Az első világháború keletkezése új megközelítésben

Author(s): Richard John Evans / Language(s): Hungarian / Publication Year: 0

The centenary year 2014 yielded a huge number of books on the causes of World War I, ranging from broad panoramas of the preceding decades to detailed investigation of international relations in the weeks after Sarajevo. This contribution draws briefly on some of the more rigorous and ambitious of the new English-language work, to set it in the context of existing historiography on the subject. It finds current analysis to have reverted to many of the conclusions drawn by those assessing the issues during the 1920s and 1930s, which culminated in the magisterial treatment by Luigi Albertini. Structuralist interpretations, and the thesis of well-nigh exclusive German war guilt, associated most famously with the writings of Fritz Fischer, have given way again to a stress on the personal and all-round responsibility of those who determined the foreign-policy decision-making of the great powers in mid-1914. This is especially clear in reappraisal of the key role of Austria-Hungary in that process.

Az első világháború következményei a kelet-közép-európai kisállamok geopolitikai sorsában

Author(s): Imre Garaczi / Language(s): Hungarian / Publication Year: 0

From the beginning of the 19th century, the newly emerging nationalistic sentiments characteristically took the guise of some ideology (other than nationalism). People belonging to small ethnic groups felt their authentic national existence threatened by the frequent recurrence of dynastic hegemonies on the one hand, and the interests of neighbouring nations on the other. At the same time, nationalism provided fuel for courage to face the future and possibly build a more fortunate and more modern society. Nationalistic sentiments were in the beginning tied to various other ideologies but from the start of the 20th century they became ideologies in their own right. This phenomenon continued to exist in Eastern Europe after World War II, even under Soviet dominance. In my paper I examine mental factors in the region and their effects on the situation that emerged throughout the 20th century.

Az emberi testtől az óraműig

Az állam metaforái és formaváltozásai a nyugati keresztény kultúrkörben 1300–1800

Author(s): Endre Sashalmi / Language(s): Hungarian / Publication Year: 2015

The use of metaphors for the state is closely related to the problem already expounded by Kant, namely that the state is beyond the organs of human perception, therefore, it can only be imagined symbolically. Indeed, as Michael Walzer plausibly stated, the state cannot be perceived physically by the subjects/citizens as it cannot be seen or touched: “The state is invisible; it must be personified before it can be seen, symbolized before it can be loved, imagined before it can be conceived.” Our everyday phrases used with regard to the state clearly confirm his statement. We routinely speak of the organs of the state, or the operation of the machinery of the state without being aware of the fact that in the first case the state is conceived as a living organism, while in the latter we treat it an artificial creature. This phenomenon is none other than the living imprint of those successive metaphors in our language which once were used to imagine the state in the medieval and the early modern period. The other main topic of the book is the survey on the historical development of the state, presenting the specific features of the successive phases of its development through examples taken mainly from the history of Western European countries. Besides concentrating on the classical monarchies of Western Europe, the survey lays a great emphasis on territories which are generally much less known, namely the Scandinavian region. One of the main reasons for its inclusion into the analysis is the fact that in the 17th -18th centuries Denmark was the country in Europe which can be labelled as the model of absolute monarchy.

Az identitás régészetének elméleti alapjai

Author(s): István Koncz,Márton Szilágyi / Language(s): Hungarian / Issue: 1/2017

This study offers a brief review of the main research directions and issues in the archaeology of identity. Discussed here are the components of identity – meaning the statuses and roles that determine the individual’s relation to, and membership in, a community as well as to other individuals, which are essentially the elements of social cohesion and social organisation – and its formation as well as the various options for categorisation and the modes of display through cultural memory and material culture

Až na dno společnosti

Author(s): Lucie Dušková / Language(s): Czech / Issue: 3/2016

Kalifa, Dominique. Les bas-fonds: Histoire d’un imaginaire. Paris: Seuil, 2013, 394 pp., ISBN 978-2-02-096762-4.The book under review, by the French historian Dominique Kalifa (is Director of the Centre for Nineteenth-century History at the University of Paris, where he specializes in the history of crime, transgression, social control, and mass culture in nineteenth and early twentieth-century Europe, particularly France), is concerned with the phenomenon of the ‘lower depths’ (or ‘dregs of society’), as they emerged and changed into Euro-American culture, from the beginning of the nineteenth century to the present. The author does not seek to analyse this seemingly ungraspable topic using the methods of historical sociology, for it has long evaded study by the means available to the social sciences. Instead, he turns to the ways the subject has been represented by bureaucracies, journalists, tourism, and art. According to the reviewer, it is important how the author inverts the perspective, and demonstrates that the history of the dregs of society is mainly the history of majority society. That is to say, majority society has felt a need to describe and name its dark side and its fear of a changing world, to exclude, moralize, and discipline. One may regret that the work is limited to the francophone, anglophone, and hispanophone worlds, but that means also that the topic remains an inspiring challenge to other scholars.

Az új nemzetállamok Kelet-Európában - az etnikai tisztogatás, mint legitimáció?

Author(s): Tamás Krausz / Language(s): Hungarian / Publication Year: 0

Background Characters? The Nordic Region and European Colonialism

Author(s): Marta Grzechnik / Language(s): English / Issue: 1/2017

This article presents an overview of the literature regarding colonialism in the Nordic coun-tries. Although the Nordic region is not commonly associated with colonialism, a critical look at its direct and indirect involvement in the process of European expansion has recently been developed in scholarship on the region. Direct involvement refers to the control of overseas territories (e.g. in India, modern day Ghana, and the Caribbean) and active participation in the networks of trade (including slave trade), shipping, missionary activity, etc. Indirect involvement, or colonial complicity, refers to the idea that Nordic societies produced and reproduced systems of knowledge that underpinned the colonial system and the global racial hierarchies.

Baltic studies in Romania: sources, beginnings and perspectives

Author(s): Silviu-Marian Miloiu / Language(s): English,Romanian / Issue: 1/2017

This article analyses the beginnings, development and prospect of Baltic studies in Romania. The articles stands on three pillars. It starts with an investigation on the main sources of Romanian knowledge of the Baltic region and sorts out the way they have been represented in the Romanian mental images. Throughout the analysis, knowledge of each other is bonded to the concepts of memory and history based on the assumption that the largest part of our knowledge derives from remembering, this being applicable even in the high sphere of international relations. This theoretical framework is sampled to the case-study of Romania’s knowledge of Baltic area assessing the medieval, modern and 20th century legacy of the Romanian encounters with the Baltic States discovering that, although the distance between Suceava, the medieval capital of Moldova, and Vilnius is less than 1,000 km. (or 600 miles) and the Principality of Moldova of Stephen the Great neighbored the state of Jagiellonians, in most cases, the legacy of the relations between Romanians and Baltic nations played little role in feeding a sense of solidarity or complementarity between these nations. This pattern is now challenged by courses on Baltic and Nordic studies taught at Valahia University of Târgoviște and the activity of the Romanian Association for Baltic and Nordic Studies, which joins the efforts of scholars from various Romanian institutes and universities, especially from Iași, Cluj-Napoca, Bucharest, Constanța and Târgoviște. The analysis of these endeavors, the other two pillars of this article, brings forth educational, scholarly, editorial and dissemination efforts designed to change the perspective of the Romanian public in this respect.

Baptismal Memrāʾ of Anonymous Author of the Ninth Century

Author(s): Francis Pittappillil / Language(s): English,Polish / Issue: 51/2018

“Exposition of the Church Services” (ECS) is a 9th century liturgical commentary, the first and integral liturgical work about the East Syrian liturgy after the great liturgical reformation of Patriarch Išo’yahb III. Though the Author of the ECS comments on the various memrē of the Church of the East, we shall pay attention mainly to the baptismal memrā, which is the most remarkable among the memrē commented on by the Author. At first, we shall discuss the different terms and methods of baptism together with the manuscripts and editions of East Syrian baptismal liturgy. The baptismal memrā contains nine chapters and an analysis of the content of each chapter provides us with a clear outlook about the content of the text. The Author highlights the Pauline theology that explains baptism as a participation in the death and resurrection of Christ. The Author speaks about three anointings upon the candidate: pre-baptismal rušmā, anointing of the whole body and the post-baptismal rušmā. He emphasizes the pouring out of the consecrated water before the post-baptismal rušmā. He sets the baptismal rite within the framework of Eucharistic celebration, and the reception of the Eucharist by the baptized is presupposed in the commentary. A lucid idea is depicted in the commentary about the rights and duties of the sponsors too. In short, the baptismal commentary of the Anonymous Author of the 9th century provides us with a holistic view about the East Syrian rite of baptism.

Benchmarking in the Era of Nationalism. Bulgarians and Slovenes in Comparison

Author(s): Roumiana Preshlenova / Language(s): English / Issue: 3/2015

This article is an attempt at comparing some peculiarities of Bulgarians and Slovenes in the era of nationalism when they established their modern states through separation from the disintegrated Ottoman and Habsburg empires. In the process of nation building, they experienced mighty ideological influences from the West as well as from the East which shaped their development. Particular attention is paid to education as a core factor of their emancipation in general and a strategic investment in modernization. Impulses from Austrian educational centers, student migration as well as establishment of an “own” university are regarded as well.

BEYOND THE “VALLEY OF TEARS”: REASSESSING THE NARRATIVE OF DECLINE IN SALONICAN JEWISH HISTORIOGRAPHY

Author(s): Devin E. Naar / Language(s): English / Issue: 3/2018

Scholars have relied upon diverse methodologies and sources to produce a new corpus of studies about Salonica’s Jews that explores the impact of the end of the Ottoman Empire and the consolidation of the Greek nation-state. Much of the newer scholarship, however, reinforces the perception that Salonica’s Jews experienced a period of “decline” after the city’s incorporation into the Greek state (1912 – 1913) that culminated in their deportation to Auschwitz (1943). This study investigates why such a lachrymose and teleological interpretation of Salonican Jewish history persists today. By reference to new sources and a different interpretive lens, this article also challenges conventional wisdom concerning key turning points in the narrative of the city’s Jews: a major fire (1917), a compulsory Sunday closing law (1924), and the first major act of anti-Jewish violence (1931). The article thus offers a new approach to assessing the encounters between the multiplicities of Jews in Salonica and the Greek state.

BIBLIOGRAFIA PODMIOTOWA POLSKICH HISTORYKÓW KOŚCIOŁA ZA ROK 2012 Z UZUPEŁNIENIAMI ZA LATA 2000-2011

Author(s): Jan Walkusz,Marek Robert Górniak / Language(s): Polish / Issue: 13/2014

Blízký východ v komparativní perspektivě

Author(s): Adam Coman / Language(s): Czech / Issue: 4/2019

Černý, Karel. Velká blízkovýchodní nestabilita: Arabské jaro, porevoluční chaos a nerovnoměrná modernizace 1950–2015. Prague: Nakladatelství Lidové noviny, 2017, 577 pp., ISBN 978-80-7422-595-6; English edition: Instability in the Middle East: Structural changes and uneven modernisation 1950–2015. Prague: Charles University – Karolinum Press, 2017, 476 pp., ISBN 978-80-246-3427-2. An abridged English version of this review has been published in the online version of the British Journal of Middle East Studies, Vol. 46, No. 3 (2019). The book by Karel Černý, published simultaneously in English and Czech (with the title "The great Middle Eastern instability: The Arab Spring, post-revolution chaos, and uneven modernization 1950–2015"), offers, in the reviewer’s opinion, a unique and original analysis of a broad spectrum of issues which the Middle East region has had to face roughly since the end of WW2. The author analyses modernization processes in local politics, economies, education, and media, as well as demographical changes and urbanization, finding the roots of the regional instability in a disharmony of the above spheres. He sets his studies of these regions into several macrohistoric-sociological comparative frameworks illustrating both specific and general aspect of the modernization process in the Middle East. In doing so, he evaluates the roles of Islam and post-colonialism as two indispensable factors of the situation in the Middle East in responsive and unconventional manner. Černý backs his analysis and conclusions by a broad selection of secondary published sources and a firm theoretical anchoring, but also by original and detailed empirical research and his own productive theoretical model. Thanks to the above, the author is able to present to us an accurate and convincing picture of the processes and events leading to the tumultuous Arabian Spring and subsequent events.

Bolesław Chrobry i Karol Wielki

legitymizacja między kultem a imitacją

Author(s): Miłosz Sosnowski / Language(s): Polish / Issue: 2/2016

The paper discusses the issue of worship and imitation of Charlemagne during the reign of Bolesław the Brave in the context of the ruler’s responsibilities and the legitimacy of royal power. The analysis includes primarily the Christianization activity led by Bolesław and a later legend of the ruler.

Book reviews

Author(s): Mihai-Octavian Groza ,Iuliu-Marius Morariu,Nicolae Dumbrăvescu,Marian Horvat,Mircea-Gheorghe Abrudan,Andrei Dălălău / Language(s): Romanian / Issue: IV/2018

This section contains the book reviews from the 4th number of Astra Salvensis.

BOSNA U OSMANISTIČKOM FOKUSU: PARALELE JUGOSLOVENSKOG I POSTJUGOSLOVENSKOG PERIODA

Author(s): Ramiza Smajić / Language(s): Bosnian,Croatian,Serbian / Issue: 2/2019

More than a quarter of a century after the international recognition of Bosnia and Herzegovina as an independent state outside of Yugoslavia, a period for a comparative analysis of historiographic results is appropriate. In this paper, attention is devoted to the treatment of Bosnian territory in various social frameworks, financial and personnel capacities, affinities and ideological orientations. Certain areas of scientific work, of course, had a natural sequence of activities, some needed to be adjusted, while approaches and focus in some fields developed completely new forms in the spirit of contemporary osmanism. The planned exhibition is a collection of practical experiences in the field of the Ottoman work in both the Yugoslav and post-Yugoslav periods.

Bosnia and Herzegovina: the Failure of Post-Conflict Reconciliation

Author(s): Raluca Farcas / Language(s): English / Issue: 2020/2020

The end of the Cold War revived the national problem in Yugoslavia, which, together with the fundamental issues that remained unresolved after the death of Iosif Broz Tito, contributed to the outbreak of violence. The article examines three important periods for the evolution of Bosnia and Herzegovina, from the beginning of the wars in Yugoslavia, after the fall of communism and to the time of Bosnia and Herzegovinaʼs accession to the European Union, in 2016, focusing on the international communityʼs efforts to ensure transition and restoring balance in the region. The Dayton Accords have failed to ensure the transition to a state independent of international aid, leaving behind an ethnically grounded political system that slows the progress of reforms and the path to European integration. The article analysis the extent to which post-Dayton reconciliation and reconstruction between Bosniaks, Croats and Serbs have been achieved. Thus, the paper will highlight the extent to which the Peace Accords and international intervention have succeeded in ensuring the transition of Bosnia and Herzegovina into a modern, viable state with functioning institutions.

Brygische Spuren im thrakischen Sprachgebiet

Author(s): Ivan Duridanov / Language(s): German / Issue: 3/1993

BULGAR BASININDA TÜRKİYE CUMHURİYETİ’NİN İLANI

Author(s): Mümin İsov / Language(s): Turkish / Issue: 1/2016

As it is versatile and provides satisfying information to researchers and helps them interpret the past, press is a valuable source of information. Having a look at the newspapers awakens the awareness of news themes for political-propaganda conjuncture. The theme which was not accepted totally and suggested for propaganda of the communist regime in Bulgaria was this one so it didn’t find “a chance” to enter the research area of Bulgarian historiography for a long time. The aim of the research is the newspapers which are dominant upon their readers in the country and meanwhile these newspapers have been important representatives of Bulgarian press so far. The chronology of the suggested view is not based on a specific case and goes back to Great War (W.W. I). The is a revision of the appearance of positive social media in Bulgaria, the news, comments and appreciations related to declaration of The Turkish Republic for ten years. It points to interpret the development differently since 29th October 1923. Some inconveniences from ideological and political structure were eliminated masterly and newspaper redactions were uttered as a view. The increased acceleration in the relations between Bulgaria and Turkey continue till the signing of the friendship treaty. The interest about Turkey in Bulgaria will not lose its acceleration in future. A great number of researches related to dynamics of life in Turkey are published. Scientific and cultural connections are established and improved between two countries. Opinion leaders, journalists, scientists and writers visit two countries. Bulgarian Theater and Folk Dances Companies visit and perform in İstanbul and Ankara. This study tells how the republic founded in Turkey was reacted in Bulgarian society through media.

Bulgaria and the Bulgarians through Slovene Eyes (1850 – 1914)

Author(s): Peter Vodopivec / Language(s): English / Issue: 3/2015

During the time of socialist Yugoslavia Slovene historians devoted considerable attention to the Yugoslav movement before WWI, but their focus was on the Slovene relations with Croats and Serbs. It was only rarely mentioned that Slovene intellectuals and leaders until WWI considered the Bulgarians to be Yugoslavs as well and they looked with great sympathy to them. The author illustrates the Slovene interest for Bulgaria by Anton Bezenšek’s book Bulgaria and Serbia (1897) and presents the publications of the two major Slovene newspapers Slovenski narod and Slovenec on the Bulgarians and Bulgaria since 1870 until WW I. If the two newspapers in their assessments of Russian policy on the Balkans, Serbo-Bulgarian relations and inner situation in Bulgaria often disagreed, both gave a full support to Bulgarian struggle against Ottoman rule and national independence claiming that the Bulgarians belong to the same “great Yugoslav nation” as the Serbs, Croats and Slovenes.