NOT THAT ORIGINAL AFTER ALL: THE CHRONO-CULTURAL FRAMEWORK OF THE UPPER PALEOLITHIC ON THE BISTRIȚA VALLEY (NORTHEASTERN ROMANIA)

Author(s): Mircea Anghelinu,LOREDANA NITA,Leif Steguweit / Language(s): English Issue: 1/2012

From the initial researches in the 1950’s, the geological and archaeological sequences preserved on the Bistrița terraces have been constantly thought to provide a remarkably complete chronicle of the Upper Paleolithic in eastern Romania. The local Pleistocene geological archives hosted Aurignacian, Gravettian, Epigravettian and Swiderian layers. Various chronological data and cultural interpretations accumulated in the following decades granted the local Paleolithic some unusual features, such as the bizarrely young chronology of the Aurignacian technocomplex (27–21 kauncal. BP), involving its partial contemporaneity with the local Gravettian (24–16 ka BP). Based on a previous critical reassessment of the original lithic toolkits the present paper attempts at assembling the most important results recently obtained through new archaeological researches in several settlements in the area (Poiana Cireșului, Bistricioara-Lutărie I and III, Bistricioara ‘La Mal’). A consistently revised chrono-cultural framework is proposed. The key changes involve a virtually complete rejection of an Aurignacian occurrence and an improved chronology of the Gravettian/Epigravettian technocomplex, now overtly related to several better documented sequences along the Prut and Dniestr rivers.

Towarzystwo Strzeleckie „Bractwo Kurkowe"

Author(s): Monika Ostrowska / Language(s): Polish Issue: 2/2014

Piechota polska w dwudziestoleciu międzywojennym 1918–1939. Wybrane problemy organizacji, uzbrojenia i szkolenia

Author(s): Jan Pilżys / Language(s): Polish Issue: 1/2014

Of all the types of weapons, infantry was the most numerous and the most important in the Polish army. The task of other types of weapons, e.g. artillery, cavalry, aviation, armored vehicles was to support the infantry in all kinds of combat operations. In 1939, the Polish regiment of infantry was comparable to the German division of infantry. They had a similar organizational structure and strength of small arms and indirect fire weapons. The Polish regiment had less light cannons and antitank cannons. After the number of divisional units of combat (guns, cannons and tanks) supporting German infantry regiments was increased, the Polish regiment and, consequently, the strike force of the infantry division weakened. Infantry training system was a positive side. With all its financial limitations, it guaranteed professionally trained personnel, soldiers on active duty and reserves. According to the author of this article, in the absence of aviation, anti-aircraft and anti-tank weapons, and despite delayed motorization in the army, Polish infantry distinguished itself by its sacrifice, valor and high morale.

Cystektomia radykalna w Polsce – co się zmieniło przez 15 lat. Ocena porównawcza według skali pTNM na podstawie wybranych prac

Author(s): Krzysztof Borkowski,Waldemar Różański / Language(s): Polish Issue: 2/2020

Radical cystectomy is the gold standard of therapy in bladder cancer that infiltrates muscularis mucosae. The nature of changes in the form of bladder cancer treatment was assessed in scientific papers based on the pTNM scale in Poland over a 15-year period (2002–2017). Simple statistical tools were used for that purpose on the basis of publications of eleven academic and other centers. The number of patients was 1502 and the average age of the patients who underwent the surgical operation was 64,5 years. Despite the passage of years locally advanced forms of pT3 and pT4 neoplasm, that constitute more than 50% of cases, are still treated with surgery. The forms of muscularis mucosae that infiltrate bladder cancer with good prognoses – pT2 – do not exceed 30% of the patients operated on.

US HISTORICAL CHALLENGES: A COMPARASION BETWEEN THE COLD WAR AND THE US-CHINA COMPETITION

Author(s): Mădălin-Ciprian ENESCU / Language(s): English Issue: 15/2023

At the end of the Cold War, the US became the only superpower in the international system, but this situation continued until 2010, when China became the second economic power. The relation between the US and China is very complicated compared to the relationship between the US and the USSR during the Cold War. In the first case, the two powers combine the economic cooperation with the international competition, whereas in the second the two superpowers try to impose their political and economic system in the entire world. The USSR was using a political and military strategy, whereas China was using the economic expansion in order to change the international order and the regional power distribution. Also, the Chinese soft power was not as powerful as was the Russian soft power in order to influence the Western elites to support the Chinese political and economic model. Even though between the USSR and China there are many differences, China was determined to challenge the liberal order and to compete with the US. For the moment, there is not a clear winner between the US and China, but the next twenty years are going to be shaped by this competition.

SELF-REFERENTIALITY IN HISTORICAL TEXTS OF THE 11TH CENTURY: THE CASE OF MICHAEL ATTALEIATES

Author(s): CHRISTINA SIDERI / Language(s): English Issue: 60/1/2023

This article sets out to conduct a comparative study of the degree of self-referentiality in historical texts of the 10th and 11th centuries. Specifically, it examines the presence, the context and the type of first-person references in the historical work of Michael Attaleiates (11th century) as well as in previous works from the pro-Macedonian literature of the 10th century (notably Genesios, the Vita Basilii and books I–IV of Theophanes Continuatus). The record and comparative study of these references indicate a progressively stronger use of self-referentiality; the latter keeps pace with the evolution of the historiographical genre.

STATISTICAL PATTERN ANALYSIS OF ROMAN VILLAE IN ANDALUSIA FROM QUALITATIVE MULTISTATE VARIABLES

Author(s): Francisco Javier Esquivel,José Antonio ESQUIVEL,Pablo RUÍZ-MONTES,Isabel Fernández-García / Language(s): English Issue: 4/2023

The political and cultural domination of Rome over the Iberian Peninsula and, more specifically, over its southern half (later the province of Baetica (Andalusia, Spain) produced a prolonged process of Romanisation in all areas between the 1st century BC and the 5th century AD. During these years a large number of villae were erected in Andalusia, mainly in the region near the Guadalquivir river valley. However, the archaeological information available is very scattered and sometimes quite heterogeneous. This work has been carried out based on a recently published compilation, in collaboration with researchers from Andalusian universities, which contains the state of art of the Roman villae in Andalusia. This article focuses exclusively on the villae that show evidence of the production of pottery. The pottery associated with these villae provide geographical information, chronological information about the period of use, typology of material found, and functionality of material. With this information, a database has been developed containing only the villae with associated pottery factories. Subsequently, different statistical analyses have been carried out, including both univariate and bivariate as well as multivariate analyses applied to qualitative multistate variables. The results obtained have allowed us to characterize the villae that show evidence of pottery production, to quantify the information in order to highlight the underlying trends in the data, to obtain a statistical classification in several groups, and to characterize the resulting patterns.The political and cultural domination of Rome over the Iberian Peninsula and, more specifically, over its southern half (later the province of Baetica (Andalusia, Spain) produced a prolonged process of Romanisation in all areas between the 1st century BC and the 5th century AD. During these years a large number of villae were erected in Andalusia, mainly in the region near the Guadalquivir river valley. However, the archaeological information available is very scattered and sometimes quite heterogeneousThe political and cultural domination of Rome over the Iberian Peninsula and, more specifically, over its southern half (later the province of Baetica (Andalusia, Spain) produced a prolonged process of Romanisation in all areas between the 1st century BC and the 5th century AD. During these years a large number of villae were erected in Andalusia, mainly in the region near the Guadalquivir river valley. However, the archaeological information available is very scattered and sometimes quite heterogeneous.This work has been carried out based on a recently published compilation, in collaboration with researchers from Andalusian universities, which contains the state of art of the Roman villae in Andalusia. This article focuses exclusively on the villae that show evidence of the production of pottery. The pottery associated with these villae provide geographical information, chronological information about the period of use, typology of material found, and functionality of material. With this information, a database has been developed containing only the villae with associated pottery factories. Subsequently, different statistical analyses have been carried out, including both univariate and bivariate as well as multivariate analyses applied to qualitative multistate variables. The results obtained have allowed us to characterize the villae that show evidence of pottery production, to quantify the information in order to highlight the underlying trends in the data, to obtain a statistical classification in several groups, and to characterize the resulting patterns.The political and cultural domination of Rome over the Iberian Peninsula and, more specifically, over its southern half (later the province of Baetica (Andalusia, Spain) produced a prolonged process of Romanisation in all areas between the 1st century BC and the 5th century AD. During these years a large number of villae were erected in Andalusia, mainly in the region near the Guadalquivir river valley. However, the archaeological information available is very scattered and sometimes quite heterogeneous

Between rhetoric and propaganda Jesuit and Piarist panegyrics in the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth

Author(s): Andrea Mariani / Language(s): English Issue: 2/2023

Panegyrics are a valuable primary source for reconstructing early-modern culture and mentality. However, Polish scholars have only recently paid attention to them due to the difficulties posed by their elusive language and complex rhetoric figures relying on both Ancient literature and Holy Scripture. The present article does not focus on their content. Instead, it statistically analyses a set of more than 1200 panegyrics printed between the late 16th century and late 18th century by Jesuits and Piarists, the two most influential religious congregations active in the educational field in the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth. The author aims to show the extent of this literary phenomenon and its transformation over time to provide a general overview to scholars focusing on specific texts. In particular, the article answers the following questions: how many panegyrics Jesuits and Piarists published, to which social layers and on which occasions they were dedicated. Finally, the author analyses the connections between particular noble families and religious houses. The number of printed panegyrics considerably fluctuated over time, depending on wars and political crises. After peaking in the second quarter of the 18th century, it dropped due to the transition from Baroque to Classicism in the realm of rhetoric. Most panegyrics were dedicated to the members of the high nobility, followed by bishops and the ruling family. On the other hand, the middle nobility and burghers played a secondary role. The occasions for publishing panegyrics show the increasing institutionalization of this literary genre as prints usually celebrated the entry of ecclesiastical or secular dignitaries or family celebrations such as weddings and funerals.

The first parliamentary appearance of National Socialism in Hungary in 1932

Author(s): Zsolt András Udvarvölgyi / Language(s): English Issue: 23/2024

In this paper, I present the circumstances of the birth of the first more significantnational socialist party represented in the Hungarian parliament too, and the life and work of its founder andleader, Zoltán Meskó (1883-1959). Although the almost-unknown National Socialist Party held meetings inHungary as early as the spring of 1922, and fascist, national, national socialist micro-parties and smallmovements proliferated like mushrooms in the late 1920s and the early 1930s, Zoltán Meskó, MP was thefirst to “raise the flag” in the Hungarian parliament on 16 June 1932. This article outlines the life of thisstrange and unconventional politician, who had once seen better days, was a former military officer, a hero of theFirst World War, a member of parliament since 1917, and briefly held several posts as a state secretary. I payspecial attention to his speeches in parliament in 1932, to the articles in the daily newspaper of the party, the“Nemzet Szava” (Word of Nation), and to the early period of this peculiar “pro-government” organisation loyalto Governor Miklós Horthy1, the National Socialist Hungarian Agricultural Labourers’ and Workers’ Party.From the end of 1933, Meskó was in a downward spiral, losing his seat in parliament in 1935, but was re-electedas a deputy in 1939. From this period onwards, however, Meskó was almost insignificant in Hungarian domesticpolitics

TRIMMING THE TANGLE OF LEGEND: HEROIC HAIRCUTS, MATERIALISING MEALS, AND THE LEGITIMISATION OF DYNASTIC SUCCESSION IN NORWEGIAN AND POLISH FOUNDATION NARRATIVES

Author(s): Ben Allport,Rafał Rutkowski / Language(s): English Issue: 129/2024

The medieval origin narratives of both Poland and Norway feature dynastic founders who came to power following a ritualistic haircut. In the Polish tradition, Siemowit of the Piast dynasty is anointed duke after his coming-of-age haircut, which is administered by two mysterious strangers; in the Norwegian version, Harald Fairhair vows to only cut his hair after he has united the realm. In both traditions, the transfer of power to these new rulers is also symbolised by a feast that vanishes from the table of a previous ruler and materialises before the dynastic founder. This chapter examines these narratives and compares their use of haircutting and feasting motifs to explore the transmission of royal authority both within and between ruling dynasties. Two traditions are explored from each arena: Gallus Anonymus’s Gesta principum Polonorum and Kadłubek’s Chronica Polonorum from Poland; and Fagrskinna and Snorri Sturluson’s Heimskringla from Norway. In comparing how the haircutting tradition in each polity evolved, we gain profound insights into their authors’ approach towards the development of dynastic power and the structure of dynastic history. In particular, we consider how these authors rationalised the concept of dynastic fragmentation and the rise of rival claimants as these elements came to dominate the political struggles of the twelfth and thirteenth centuries. Broadly speaking, we conclude that Polish historiography sought to cut away rival dynasts, whereas Norwegian traditions visualised competing dynastic branches as locks of hair cascading from one head.

Osvícenství, obrození, vernakularizace či „kulturní obnova“? Dodatečné poznámky ke konceptu osvícenství jako „demokratizace vědění“ a ke vztahu osvícenství a obrození

Author(s): Daniela Tinková / Language(s): Czech Issue: 02/2020

This study is a response to the preceding discussion on the original essay on the concept of enlightenment. It examines the relationship between enlightenment, national revival and Romanticism, issues of popular enlightenment, and the role of the Catholic clergy in the Enlightenment, with further remarks on the phases and specific features of the Czech Enlightenment.

One of a Bulk. Another newly-discovered brick inscription of Untaš-Napiriša

Author(s): Amir Zamaniniya,Sina ABASLOU / Language(s): English Issue: 13/2024

This study examines an inscribed brick from the reign of the Middle Elamite King Untaš-Napiriša (ca. 1275-1240 BCE). The brick, unearthed in Choγā Zanbil not long ago, is currently under the ownership of a privately held collection in Shiraz. Its current location allowed us to thoroughly examine and decipher the text inscribed on it. By conducting a basic analysis and comparing it with other similar bricks, it becomes evident that this brick is identical to the one documented in MDP 41 as “12 (Pl. V, 2)”.

Contemporary Turkish and Western historiography on post-secularisation processes in Turkey

Author(s): Saule TULENBERGENOVA,Kamshat Rustem,Khanzada SUTEEVA,Altyn UALTAYEVA / Language(s): English Issue: 13/2024

The assessment of secularisation and post-secularisation processes that took place in Turkey in the 20th century are associated by scholars with internal and global socio-political processes such as collapse of the Ottoman Empire, the establishment of the Turkish Republic, the course towards Westernisation, the development of capitalism, the confrontation between the West and the USSR, etc. This issue was preferred as the subject of the study as it is topical due to the revival of religious values, despite the secularisation processes that engulfed many countries worldwide. This article examines the representation of post-secularisation processes in Turkey through assessing the works of Western and Turkish scholars. The analysis of these works provides an understanding of the consequences of historical events in the form of the phenomenon of “religious revival”.

ESKİ TÜRKLER YEMEK ÇUBUKLARI KULLANIYOR MUYDU?

Author(s): Arda Karadavut / Language(s): Turkish Issue: 45/2024

Since the 1st century AD, the increased consumption of wheat in China, the diversification of foods such as noodles, pasta and dumplings made from wheat, and the difficulty of eating them with a spoon, have expanded the usage areas of chopsticks. III. In the 19th century, the Chinese realized that the millstone was not just a tool used to grind wheat, and they also ground canola to obtain its oil. With the extraction of canola oil, a new cooking method has emerged: frying. Since fried foods are cut into bite-sized pieces, it has become easier to eat them with chopsticks, and the use of chopsticks has increased over time. Chopsticks, which are found all over Asia today, have important cultural value, especially in the Far East. It is known that Turkish tribes such as Uyghurs and Salars, located in geographies close to China and within the borders of China, also use chopsticks. This situation brings with it the question "Did the Old Turks use chopsticks?" It makes you ask the question. If so, what word did they use to describe chopsticks? Is this word of Turkish origin or is it a loanword? Do chopsticks have any cultural value? At the end of the study, based on the old Uyghur texts, it was determined that the old Turks used chopsticks and expressed this eating tool with the çöki. It has been revealed that the çöki, whose origin is controversial, comes from the Chinese word chu-qì.

The Historical Disciplines in Favour of the Future

Author(s): Harald Hepner / Language(s): English Issue: 1/2023

History, as the always growing sum of pictures to the past, does not consist of separated moments. History may bе compared to а film, which must bе shown as а permanent change of scenes. The big difference to the film projection is that in history there are not any technical maschines which make the moves, it is always men - as subjects or objects ofthe processes. Therefore, we should focus more on all kinds of acting and not so much on stationary situations.

Aux sources d’un style céramique original. Des pots à décor couvrant imprimé ou modelé, une spécificité du territoire sénon au 5e siècle av. notre ère?

Author(s): Marion Saurel,David Bardel,Francesca Di Napoli,Jean-Marc Séguier / Language(s): French Issue: 1/2024

The paper is focused on impressed or modelled covering decorations well represented on pottery in the heart of the Paris Basin during the Second Iron Age. After a phase of emergence in the western Hallstattian province, a concentration of these decorations can be highlighted in the second half of the 5th century in the middle valley of the Seine especially between the confluence of the Seine and the Aube and the confluence of the Seine and the Yonne. Their wider diffusion mainly northwards occurs from the 4th century. The discussion focuses on both the characterization of this phenomenon and its delimitation with a more specific reflection on a possible link at the time of the first flourishing with a ‘Senon’ cultural space.

A kiedy źródeł zabraknie? Kartki z dziejów historiografi i PRL

Author(s): Andrzej Wierzbicki / Language(s): Polish Issue: 15/2023

Histoires parallèles: Démétrius Cantemir et François II Rákóczi

Author(s): Stefan Lemny / Language(s): French Issue: 3/2023

In the wake of the work aimed at comparing Demetrius Cantemir (1673?–1723) with various outstanding political and cultural personalities, this study proposes a comparative lecture with his illustrious contemporary Transylvanian Prince Francis II Rákóczi (1676–1735). Reigning in the two neighbouring principalities of Moldavia and Transylvania, the two princes stand out at European political level in the context of confrontations for the domination of this region between the Ottoman, Russian and Austrian empires. This comparative approach to the two personalities is not based on consistent testimonies of how each of the two protagonists considered the other, but their lives give many reasons for doing it. Representing two different princely traditions, they experienced the same hardships of a childhood marked by the death of one of their parents, and shared the same ambition for an exceptional education that provided them a prestigious place among the intellectual elites of the time. Their personalities are closer in many respects to their political action, particularly through the struggle to win independence for their principalities and the adventure of exile. Nothing, however, is as revealing as their intellectual work, which allowed them to gain recognition in the Republic of Letters of the time and, subsequently, in cultural history, far beyond boundaries of their principalities. A comparative analysis of the two personalities may therefore be of interest in order to better understand their role in the history of the Carpatho-Danubian principalities at an important moment in the transition to the modern era, and to better highlight the exceptional richness of Demetrius Cantemir’s intellectual work.

(ПРЕ)УСТРОЈУВАЊЕТО НА ПРОМЕТЕЈА: ИСТОРИСКО-ТИПОЛОШКИ ПРЕГЛЕД

Author(s): Viktor Jovanoski / Language(s): Macedonian Issue: 83/2024

The Prometheus Bound is an ancient Greek tragedy, one of the seven that have reached us under the name of the earliest of the three great tragedians, Aeschylus. Its open ending and unresolved central conflict suggest a sequel, and the sequel, in turn, suggests the existence of a narrative tragic trilogy. This possible trilogy, mirroring the name of the Oresteia, is referred to by modern classicists as Prometheia. In addition to the Prometheus Bound, it is assumed that it included two other tragedies containing the name of the Titan in the title: Prometheus Unbound and Prometheus the Fire-Bearer. Over the past two centuries, every attempt to add – or take away – even the smallest detail to this rough outline of the Prometheia has entailed much more effort than progress; this study is a historical-typological summary of the effort. Its outcomes: five trilogies, one dilogy, and a monodrama. Three of the five trilogies (suggested by Welcker, Westphal, and Podlecki) are recombinations of the three most popular Prometheus-titles, while the remaining two, alongside Prometheus Bound and Unbound, bring in some non-Prometheus play (the Heliades according to Bergk, The Women of Aetna according to Droysen/Lloyd-Jones) the proposed Sicilian dilogy (Focke) can apparently do just fine without. Rarely do any of the visionaries of the Prometheia dare to imagine an accompanying satyr play.

Latin America and Eastern Europe. Ideas for Historical Comparisons

Author(s): Klaus Buchenau / Language(s): English Issue: 3/2024

This article compares state and nation building in Latin America with Eastern Europe, including the Balkans. It comes to the conclusion that different imperial legacies (land empires vs. maritime empires) have led to different interpretative paradigms of understanding the world, with national/ethnic problems dominating the literature in and on Eastern Europe, whereas a social and post-colonial paradigm has become the dominant key of self-understanding in Latin America. As one of the consequences, the terms „left“ and „right“ do not have the same meaning in both regions. The article concludes with outlining a research agenda for further comparative work.