Olga S. Rumyantseva,Ilias B. Shcherbakov / Language(s): Russian / Issue: 4/2016

The article studies raw glass (33 specimen) from Komarov III settlement of late 4th / early 5th centuries, known for its unique glass workshop, the only one found outside the Roman Empire. The authors employed energy dispersive X-ray fluorescence spectroscopy to distinguish groups of glass that was traded over large distances across the Eastern Mediterranean and Western part of the Roman Empire in the I millennium AD. The findings prove the conclusion about the specific features of this industry: glass was not made in Komarov, they only manufactured tableware and some other items from imported semi-finished products locally. The chronology of distinguished groups allows us to infer existence of a workshop here not only after 250 — early 300s, but also in the period not earlier than 330s / after 350s. Existence of a glass industry in the studied region in the given epoch sheds a new light on the origin of “barbarian” faceted cups, which could be produced in the contact zone of the Roman provincial and Chernyakhov populations on the border of the Empire, on limes or beyond, on such settlements as Komarov.

Степная природно-хозяйственная область Восточной Европы в позднем палеолите

Author(s): Igor V. Sapozhnikov / Language(s): Russian / Issue: 1/2014

This article is devoted to the problems associated with the study of the steppe natural-economic area (SNEA) of the Upper Palaeolithic of East Europe. The author starts with a detailed historiographical review. After that and on the basis of the evidence obtained at the principal sites of the area (Amvrosievka, Anetovka II, Bolshaya Akkarzha, Kamennaya Balka I—III, Muralovka, Zolotovka I and others), he builds a scheme of the annual economic cycle of the SNEA. It supposed that the cycle had a well pronounced seasonal character, caused by animal migrations. Different types of seasonal camps can be distinguished, namerly: spring-summer; fall-winter and winter ones. During the main period of the SNEA existence (about 22—13 kya), collective seasonal bison drive hunting was the main strategy in the spring-summer season, when the ancient collectives consolidated. In fall and winter both bisons and other animals (horse, caribou, etc.) were mainly procured by individual hunters. These conclusions are illustrated by ethnographical parallels with the way of life and subsistence strategies of American Indians from the Southern and Central Great Plains. At the final stage of the Upper Palaeolithic SNEA existence (about 13—10 kya) its mammalian fauna underwent substantial changes. While the bison did not disappear completely, it was the horse that became now the main object of hunting.

Степные компоненты в комплексах бронзового века юго-западного Таджикистана

Author(s): L. T. Pjankova / Language(s): Russian / Issue: 2/1999

The original syncretic complexses in economy of which the cattle-breeding played the leading part and arose as results of active contacts of the settled-agricultural and stepped tribes on Bronze Epoch on territory of Southern-Western Tajikastan. Perhaps, the tribes of Bronze Age assimilated with population of neolithic culture of Hissar which lived here befor. It was also reglected on forming of economic structure and some traits of material culture of forming ethnos on this region on Late Bronze Age. The building techniques and types of dwellins found on settlements of Bronze Age of Southern-Western Tajikistan are not characteristics to setled-agricaltural monuments of Ancient Bactria. They testify more about influence of steppe traditions and, perhaps, about local neolithic culture. The complexity of passing here athnoculture processes is visually reflected on variety of funeral ceremonies. The gradual attenuation of ceramic traditions of steppe tribes and the predominance of methods of pottery of agricalturral centres can be observed in material calture However. This process was accompanied by considerable stirring up of manual method of making of dishes. On the contrary, the increase of role of steppe hearths is noted in metallurgical production. It is revealed not only in implements and adorns as well. Multycomponent of complexes of Bronze Age of Southern-Western Tajikistan give the possibility of correlation of Dating with materials from different culture and neighboring regions.

Стилістика срібного посуду, виробленого на фабриці художньо-ювелірних виробів Й. Маршака

Author(s): Natalia Sapfirova / Language(s): Ukrainian / Issue: 31/2017

The research is related to the definition of style and level of artistic performance products made by jeweler J. Marshak during the whole period of its existence (1878– 1918). The field of the research is also covers the including products of other jewelry companies in Europe and the Russian Empire of the indicated period, which have been realized through the J. Marshak's company. This work is written, based on the items from the museum and the private collections, publications of the early twentieth century and existing products in today's antique market. To achieve the main purpose of the article we should do the following tasks. Among them the most important tasks are to study the assortment silverware, manufactured at J.Marshak's factory and to definite the ornamental elements of artistic and historical styles in decorating silverware and trends in the style formation of the factory. Methodology. The research methodology is based on the application of scientific and special methods of art criticism. The combination of such methods as comparative, historical, formal stylistic, formal iconographic, comparative stylistic, and artstylistic analysis allow us to define similarities and differences of the style of J. Marshak's factory silverware items and products of jewelry firms, located in the Russian Empire and Europe. Scientific Novelty. The scientific novelty is consisted in scientific research of silverware objects, produced by J. Marshak's jewelry company and other jewelry firms, having a commercial relations with Marshak's firm from the last quarter of XIX to the beginning of XX centuries.

Стопанска кореспонденция между представителите на рода Русович от Арбанаси в периода януари – март 1868 г.

Author(s): Veselin Goranchev / Language(s): Bulgarian / Issue: 1/2018

This publication presents information about the economic activity from the beginning of 1868 of a part of the representatives of the Third Generation of the Rusovich family from Arbanassi - the brothers Konstantin, Cyril and Atanas. The publication is based on nine Greek-language letters: seven by Konstantin Rusovich to Cyril Rusovich and two by Atanas Rusovich to Cyril Rusovich. The presented information testifies that the Russovich brothers, following the economic model of the era, also known by the activity of a number of businessmen from the National Revival, work in a partnership based on family ties. The subject of their business activity and the names of their partners are presented.

Стопанска характеристика и развитие на пазарните отношения в Севлиево (Серви/Селви) и в каза Хоталич през XVI–XVII в. (по данни на османски регистри от периода)

Author(s): Krassimira Mutafova / Language(s): Bulgarian / Issue: 1/2020

On the basis of partially published Ottoman register material from the 16th and 17th centuries and the published legislative acts of the Ottoman sultans – canuns and canunnames (laws and legislations), and etc., regulating the system of market duties and taxes in the Ottoman Empire, the author makes an attempt tooutline the economic characteristics of the settlements – a total of 43 – from the nahi / kaza of Hotalich and the formation of market relations within its scope. The diverse and compact information contained in the selected for the purposes of the study mufassal (detailed, nominal) defters from 1516–1517, 1541–1545, 1613–1614 and 1642–1646 allows us to follow: the establishment of Servi/Selvi as the administrative center of the nahi/kaza Hotalich; to look for indications of its urban status; the formation of a separate market, as indicated by the inscribed market bac by Servi itself (bac-i bazar nefs-i Servi), and its transformation into a market center for the region. It is the commercial bac fee, which as a rule accompanies every transaction on the local city market (except for the purchase and sale of real estate – vineyards, gardens, mills, houses, shops) and is an important part of the system of market duties and taxes is a definite indicator of market activity in the studied settlements. Although it is difficult to reconstruct the picture of the city market only on the basis of the records in the mufassal defteris, which register only the volume of this activity, the applied deductive, conditionally speaking, and inductive method to the entered taxes and fees, reveal not only the whole set of cultivated crops and specific livelihoods of the population, but also provide an opportunity to highlight those industries in the general production characteristics of the settlements of the nahi Hotalich, oriented to the market.

Стопанска характеристика на Троянския регион през XVI – XVII в.: традиционни поминъци и външни влияния (по данни на османски документи от периода)

Author(s): Krasimira Moutafova / Language(s): Bulgarian / Issue: 1/2017

On the basis of unpublished and partly published Ottoman register material from 16th and 17th century the focus of this study is concentrated on the economic development of Troyan and Troyan region during the first centuries under Ottoman rule. The monetary and natural components of the land rent, introduced by various in type and amount taxes in the detailed (mufassal) registers, reveal the whole range of crops and specific livelihoods of the population in settlements of the region. The comparative analysis of this compact information outlines several essential characteristics in their economic development. First of all – the indications of continuity from the time of the medieval Bulgarian state. On the second - the changes that occurred under the influence of the “new” Muslim inhabitants, including in the field of crafts. Third – the influence of local traditions on the economic activity of the Muslim population. The discussed Ottoman documents reveal a quite different economic characteristic of the region from the one imposed in the historiography, and especially in the local history studies, which hardly suggests the development of Troyan as one of the most important centers of craft production during the Revival and Post-liberation period.

Стопанската криза от 1875 г. на страниците на българския възрожденски печат

Author(s): Hristyan Atanasov / Language(s): Bulgarian / Issue: 1/2019

The paper aims to present the information in the Bulgarian National Revival Press on the economic crisis of 1875. A problem that has been ignored by Bulgarian scholars so far. Hundreds of issues of Revival newspapers were reviewed, containing a large number of reports, executive orders from the Ottoman authorities, analyzes, and so on. The article can’t be quite exhaustive, however. The materials are thousands and it is impossible all of them to be presented here. The records are divided into several major thematic groups: the famine in Asia Minor in 1874, the harsh climatic conditions of the winter of 1875, the extinction of farm animals, the uprising in the Ottoman provinces of Herzegovina and Bosnia, and the bankruptcy of the High Porte in the same year.

Стопански изключения през социализма като делегирана и лична автономия: Георги Найденов и предприятието-фирма „Тексим-Имекстраком“

Author(s): Petya Slavova / Language(s): Bulgarian / Issue: 1/2019

The article develops the concept of delegated and personal autonomy, analyzing the case of the company Texim-Imextrakom, which was in operation in the 1960s, and its director Georgi Naydenov. The concept is developed in a comparative perspective with those of "niche" and "privileges", which are most commonly used in the analysis of exercise of power by socialist regimes. Delegated and personal autonomy are argued as appropriate to analyze the exceptions that Zhivkov's socialist regime allows, but which it ends. Exceptions relate to the development of secret operations of the regime, but also to specific economic experiments, such as the company Texim.

Стопански структури на населението, обитаващо българските земи през XIX в. (до 1878 г.)

Author(s): Shteliyan Shterionov / Language(s): Bulgarian / Issue: 1/2014

There are several basic structures of the population, which describe the connection between its demographic and economic development. Determinative among them are the occupation and industrial structures of the social-economic activity. The current work aims to determine the influence which the demographic potential of a specific territory exerts on its economic development. To achieve this goal we trace the chronological dynamics of the main elements of these structures, the tendencies in the dynamics and the factors which define them. The analysis of the source material allows us to determine the demographic state which testifies to a set of events which are typical for the transition to capitalistic forms of production. These events, though, have restricted influence for accomplishing this transition within the studied period.

Стопански форми, държавна социално-икономическа политика и социално-икономически идеи на българското общество в контекста на православното християнство (IХ – първата половина на ХIХ век)

Author(s): Pencho D. Penchev / Language(s): Bulgarian / Issue: 4/2015

The paper outlines some of the main characteristic features of Bulgarian social andeconomic thought during the period, dominated by the norms of OrthodoxChristianity. In the context of this thinking of the period before the appearance ofspecialized economic knowledge, several key elements can be identified, such asfirst, the strong role of the state, relied upon to help solving economic and socialproblems, which is praised and receives advice from intellectuals, and second, theethical approach, expressed in the desire to help the poor and to reject profits,considered as immoral (theft, usury, etc. in.), to negate the extremes of poverty, butalso of wealth.

Стопанските дейци в Габрово след 9 септември 1944 г. – от „патриотични индустриалци” до „бивши хора” (1944–1947)

Author(s): Ivan Postompirov / Language(s): Bulgarian / Issue: 1/2019

The coup on 9 September 1944 marked the beginning of radical political, economic and social changes in Bulgarian society. The reorientation to another socio-economic order puts entrepreneurial conditions as a potential threat to the Fatherland Front, leading to a series of measures to curb and eradicate the private sector in the economy. In accordance with this policy, during the period 1944-1947, unprecedented political, judicial, administrative and economic pressure was exerted on private initiative representatives in the industry.On 23 December 1947 225 enterprises in Gabrovo and its environs were nationalized – textile, knitwear, leather, and more. This affects about 360 families, who were deprived not only of industrial enterprises as owners and shareholders, but also of almost everything they own.After the establishment of totalitarian rule at the end of 1947 and the nationalization carried out, the industrialists were placed in the category of „former people“ then introduced by the regime. This group of people, along with their heirs, were declared „one of the most vicious enemies of the people's power“, the main class enemy of the Communist Party and subjected to persecution by the BCP's repressive apparatus until the end of the regime.