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Between Moravia and Prussia there was an important medieval route passing through the economic and political centres (Olomouc, Opava, Raciborz, Krakow and Torun). A very important medieval route existed between Moravia and Prussia, connecting the economic and political centres (Olomouc, Opava, Raciborz, Krakow and Torun). Situation on this road made it possible to research the continuous material and ideological transfer, the existence of which is evident from the archaeological finds in Opava region. We have compiled three thematic groups of artefacts which include utility ceramics, numismatic material, and sacral artefacts used by pilgrims. Within the identified system, various groups of travellers including merchants, artisans, diplomats and pilgrims can be detected.
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The history of Košice in the 16th century exemplifies a Micro History of the Reformation including all local particularities. The three persons from the church background in the town represent three characteristic types and three developmental phases of initial period of the Reformation in Košice. During this time the initiative shifted from clergy to the city council, which unprecedentedly extended his competence into theology and mainly liturgy. At the same time, contact with other towns in the region and also with Wittenberg was reinforced due to the correct interpretation of reformation teachings. At that time, the city council presented itself as a competent institution with the right and the duty to uphold the responsibility for religious issues also in theological meaning.
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The paper deals with issues pertaining to the relations and communication between the representatives of the town administrations in Košice, Bardejov and Prešov in the 15th century. The reflection of these relations may be found in correspondence preserved in the archives of these towns. These documents have made the author to note that mutual cooperation was developed among the towns, especially in the field of the town diplomacy by sending common town delegates to the Royal court and high dignitaries of the Kingdom and to the common consultations of the towns. Military aff airs and espionage were another area of cooperation between the towns. If the towns were not directly threatened, in many areas (economy, trade) they acted like rivals. One example is the cause between Bardejov and Prešov because of bleaching linen, lasting for the whole 15th century.
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5TH ASSEMBLY OF CR OATISTS IN BRNO; XI. INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE OF CZECH, SLOVAK AND CZECHOSLOVAK 20TH CENTURY HISTORY; EUROPEAN SOCIAL SCIENCE HISTORY CONFERENCE(ESSHC); PETER CLARK: A GLOBAL PERSPECTIVE ON THE EUROPEAN CITY; 15TH ASSEMBLY OF SLOVAK HISTORICAL SOCIETY AT SLOVAK ACADEMY OF SCIENCES; THE CREATIVE CITY II. CITIES IN INTERA CTIONS; GUEST LECTURES ORGANIZED BY THE DEPARTMENT OF HISTORY, FACULTY OF ARTS, PAVOL JOZEF ŠAFÁRIK UNIVERSITY IN KOŠICE 2015/2016
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The article outlines the role of the EU in resolving the armed conflict in the western Sudanese province of Darfur, and explains the important role played by the EU in its engaged in peacekeeping and that guided his condition, as well as how it actions and decisions were received by the Darfurians and the government in Khartoum. Unfortunately, the nature and progress of the conflict, and above all, the great ignorance of the region and the population, makes all attempts to resolve the conflict are ineffective. Through these years, the EU has introduced a number of resolutions, declarations and sanctions. All this was not only to save the life of hundreds of thousands of civilians, but also opposition to the regime and impact on its interests. Unfortunately, there was no general coordination of EU the actions, not only in Darfur, but also in the whole of Sudan. That resulting chaos in actions related to the quality of cooperation between the EU bodies. There was no close co-operation aimed at planning of aid from the United Nations, also because it was a kind of rivalry between EU and UN organizations who want to be seen as a major mediator in peacekeeping.
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This article deals with the genesis and development of Old Great Bulgaria, founded by khan Kubrat in the VII century. We will use all extant sources, as well as most of the existing literature on the subject.
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The existing „Code of Ethics for Employees” in Poland, as well as other documents prepared by representatives of all sciences gathered in research institutes of the appropriate reputation, do not in themselves distinguish between the specific characteristics of particular fields, especially between the humanities and nature sciences, The scientist in itself based on the general ethical standards in force in the European cultural circle. The purpose of this article is to attempt to exemplify the ethical dangers inherent in its scientific activity, and which derives from the specificity of the theory of historical cognition, whose verification differs fundamentally from the verification of conclusions formulated by rigorous sciences or social sciences based on statistical methods. This task was also undertaken with an indication of differences in the intensity of problematic ethical issues depending on the intent and object of historical research.
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The text discusses the two main trends for the ethno genesis of the Armenian people – the theory of indigenous origin, or at least the very ancient presence of the Armenians on the territory of the Armenian Plateau and the theory of their migration. The second theory – supported by information from various written sources - considers the Armenians as emigrants from the Balkans.The article also examines a number of lexical influences on the Armenian language – from the layer of its own Armenian root words, whose foundations can be recovered or traced back to the Indo-European language spoken thousands of years ago by the ancestors of all Indo-European peoples, to present days.
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Este artículo se centra en la pieza de Pérez de Montalbán El señor don Juan de Austria y en la representación que en ella se hace de la batalla de Lepanto, encomendada a un relato a posteriori que hace el mismo don Juan, siendo ya Gobernador de Flandes. En el trabajo se hace referencia a varias obras del siglo XVII dedicadas a la empresa de la que el hijo ilegítimo del emperador fue protagonista. / This article focuses on the piece by Pérez de Montalbán El señor don Juan de Austria and on the representation that is given in it of the battle of Lepanto, entrusted to a story a posteriori made by don Juan himself as Governor of Flanders. In this paper, reference is made to several works of the seventeenth century dedicated to the endeavours of which don Juan was protagonist.
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La batalla de Lepanto ha sido estudiada y discutida principalmente por losacadémicos en relación con las monarquías directamente relacionadas con el MarMediterráneo. Las regiones alejadas suelen estar lejos de su interés en respecto al tema.Mientras tanto, la visión del mundo de Felipe II de Habsburgo sobre la cuestión turcaera mucho más amplia, por no decir que estaba fuera de todo límite. Uno de los efectosde la victoria de Lepanto fue su participación en actividades diplomáticas dentro de laRepública Polaco-Lituana. Especialmente desde el año 1572, cuando el trono del estadopolaco-lituano se convirtió en electoral, la oportunidad fue de gran importancia. Larivalidad entre la Monarquía Hispánica, Francia, pero también el Imperio Otomano y elPapado se trasladó a un nuevo teatro geopolítico en Oriente. La autopercepción deFelipe II después de Lepanto y su política anti turca no llegó a la nobleza del estadopolaco-lituano. El monarca español no sabía o no entendía la situación geopolítica delestado polaco-lituano. Como resultado, el Habsburgo español sufrió una amarga derrota,pero siguió manteniendo su presencia en este nuevo espacio geopolítico.
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The year 2021 was turbulent for Afghanistan as it saw the United States military withdrawal after twenty years and the Taliban’s takeover of the country. The Iranian regime supports the stability and prosperity of Afghanistan. Both countries are bound by strong economic and cultural ties. This article examines the history of Iran-Afghanistan relations and the links between Tehran and the Taliban. The study presents the key aspects of their cooperation that are vital to their national interests. This article uses a qualitative content analysis of the secondary literature on the two regimes with the purpose of explaining the essence of their two approaches, stemming from a blend of religious, historic, and economic causes, which shape politics and social sectors in both countries, and link them with the priority areas regarding the bilateral relations between Iran and Afghanistan
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The article proposes a concept for the economic history periodization of the Bulgarians in the Ottoman empire (15th –20th centuries), made on the basis of the main economic growth factors: the growth of the productivity of labour and capital; technical progress, a consequence of the Industrial Revolution achievements, of the development of knowledge, science and education; the human capital; the emergence of modern institutions, stimulating the entrepreneurial spirit of the population and innovation. In an attempt to substantiate the main periods through which the economic development of the Bulgarians passed through the era have been observed the periodizations already made of the history of the Ottoman empire and of Bulgarian history in the 15th –20th centuries. Considering the presence or absence of the above-mentioned factors we can fix one main internal border – the beginning of the 19th century. It distinguishes two separate periods in the Bulgarian economic history during the ottoman rule, respectively: 15th – 18th centuries and 19th –beginning of 20th centuries.
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The study attempts to construct the personal and professional biography of an entrepreneur from Gabrovo, Hristo Arnaudov. His dynamic and eventful life-story so far remained unsearched and overshadowed by the figure of his eminent father Stancho Arnaudov. For the purposes of this research I have analyzed documents from the museums in Gabrovo and Tarnovo. I have also selected evidence from incunabular books and archive of the Bulgarian Orthodox church. Various scientific publications which are corresponding to the theme are also cited. Hristo Arnaudov’s activity is stretching out in many different directions and has many faces. He was managing the family business in Tsarigrad until 1864; he was one of the first establishers of the joint-stock company “Providenie” in the Turkish capital; a participant in the Great Exhibition of the Works of Industries of All Nations in London; a member of the supervising board of the construction works of the St Stefan church and a warden of the Bulgarian orthodox community, as well as voluntary activity on the publishing of textbooks and a charitable activity in different school organisations. His most famous activity was the translation and publishing of the Laws of the Ottoman Empire in four volumes. After the Liberation Hristo Arnaudov returns to Bulgaria with his family and works in the Sevlievo Court. He became related to the Momchevs - a well-known family from Tarnovo. He passes away in the 1917. The dynamics of the economic and social events from the 50’s until 80’s of the 19 century are illustrating his hesitations and the well-estimated risk taking, as well as his progress based on experience and knowledge. He was also a participant in the revolutionary initiative of the Tsarigrad’s Bulgarians and eventually his activity became part of the concept of economical growth.
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This paper aims to present how collective action has transformed into civil disorder against the pandemic policy in Czechia and Slovakia in 2020-2022. The research questions are as follows: 1) What factors decided the transformation of collective action into civil disorder? 2) What were the essential features of civil disorder in each state? The study draws on process tracing, qualitative analysis of sources, and qualitative comparative analysis. The research tool is fs/QCA software. The starting point is March 2020 when a state of emergency was declared in both states. The final point is March 2022 when most of the restrictions were canceled, the unofficial end of the pandemic. Cases selected include public gatherings in protest of the pandemic policy organized at that time in the cities of Prague, Brno, Ostrava (Czech Republic), and Bratislava and Košice (Slovakia). The cities have populations above 200 thousand and all of them are agglomerations that attract major socio-political events. Despite the initial success in dealing with the pandemic, the paper explains why collective actions to protect public health changed over time into civil disorder designed to undermine the pandemic policy. Therefore, the article provides evidence of the role antidemocratic played in inciting civil disorder.
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History as a school subject has been present in the curricula ever since the establishment of the Bulgarian secular education, and over the years the study of history began to be given more and more importance in our educational system. Society‘s perceived need to acquire knowledge about the past is the only opportunity to better understand the present and anticipate the historical perspective. The radical changes that occurred in Bulgarian society in the second half of the 20th century led to the establishment of a completely new kind of educational system, built on the Soviet model as comprehensive and universally accessible, but at the same time politically burdened with the forcibly imposed new moral and ideological conjuncture. This process was most clearly visible in the arts, among which the discipline of History suffered particularly hard the long-term defeat of its ideologizing and outright falsification. The proposed research examines the political justification of the main historical concepts studied during the period of socialism, the development of the methodology of teaching history in schools between the reforms in 1948, 1959, 1968 and the follow-up of the situation after the end of the totalitarian regime in 1989 until the reform in 2002.
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