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This paper introduces the phenomenon of social entrepreneurship in the Polish civil society. It starts with a presentation of key determinants that have driven its development and popularity. In the main section, the complexity of social enterprise and entrepreneurship concepts are introduced, with their key characteristics. Following that, three dominant schools of thought on social enterprise are presented with reference to civil society phenomenon. Before locating social entrepreneurship, some key elements and methodological issues in the area of civil society are analyzed and discussed. Finally, two models of social enterprise are identified and their background briefly presented. The author supplements this analysis with some key statistics on social enterprise models for Poland. They introduce the reader into the state of the art of social enterprises in Poland. Also, valuable data from Global Entrepreneurship Monitor on social entrepreneurship are introduced to give the overall picture of the phenomenon in Central and Eastern European countries. Both analytical approaches are discussed in the light of the three schools of thought on social enterprise.
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In the last few years, adaptive sport and adaptive physical education as forms of physiotherapy have gained increasing interest around the world and also in Poland. This thesis discusses application of alpine skiing in social rehabilitation for the persons with disabilities. It describes how skiing can help overcoming problems with personal and social behavior and influence on looking at once life, in order to compare the sense of coherence of skiers with and without disabilities. The research involved 31 Polish (16 disabled and 15 without disabilities) and 27 American (12 disabled and 15 without disabilities) responders. It was based on a Sense of Coherence Questionnaire SOC-13 by Aaron Antonovsky. Conclusions: The level of coherence among disabled skiers is comparable to those without disabilities.
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Among the paradigms of regional development smart growth may be rated. The aim of the study is to identify the implementation of smart growth as an important element of the Polish regional policy in the new programming perspective. This paper focuses on the introduction of essence of regional policy and smart growth, and on analysis of the basic assumptions of the EU’s Europe 2020 Strategy, the new programming perspective and Polish Operational Programme Smart Growth with reference to the creation of smart specializations.
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Wstęp: Do najczęstszych chorób przewlekłych w Polsce i na świecie nadal należą choroby układu krążenia, które mimo prowadzonych działań profilaktycznych, stanowią główną przyczynę śmierci. Istotną rolę w opiece pozaszpitalnej nad pacjentami z przewlekłymi chorobami układu krążenia odgrywają pielęgniarki rodzinne. Wchodzą w skład zespołu terapeutycznego podstawowej opieki zdrowotnej, sprawującego kompleksową opiekę nad pacjentem. Do kompetencji pielęgniarek rodzinnych należy m.in.: samodzielne diagnozowanie, planowanie oraz realizacja opieki pielęgniarskiej. Pielęgniarki rodzinne są również źródłem informacji dla chorego, wypełniają zadania pielęgnacyjne, terapeutyczne, diagnostyczne, a także rehabilitacyjne. Działania te wykonywane są zgodnie z wybranym modelem pielęgnowania, obowiązującymi standardami, kodeksem etyki zawodowej oraz aktami prawnymi regulującymi czynności podejmowane przez pielęgniarki samodzielnie.Cel pracy: Celem pracy jest przedstawienie zadań, jakie wypełniają pielęgniarki rodzinne w opiece nad chorym z przewlekłą chorobą układu krążenia na przykładzie opisu przypadku pacjenta z nadciśnieniem tętniczym.Materiał i metody: Artykuł stanowi opis sytuacji zdrowotnej pacjenta, który zgłosił się do pielęgniarki rodzinnej z rozpoznanym nadciśnieniem tętniczym krwi. Został on skonstruowany w oparciu o metodę indywidualnego przypadku, w której wykorzystano dwie techniki – analizę dokumentacji i wywiad.Opis przypadku: W pracy zaprezentowano opis przypadku 45-letniego pacjenta, będącego pod opieką pielęgniarki rodzinnej, z rozpoznanym nadciśnieniem tętniczym i brakiem innych chorób przewlekłych. Pacjent obciążony rodzinnie nadciśnieniem tętniczym, w wywiadzie nikotynizm od 20 lat. Leki hipotensyjne przyjmuje nieregularnie. Główne działania pielęgniarskie ukierunkowane były na przygotowanie chorego do aktywnego uczestnictwa w procesie samoopieki.Wnioski: Pielęgniarki wchodzące w skład zespołu terapeutycznego podstawowej opieki zdrowotnej wypełniają wiele zadań w opiece nad chorym z przewlekłą chorobą układu krążenia. Celnie i precyzyjnie sformułowane diagnozy pielęgniarskie determinują w dalszej kolejności działania ukierunkowane na właściwą opiekę nad pacjentem. Edukacja i poradnictwo w zakresie postępowania zachowawczego w przebiegu nadciśnienia tętniczego pozwalają na odpowiednie przygotowanie chorego do samoopieki.
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The stigma of mental illness has significant negative impact on people experiencing it, to an extent that it may lead to the avoidance of mental health services. Various strategies have been developed to change people’s negative and ill-founded attitudes towards the mental illness. This paper presents a novel strategy which builds innovatively on a robust model of attitude, while supporting both educational aims and access to the emotional world of people experiencing mental illness.
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Mediation proceedings in juvenile cases are held with the participation of the youth infringing legal norms. They provide compensation to the victims, and at the same time avoid placement in social rehabilitation facilities, as well as obtain forgiveness, and decrease the level of shame and guilt. The aim of the studies was to learn the opinions of minors on the subject of judicial mediation. Hence, minor boys from the Probation Centre No. 3 in Świdnik were subject to these studies. The “A” and “O” scales of K. Kmiecik-Baran and questionnaire of own work on the subject of mediation were used.
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Autorzy prezentują wyniki badań, których celem było ukazanie specyfiki życia duchowego osób odbywających karę pozbawienia wolności. Ich analiza potwierdziła, że osoby odbywające karę pozbawienia wolności charakteryzują się statystycznie istotnie uboższym życiem duchowym, aniżeli grupa kontrolna, którą stanowiły osoby niekarane. Osoby skazane w istotnie mniejszym stopniu poszerzają własną świadomość, rzadziej poszukują sensu otaczającej rzeczywistości, czerpią istotnie mniej przeżyć duchowych z czynienia dobra, są mniej wrażliwe na sztukę oraz na piękno zewnętrzne i wewnętrzne, co związane jest z wyborami moralnymi.
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Związek pomiędzy przymierzem (relacją, sojuszem) terapeutyczną a rezultatami terapii został już dawno przedstawiony w wielu opracowaniach i metaanalizach. Jeśli jednak chodzi o leczenie osób uzależnionych nieletnich, to nadal jest to obszar mało zbadany. Niniejsze opracowanie obejmuje badanie czynników wpływających na związek pomiędzy relacją terapeutyczną a efektami leczenia uzależnionych nieletnich. Zbadano pośredniczący wpływ zmiennych demograficznych, tzn. wieku i płci, na próbie uzależnionych nieletnich w centrum rehabilitacji szpitala uniwersyteckiego (UCH) w Ibadan, stan Oyo, Nigeria. W badaniu wzięło udział pięćdziesięciu trzech nieletnich, którzy przed leczeniem wypełnili ankiety oceny własnej gotowości i oczekiwań (teoria zmiany pacjenta) względem terapii, a w czasie leczenia ankiety dotyczące relacji terapeutycznej. Wyniki prezentowanych badań wskazują, że wiek nie wpływa na związek pomiędzy relacją terapeutyczną a efektami leczenia uzależnień osób nieletnich. Ponadto, wyniki wykazały istotną zależność od płci, jeśli chodzi o zmienne motywacyjne przed terapią oraz opinie pacjentów na temat relacji terapeutycznej i wyników leczenia. Ostatecznie zaproponowano, że wczesna identyfikacja zmiennych demograficznych wpływających na leczenie uzależnień wśród nieletnich, jako atrybucja ich odporności, ma związek z wiekiem i płcią.
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The aim of the article is to discuss the main features of philosophical and public considerations of Leonidas Donskis (1962–2016) in the horizon of his intellectual biography. The article overcomes the limitations and transcends the borders of the traditional in memoriam genre and seeks not only to present the significant ideas of Donskis but to discuss them in the broader context of contemporary philosophy, sociology, and Critical theory. The main philosophical propositions of Donskis are interpreted by the logic of development. The article emphasizes these features and ideas that are prominent in Donskis’ thinking: a) the idea of European picture is opposed to Heidegger’s critique of “The Age of World Picture”; b) the analysis of the figure of genius developed by Donskis is contrasted to Nietzsche’s theory of Übermensch; c) the original and innovative synthesis of the ideas of O. Spengler and V. Kavolis on the configurations and trajectories of moral imagination; d) “true-believers” were considered in the context of Ch. Miłosz’s “ketman”, as an example of multifaced traitor and conformist-liar; e) the figure of public intellectual was understood by Donskis as opposed to both the Russian and Soviet intelligent and N. Berdyaev’s critic of intelligentsia; f) the idea of literary-political interpretations was based on contemporary interpretations of the works of N. Machiavelli, Miguel de Cervantes, W. Shakespeare, G. Orwell, E. Zamiatin, G. Grass, M. Kundera, and T. Venclova. Donskis was especially involved in dystopian studies and their application to contemporary issues. He criticized the ideological doctrinaires, “true believers”, foundationalism (as well as nationalism and totalitarianism related to it), and supported dissent movements. Public activism, the presentations of grand pictures of Europe, and elitism make him a Promethean figure in Lithuanian culture and philosophy. His considerations were based on the methodology of the history of ideas and the analysis of the genealogy of moral and aesthetic imaginations. V. Kavolis, A. Štromas and Z. Bauman were the main inspirations of his ideas. He takes the idea of moral imagination and the concepts of trajectories and configurations of ideas from the books of V. Kavolis and applies them to the philosophy and ethics; he takes the method of application of literary studies to political studies from A. Štromas and applies it to contemporary society and dystopias. He also develops the idea of liquidity taken from Z. Bauman and applies it to the studies of national and cultural identities and contemporary cultural traits.
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The globalization process influences the coordination and interdependence of international financial institutions. The analysis of different publications defines globalization as the dominant trend of global development. Scientists examine contradictions and consequences of globalization with respect to global development as the process, its essence in terms of economic modernization, and different points of view on financial institutions development. Jones and Liuch analyze two waves of globalization, explore the evolution and define key role of business groups and multinationals in Argentina and Chile (Jones, Liuch, 2015). Witt outlines the problems of the evolutionary approach, which means overcoming environmental constraints via adaptation to, modification of, man-made, social constraints. The author casts new light on consumption, production, institutions, macroeconomic dynamics, and economic policy making (Witt, 2015). Oatley and Winecoff offer a fresh take on research into the interaction between system structure, the self-interest of private firms, the political institutions within which governments make policy, and the ideas that influence beliefs about appropriate policy responses (Oatley, Winecoff, 2014). Western experts consider the feasibility of implementation of the “full restoration of confidence and stability policies” of financial institutions. They believe that the current phase of global economic relations development of the world financial market could become a catalyst for economic growth in the real economy under certain conditions. The research hypothesis is to study the interdependence of globalization process and financial institutions development, and to explore the future trajectories of institutional modernization in developing countries. Scientists emphasize the quality of institutions, which provides increased confidence in financial institutions, and stimulates economic growth. The development of the domestic financial sector should be focused on the use of savings mechanisms for economic subjects. Strengthening of international financial institutions will provide further financial resources accumulation, and free access to international financial resources. The application of the principle of network interactions between economic agents within the firm, inter-organizational networks and transnational associations is a characteristic feature of functioning model of economic development. One can mention the influence of information and communication technology development in expanding and deepening global financial and production networks. Qualitative changes analysis show the existence of speculative and insurance operations resulted in changes in the role of financial institutions in the service of the real economy. Study globalization peculiarities and financial sector aim at coordinating and harmonizing the activities of international financial institutions to overcome the consequences of the financial crisis and world tension reduction. The basic tendencies defining the world development trajectories stimulate improvement of the quality of international financial institutions
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Religion in Nigeria is predominantly manifested in three identifiable forms: Christianity, Islam and African Traditional Religion. All three forms, but especially the first two, have in recent years embraced the “media logic,” packaging religious experience in ways that appeal to the media. These religions have adopted the media as platforms for worship, proselytization, image-building and investment. Thus, religion in Nigeria has come under the grip of mediatization, giving rise to a mediatized spiritual experience. This paper contends that the strong infusion of the media into religious life in Nigeria could have both positive and negative implications for society. It advocates a responsible use of the media to curtail the purveyance of hate, incendiary and predatory messages.
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The article presents the results of research carried out in 2015 – before and after the presidential elections on a group of students of selected fields of the University of Łódź. The main objective of the study was to diagnose the political attitudes of students. The results were also confronted with the results of various studies carried out on national representative samples of the young generation of Poles. The study confirmed the trend of the nationwide research – the turn of young people to conservative orientation, support for right-wing parties and, on the other hand, a significant political non-involvement.
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The aim of this study is to highlight the link between moral integrity with increasing alienation in the modern era. Interdisciplinary field made of different basic reading and verifying each other's biggest problem has been addressed with the modern interest in the light of moral retardation. In this context, as the causes of alienation of reality that led to the emergence of many social problems, the possibility of solving this reality from the same perspective is also discussed. Moral integrity, the interest of this alienation, the potential human self-realization and its completion are set out in this framework. This debate has touched on the importance of moral integrity to minimize the alienation of enlightenment. The alienation of the moral heritage tends to increase, so it should be emphasized that self-actualization is the most important factor in elimination of this problem.
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Feminist sociology is centered around the woman in three ways. Firstly, the main subject of the survey is the situation or situations related to the experience of women in society. Secondly, she treats women as the central subject of the research process, that is, she strives to see the world through the woman's different view, the woman's vantage point in the world. Third, feminist theory is critical and active, seeking to create a better world for women, and hence for the whole of mankind. Feminist theories differ from other sociological theories in many ways. First, they are the work of an international community that includes not only sociologists but scientists from other disciplines such as anthropology, biology, economics, history, law, literature, philosophy, political science, psychology, and theology. This includes political activists of the women's movement, writers and other creative personalities from both Europe and the United States and from the Third World. Many sociologists are suspicious of feminist theories, finding them to be too radical and related to political activism.
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Contemporary clothing, as guided by fashion, provides information on the identity of the wearer, the latter’s self representation and their relation with society. The meaning of traditional clothing (the traditional costume) is independent from and even opposed to fashion. The semiological analysis of the head adornment worn by the unmarried and married women in Rupea, Romania highlights that clothing is a signifier for their marital status and confirms the importance of marriage in traditional culture.
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The article focuses on essays written by female representatives of the second wave of feminism after they had turned 60. The theme covered in these essays is women entering old age, psychosomatic processes which accompany this period, the loss of loved ones and their attitude towards death, but also the more positive aspects of advanced age. The article covers the various attitudes women have towards the last period of the human life cycle. The approach these authors take with regards to this problematic topic is defined as being phenomenological, seeing as it is based on the simultaneous existential experience of growing old along with a deeply introspective insight into this experience.
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In this paper, I begin with a broader understanding of transition as a process of moving from the national capitalism of the welfare state to globalized, disorganized, corporate capitalism, within which the transition of post-communist societies is an important sequence that gives the process a planetary character (Vuletić, 2012). Structurally, the paper consists of three narrow thematic units within which I seek to adequately apply the three complementary methodological approaches. The first part is devoted to the global framework of change and is dominated by a system approach in which the crisis is considered through changes in the external framework and non-corresponding changes in the structure and functions of trade unions. Then, there is a discussion of transitional Serbia and the position of trade unions and the employees, in which I rely on an institutional approach, first of all, to analyze the transformed economic, work and social framework. The third part is devoted to the areas, opportunities and actors of change and the ideational approach appropriate for them, related to values - the vision and mission of unions, first and foremost. In methodical terms, the analysis of the Serbian transition and its peculiarities is a special case study within which, given the author’s decades of research and practical involvement in trade unions, an action research is conducted, as one might call it, or a kind of participatory observation. The key thesis I am trying to argue is that employees and unions are one of the biggest transitional losers and that growing inequalities and power imbalances will not change without a thorough revision of the dominant neo-liberal pattern by which globalization processes take place.
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The author deals with the consequences arising from the controversy of neoliberal concept and market fundamentalism. He presented the problem of coincidences and differences that have deeper repercussions on societies in transition and the world in general. He explored the controversies of neoliberalism related to the way it creates mechanisms of power, capital accumulation, propaganda, and the use of various means to keep the concept alive. He points to the rigid approach of the Brussels administration, which extends to all aspiring countries. Market fundamentalism and pathological consumption are the two sides of neoliberalism. A large number of countries in transition have run into even greater problems, after implementing the directives of the International Monetary Fund and listening to the advice of foreign experts. The economic power of developed countries and the authoritarian approach are not only the result of economics but also of ideology or geostrategy. Inequality is steadily deepening. Blank forms are spreading and are accepted in all cultures. The author points out that global homogenization through “non-places” and “non-things”, with the help of “non-services”, in fact, abstracts man by promoting the power of market fundamentalism. It is a kind of template for the totalitarianism of the New Age.
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The paper examines the changes that education in Serbia - especially high education - has undergone during the transition period, 1989–2019. Based on the performed analysis, the author proposes to periodize changes in education and educational policy in transition Serbia. During this three-decade-long transition period, there is a clear distinction between pre-Bologna and Bologna phases in higher education. It is pointed out that the ideological basis of transitional education reform in Serbia, and especially its “Bologna phase”, is neo-liberal, globalist and anti-Enlightenment. The purpose of education has changed, so that educational institutions have become “enterprises”, which, instead of having a role of spreading enlightenment and shaping personalities with broad education, have the function of making a profit on education and, at the same time, educating young people for occupations that should contribute to GDP growth as the main criterion for the merchantability of workforce qualifications. It is clear that the results of the whole process were: the inflation of the highly educated, emigration of the best experts, the retainment of mediocre and weak experts, the lack of workers of all kinds, the promotion of technical “knowledge”, various forms of “systemic educational corruption” and neglect of the social sciences and humanities. This, of course, should also be observed through the prism of “global division of labor”: peripheral or semi-peripheral countries “export” their best experts to the center countries, like they do with other raw materials, thus financing the prosperity of the rich, while at the same time remaining in stagnant or even regressive position.
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