Aktivity nižšieho katolíckeho kléru zamerané na demokratizáciu a modernizáciu cirkvi v čase vzniku Československej republiky

Author(s): Peter Olekšak / Language(s): Slovak Issue: 1/2015

The essay deals with an inquiry that was initiated by the Czech priest Bohuslav Zahradník-Brodský (1862 – 1939). This inquiry can be considered as an attempt to democratise the church in Czechoslovakia. Its character itself was a remarkable outflow of democracy put into action. Zahradník-Brodský's initiative followed the very ideas of Catholic Modernism that had been unexpectedly suppressed by the encyclical Pascendi Dominici of 1907. After a longer period of reticence, the reformative flow began to surface in a morphed shape. The most strident manifestation can be allotted to Zahradník-Brodský who was a member of a radical splinter group. The intention of his inquiry was to find out the priests' opinions on reforms within the church. His postulations highlighted the idea of an egalitarian system of material provision for the clergy and the inclusion of laymen into the administration of the church, as well as the election of bishops and the abolition of celibacy, monasteries and clerical apparel. The inquiry showed that his postulations had been supported by a huge part of the clergy. Reformation movements existed in the Czech region as well as in Slovakia. One of the representatives of the radical wing in Slovakia was Ferdinand Juriga (1874 – 1950) who was also an elected member of the parliament and who forged out of the clerical demands and postulations a political cause. After a failed meeting of the clergy in Žilina he laid them down in a political memorandum which he then forwarded to the Ministry for the Administration of Slovakia. This must be considered to a very high degree as a spontaneous reaction to the current situation, which especially has to be analysed within the context of an overall social upheaval. It needs to be stated that the Slovak radicals remained a small group in an ever-widening state of dissolution. In the Czech region the group of priests that refused to abandon their emancipatory activities decided to put their reformation program into action without respect for the position of the Holy See and the ecclesiastical hierarchy at home. This fact can probably be judged as a symbolic vanishing point of a timeline that starts within Catholic Modernism. It, however, had not been the goal, as defined by the realisation of an ideal, for which the majority of the reform minded clergy had set out.

Italy and Post-Habsburg Central Europe (An Introduction)

Author(s): Michal Kšiňan,Michal Ďurčo / Language(s): English Issue: 1/2021

An introduction to the thematic issue of Forum Historiae 1/2021, Italy and the Post-Habsburg Central Europe outlines the main research questions and hypotheses that the authors worked with. Italy had ambitions to be in the position of a great power in the region and played an important role there in several different dimensions. The papers of this volume examine the political, diplomatic and military aspects of the Italian presence, as well as its economic, local and social dimension in post-Habsburg Central Europe. The intention of this thematic issue is not to cover the matter in its entirety, but rather to focus on lesser-known topics or those that have yet to be researched.

Keď ariánski vandali ovládli starší rím... reflexie byzantských autorov k otázke jednoty cirkvi po roku 1054

Author(s): Martin Hurbanič / Language(s): Slovak Issue: 1/2024

One of the consequences of the so-called Great Schism of 1054 was the establishment of a permanent religious controversy between the Roman Catholic and Orthodox Christians. The contemporaries of this event (Michael Keroullarios and Peter of Antioch) had marginalised its effects on the relations of both churches. Yet, they formulated their views on the issue of religious unity by pushing the origin of the schism deep into the past. Accordingly, we can find later statements in anti-Latin polemics influenced by the events of 1054. Among others, the motif of the religious apostasy of Rome and the alleged corruption of the Latin faith by the Arian Vandals appears here. In so doing, the Byzantine authors wanted to emphasise that it was Rome and its popes who were responsible for the religious purity in their patriarchate, that means, in the administrative area of the Latin West. According to the Byzantine ethnography, various barbarians represented the same entity, regardless of their respective name. Subsequently, the non-distinction between the ethnonyms Goths, Vandals, and Franks by the Byzantine authors made it possible to introduce a further motif, that of another Vandal/German/Frankish capture of Rome. However, the Byzantine authors did not have in mind any specific military occupation, but rather the rise to power of the Ottonians from the middle of the 10th century, as well as their influence on both the policies and beliefs of the Roman popes. Building on the aforementioned, the analysed texts indicate how Byzantine church officials perceived the relations between the two churches after the critical year 1054.

Rozporuplný Gorbačov: Taubmanova biografie spojuje perfektní erudici s empatií

Author(s): Karel Svoboda / Language(s): Czech Issue: 2/2024

The reviewed book "Gorbačov: Život a doba" by the renowned American political scientist and historian William Taubman is a Czech translation of the English original "Gorbachev: His Life and Times" (New York, W. W. Norton & Co. 2017). According to the reviewer, Taubman has made use of almost all the really important sources, including interviews he conducted with Gorbachev himself and his associates, and has drawn on his extensive experience as an author. The result is a wide-ranging, honest, comprehensive, detailed and reader-friendly biography. Mikhail Sergeyevich Gorbachev (1931–2022), General Secretary of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union and the first and last president to lead the Soviet Union, emerges from the author’s empathetic perspective as a full-blooded man with strengths and weaknesses, a born politician, intelligent, single-minded, slightly vain and, above all, contradictory. Contradictory was already his family background, his communist beliefs combined with a critical vision of Soviet reality, and his visionary plans that failed to be put into practice. Contradictory as well were his economic and political reforms, too radical for some and insufficient for others, which in their consequences went beyond the original intentions and were sometimes downright disastrous, and finally his international policies that led to the collapse of the Cold War order, for which he received sympathy and recognition in the West but gradual condemnation by the majority at home. Related to this view of Gorbachev is the central question that the book seeks to answer, namely how far the architect of perestroika and glasnost sought to change the existing system.

TRUMAN DOKTRİNİ’NE GİDEN SÜREÇTE TÜRKİYE – SOVYET RUSYA ÇATIŞMASI VE ABD’NİN ETKİSİ

Author(s): Fatma KAYDI / Language(s): Turkish Issue: 64/2024

After the Second World War, with the heavy losses and weakening of many powerful states, a dominance gap has been created in Europe and the Middle East. Taking advantage of this gap, the USSR began to pursue a policy of expansion. The USSR, which wants to spread Communism in these regions, has started its activities. Britain, which is extremely uncomfortable with this expansion policy of the USSR, has found the remedy by asking for help from the United States. Because the USSR has started its activities to land in the warm seas and spread Communism to the Middle East by claiming rights and demanding territory from Turkey, one of its neighboring states, both in the defense of the Straits. During this period, the only state that could support Turkey, which was in a difficult situation economically and politically, was America with the mediation of Britain. America proclaimed the Truman Doctrine on March 12, 1947 to stop the spread of the USSR and to provide Turkey and Greece with the necessary support for their development. This study talks about the cessation of the expansion policy of the USSR and the development of Turkey-America relations thanks to the help from the United States as a result of the pressure exerted by the USSR on Turkey and referred to as the Truman Doctrine.

Percepții diplomatice confuze în relațiile dintre Croația și România. Constantin Tăutu, românul ucis pe teritoriul statului croat fără condamnare în anul 1942

Author(s): Mihail-Gabriel Chiricheș / Language(s): English,Romanian Issue: 38/2024

The Romanian - Croatian relations in the period of 1941–1944 had an importantcentral segment that of co-operation against the Hungarian interests. Although bilateral politicalrelations existed, they did not reach a solid bond, as Croatia was not a very “independent” state and the Romanian community in Croatia was non-existent. The number of Romanians in Croatia between 1941–1944 has often been associated with the number of members of the Romanian Legation in Croatia and their family members while the Croatian community in Romania contained not necessary a large, but at least a significant number of declared ethnic Croats or Croatian citizens settled on the territory of the Romanian state. Thus, the case of Constantin Tăutu becomes relevantby illustrating the Croatia’s ‘diplomatic’ approach in an attempt to justify its actions in its relations with Romania, in the tragic context of the violent death of the Romanian author, who was accusedwithout access to defense, trial or conviction, actions that are often confused and difficult to understand.

Prilog proučavanju saudijsko-jugoslovenskih odnosa s posebnim osvrtom na Bosnu i Hercegovinu od 1932. do 1992. godine

Author(s): Badran bin Abdul Rahman Al-Honaihen / Language(s): Bosnian Issue: 53/2024

The article shows the most important models of international relations that the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia had with Yugoslavian countries, especially Bosnia and Herzegovina, in the period from 1932 to 1992. The author connects and analyses several key events through which he depicts the specific relationship of the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia with the Muslim population in Bosnia during different historical periods and political systems. In addition to the basic diplomatic principles presented in this paper, there is also a reference to cooperation in the field of education during the period of socialist Yugoslavia, which was significant and represented a kind of link between the two countries. The article also indirectly sheds light on the question of how the Kingdom, which was ruled by strict religious principles, viewed the state, which was founded on an exclusively secular basis.

„Непознатите“ и забравени търновски предприемачи Kермекчиеви

Author(s): Plamen Mitev / Language(s): Bulgarian Issue: 6/2024

Международна научна конференция „ 1010 години от смъртта на българския цар Самуил. Самуилова България – история и култура“

Author(s): Georgi N. Nikolov / Language(s): Bulgarian Issue: 6/2024

ГОДИШНО СЪДЪРЖАНИЕ

Author(s): Not Specified Author / Language(s): English,Bulgarian Issue: 6/2024

Tsar Samuel († 1014) in the historical memory of the Bulgarians in 13th – 14th centuries

Author(s): Georgi N. Nikolov / Language(s): English Issue: 4/2024

The memory of Tsar Samuеl (997 – 1014) among Bulgarians has been preserved for centuries after his death. This is clearly noted in a number of historical sources: the correspondence of the Bulgarian Tsar Kaloyan (1197 – 1207) with the Roman Pope Innocent III (1198 – 1216), the Synodicon of the Bulgarian Church (13th – 14th centuries), the 14th-century Bulgarian translations of the Byzantine chronicles of Symeon the Metaphrast and Logothete (10th century), Ioannes Zonaras (12th century) and Constantine Manasses (12th century). The memory of Samuel in the Bulgarian Tsardom in the 13th – 14th centuries is a specific expression of the enduring sense of historicity, which was also one of the characteristics of Bulgarian society in the middle Ages. Tsar Samuel is among the few Bulgarian rulers from the early middle Ages whose memory has been preserved throughout the centuries.

Сведения за цар Самуил в Руския хронограф

Author(s): Denitsa Petrova / Language(s): Bulgarian Issue: 4/2024

The Russian Chronograph is the only Russian chronicle that includes information about Tsar Samuel and the Cometopuls dynasty. Only this period from Bulgarian history is described differently in the separate editions of the Chronograph. In the First edition from 1512, the main source is the Manasses` Chronicle with the Bulgarian additions to it. In the Basic and Common Editions of 1617, the source is the same, but the text is abridged. In the Western Russian edition, the notices are different, since it uses John Zonara’s Paralipomenon. Only in it does the narrative continue until the final conquest of the Bulgarian lands and information about Gavril-Radomir and Ivan-Vladislav appears.

Българското политическо, църковно и етническо присъствие в земите на днешно Косово през Средновековието

Author(s): Tervel Popov / Language(s): Bulgarian Issue: 4/2024

During the Early Middle Ages Kosovo was an inseparable part of the Bulgarian political, ecclesiastical and ethnic space. For nearly two centuries (until ad 1018) the area was within the boundaries of the Bulgarian Khanate/Tsardom and after the Byzantine conquest was included in the diocese of the Ohrid Archbishopric. Kosovo was the centre of a rebellion leaded by the Bulgarian boyar Georgi Voyteh in 1072 – 1073. After the restoration of the Bulgarian Tsardom in 1185/1186, only part of Kosovo with the town of Prizren was under Bulgarian rule, only for a period of just few years. Slowly and gradually the Serbs conquered the area to finally settle in it in 1208/1211 and to overpower it not only politically, but also ecclesiastically. However, part of Kosovo’s population has preserved their Bulgarian ethnical self-awareness.

Песенно книжовно наследство от времето на цар Самуил (X – XI в.)

Author(s): Svetlana Kujumdzieva / Language(s): Bulgarian Issue: 4/2024

The article defends the thesis that in Tsar Samuel’s time in Bulgaria a universal liturgical hymnographic book called tropologion was in use, which was also known in Greek, Georgian, Syriac and Armenian languages. The above claims, in addition to the wide dissemination of the book throughout the Orient, are backed up by some sources in Slavic written in the 10th – 11th centuries. Most of them are Glagolitic whose origin is connected with the western Bulgarian lands and especially with Ohrid. The criteria for the selection of the presented sources are, first, that they contain texts that were undoubtedly chanted; second, they exhibit proximity to each other in both palaeographical and structural aspects; and third, they combine Eastern and Western elements. Such are the Kiev Folios from the first half of the 10th century, the recently discovered Glagolitic fragment from a single folio dated from the first decade of the 11th century, the Sinaitic Euchologion from the second quarter of the 11th century, the Sinai Missal from the middle of the 11th century, the fragment of a two-folio tropologion from the 11th – 12th centuries and the Elijah Book, which, although it is from the 12th century and is in Cyrillic, it has been proven to reflect a liturgical practice from the end of the 9th – beginning of the 10th century. The structure of the presented books is commented on, which turns out to be close to the old type of the tropologion in its ‘global’ form. It is emphasized that the structure is an expression of memory and preserves the creative process. It is also stressed that the presented manuscripts are evidence of a heritage in which can be found traces of literary legacy of the holy brothers Cyril and Methodius. That heritage proved the exceptional erudition of the brothers, who were deeply knowledgeable of both Eastern and Western worship and theology. A similar legacy could have been developed and practiced in a literary centre such as Ohrid, where the activities of both St. Clement of Ohrid and St. Naum of Preslav-and-Ohrid took place.Tsar Samuil; Macedonia; Bulgaria;The Russian chronograph describes the entire history of the Orthodox world. From the standpoint of time, Russian writers not only retell the facts, but also give an assessment of the events. Tsar Samuel gets an honorable place in their story.

За облеклото на цар Самуил (997 – 1014)

Author(s): Silviya Arizanova / Language(s): Bulgarian Issue: 4/2024

The present paper is devoted to the information about the clothing of the Bulgarian tsar Samuel (997 – 1014). Sources indicate that it was similar to that of the Byzantine emperors, but some elements found show similarities with the Armenians and had possible Eastern influence. At the same time, the way the Bulgarian ruler dressed did not differ significantly, except for the lavish decorations and insignia, from what was known for the high-ranking Bulgarians of that time. Characteristic of the ruler’s clothing were silk, tinsel embroidery, and probably at least pearl decoration. The insignia, like those of the Bulgarian tsars Simeon and Peter who preceded him, were similar to the Byzantine ones.

Positioning of Constantine the Great in the Order of 313–324 as the Main Determining Factor for His Religious Policy during the Period

Author(s): Boyan Stoev / Language(s): English Issue: 3-4/2024

The following paper will examine the religious policy of Constantine the Great, most importantly in the period from his alliance with Licinius to his victory over his fellow Augustus at Chrysopolis, resulting in Constantine becoming the sole Augustus of the Roman Empire. Said religious policy will be examined through the political positioning of Constantine within this order, as well as numismatic evidence and legislative activity throughout the period in question. Consequently, the paper will establish that Constantine the Great’s religious policies primarily followed his position within the religio-political consensus between himself and Licinius during 313–324, rather than pursuing policies based on gradual change of his own personal and distinct beliefs towards solar or Christian monotheism.

Bulgarian Support for the Mozambique Liberation Front (1965–1974)

Author(s): Nadezhda Yankovska / Language(s): English Issue: 3-4/2024

Supliki z diecezji przemyskiej do Penitencjarii Apostolskiej z XV wieku na tle porównawczym

Author(s): Monika Saczyńska-Vercamer / Language(s): Polish Issue: 20/2024

The subject of the article is a group of about 30 supplications from the Przemyśl diocese from the 15th century, which have been preserved in the archives of the Apostolic Penitentiary. The Przemyśl diocese is a particularly interesting research area due to the diverse religious population living in its area, the coexistence of the Orthodox church organization, as well as close ties (geographical, personal) with Małopolska. It was also a missionary area of the Catholic Church. The number of supplications from the Przemyśl diocese, the smallest among the dioceses of the Lviv archbishopric – less than 30 – is very small compared to the dioceses of the Gniezno archbishopric, but significant (the largest) on the scale of the local metropolis. This should be seen as the result of close ties with the Gniezno metropolis, but the influence (cultural transfer, preaching, care for the cathedral school) of the cathedral chapter environment, which included many outstanding people, such as Mikołaj Wigand, was also significant. The supplications from the Przemyśl diocese illustrate almost the full scale of the authority of the office serving papal reserves. Both broader phenomena (e.g. elite papal privileges) and local specifics (e.g. irregularities in the performance of worship, a specific understanding of marital impediments) are visible. At the same time, they allow us to observe the functioning of canon law in an area that is not only on the periphery of the Western Church.

Încă o privire din Polonia asupra Moldovei

Author(s): Andrei Pippidi / Language(s): Romanian Issue: XLII/2024

A „dossier” preserved in the Vatican Archives, entitled Regni et Regnum Poloniae in Valachorum, includes a selection of Polish sources related to the history of Moldavia and Wallachia. The collection drew on humanist authors, such as Kromer, Wapowski and Gorecki, and covered a significantly period of time. Most likely, the file was prepared by the Polish court for pope Clement VIII or for his close collaborator cardinal Cinzio Aldobrandini. The collage includes references to the origins of the Wallachians, to their language and customs, and to their history. As one would expect, special attention was paid to the historical relationship between Poland and Moldavia, from mid-fourteenth to mid-sixteenth century. To the same „dossier” was added a piece on the Roxolani, viewed as pertaining to the Slavic and Orthodox sphere. The purpose of this „dossier” was to provide potential readers with key-sources on Polish-Moldo-Wallachian shared history.

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Author(s): / Language(s): English,Romanian,French,German,Hungarian Issue: XLII/2024

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