Am Abend, als wir die Macht übernahmen...
A conversation with Andor Kovács, President of the National Committee in Csurgó district
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A conversation with Andor Kovács, President of the National Committee in Csurgó district
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Soziale Bewegungen müssen selber für ihre Geschichtsschreibung sorgen. Sonst droht ihre Geschichte vollkommen in Vergessenheit zu geraten. So ist die Russische Revolution nur ausschnittsweise in die Geschichtsbücher eingegangen. Ganze Kapitel ihrer Geschichte fanden keinen Abnehmer. Jede ideologische Strömung, die aus der Russischen Revolution hervorgegangen ist (Trotzkisten, Stalinisten, Anarchisten, Populisten usw.), sorgte dafür, daß ihre Politik historisch begründet sei.
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Im ersten Teil dieser Analyse (vgl. gegenstimmen 19/1985) lag das Hauptaugenmerk auf den Änderungen der Sozialstruktur der Sowjetunion, insbesondere der Arbeiterklasse. Bohdan Krawchenko ist Professor am Kanadischen Institut für Ukrainische Studien in Edmonton, Alberta.
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Beunruhigt über die Repression und besonders die Festnahme der 28 Personen, die in privatem Rahmen über die Beziehungen zwischen den Nationalitäten im Jugoslawien der Zwischenkriegszeit diskutiert haben, ebenso wie die Festnahme des Anwalts Srdja Popovic, haben Mihailo Markovic, Dobrica Cosic, Ljubomir Tadic und Zagorka Golubovic einen offenen Brief an das Staatspräsidium der Sozialistischen Föderativen Republik Jugoslawien (SFRJ) und das Präsidium der Sozialistischen Republik Serbiens geschrieben.
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Von den anfänglich sechs Beschuldigten saßen nur mehr drei auf der Anklagebank: wegen „feindlicher Propaganda“ wurde der Publizist Miodrag Milic zu zwei Jahren, der Soziologe Milan Nikolic zu 18 Monaten und der Journalist Dragomir Olujic zu 12 Monaten unbedingt verurteilt. Entgegen dem sonstigen Usus bei derartigen Verfahren gab der Vorsitzende Zoran Stojkovic eine langatmige Begründung, sodaß auch dieser 34. und letzte Tag des Marathonprozesses spektakulär endete: die Hälfte der gut 300 Zuhörer verließ aus Protest demonstrativ den Saal und Miodrag Milic wurde noch in der letzten halben Stunde wegen Protestrufen ausgeschlossen.
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Seit 22. November 1984 ist Dr. György Krasso in Budapest unter Polizeiaufsicht gestellt. Es ist kein Zufall, daß gerade gegen ihn mit unnachgiebiger Strenge vorgegangen wird.
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Wenn die jugoslawischen Behörden gehofft haben, ein Prozeß gegen im Ausland unbekannte Personen würde international weniger Staub aufwirbeln, so haben sie sich verkalkuliert: Man muß schon zu den Verfahren gegen Mihailo Mihailov in den fünfziger und sechziger Jahren zurückgehen, um ein vergleichbares internationales Interesse zu finden.
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Ich möchte erklären, warum ich mich während des Untersuchungsverfahrens nicht verteidigt habe. Ich habe so gehandelt, weil ich der Meinung war, daß es zwecklos ist, da es für alle — den Staatssicherheitsdienst, den Staatsanwalt, den Untersuchungsrichter, die politischen Verantwortlichen und die breiteste Öffentlichkeit — klar ist, daß wir sechs in dieser Angelegenheit völlig bedeutungslos sind.
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The article examines the role of civil society organizations in protecting consumer rights. The history of civic activism in the last century and the current understandings of the functions and roles of consumer organizations are synthesized. Some characteristics of the institutional systems of the EU countries are considered, as well as the importance of consumer rights and organizations at Union level. Finally, the developed thesis leads to the conclusion of increasing consumer participation on the account of state control and supervisory authorities.
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The purpose of this volume of PUBLIC POLICY.bg is to draw attention to a topic that is usually considered primarily a matter of history. Thus, Holocaust remembrance is usually debated by historians. The study of this past is often in narrowly specialized academic units of Jewish studies or in Holocaust Studies Centers. Such academic structures exist in many universities around the world. They have long developed an extremely high level of expertise on this historical heritage. Conferences are held, exclusive publications appear in many languages. This autonomous scientific space is being reproduced and developed further. The problem, however, is that it remains relatively encapsulated and isolated within the narrow boundaries of experts on the subject. It can be said that the first problem that caused us to dedicate this issue of the Holocaust Remembrance Policy journal was the need to draw attention to the interdisciplinary nature of these studies and highlight the importance of horizontal links between different scientific fields in them.
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When I began my career almost 50 years ago, I emphasized in my speeches that one day there would be no Holocaust survivors to say, “I was there,” or to show their concentration camp tattoos, or to recount their first-hand testimony of being the victims of the worst brutality known to humankind. Sadly, we are almost at that point.
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According to recent studies of the Claims Conference, millennials in various countries believe that the Holocaust is an important subject that should be taught in schools. This topic is often included in national or state curricula, but educators do not necessarily receive accredited professional development opportunities about how to approach teaching this subject matter in their respective classrooms. Moreover, many Holocaust-related institutions around the world offer workshops and seminars geared for teachers, however, their programming is not always externally evaluated. This article will explore the results of a number of external studies of Yad Vashem's teacher-training efforts on an international scale, reflecting on aims and outcomes. Based on this data, there appears to be an added value to professional development training. However, additional research should be undertaken as these findings could support decisions made by policy makers.
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Over the last 20 years the perception of the Holocaust in Bulgarian society, including by various historians, is perhaps one of the most complex subjects in the national public space, and even beyond. The lack of consensus regarding the assessment and perception, as well as in the presentation and interpretation of historical facts, i.e. of the stories about what happened and what did NOT happen, prevents a structured history of the events from 1940 to 1944 in the Kingdom of Bulgaria. In various versions, that are often diametrically opposed, the persecution of Jews is presented using a hybrid mixture of facts from Bulgarian history of the same period (political, military, economic relations with Germany and Italy, the partisan resistance movement and relations with Soviet Russia, the specifics of political parties and political life in Bulgaria, actions of the Royal Palace and the Parliament), which either have nothing to do with the so-called ‘Jewish question’ or are only indirectly related to it. False theories of the ‘salvation of the Jews’ continue to be fabricated from this hybrid mixture of facts into an amalgam, which has many followers who believe these historical legends and myths over the past two decades. In this article I will look at some of these recent theories and discuss the reasons for their spread and, possible motives for the persistent desire within certain circles to impose on society these “alternate” interpretations of the salvation of the Jews.
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THE ROLE OF INSTITUTIONAL CAPACITY FOR THE HOLOCAUST REMEMBRANCE: THE BULGARIAN CASEThe article examines the concept of memory policies in different perspectives. A central category of analysis is Holocaust remembrance policies and the role of the institutional approach for achieving sustainable results and developing values in the social environment. The reasons for the deficits in the memory of the Holocaust, the periodization in the stories about the Holocaust in Bulgaria and the importance of the factors of the political environment for the dynamics in the interpretations of the past are analyzed. The importance of reflection on the historical past, and in particular that of the Holocaust is considered in regard to the social and generational transfer of memory and attitudes.
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The main tendencies and features of the Holocaust memory policy in modern Russia are analysed in this article. Positive and negative factors in preserving the memory of the Holocaust are extracted that lie in the context of the memory of the Nazi occupation on USSR territory.
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The basic aim of the present article is to provide a historical overview of the Bulgarian state policy towards Jews in the country during the Second World War. The paper analyzes the variety of factors that played role in this specific case - such as the positive historical legacy of Bulgarian-Jewish relations that contributed to the salvation of Bulgarian Jews but also the negative factors that led to the deportation of the Jews from the occupied and controlled by Bulgaria territories.
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During the Holocaust, the physical persecution of the Jews in Europe was conducted along with a series of policies aimed at the appropriation of Jewish religious art as well as objects related to the Jewish cultural heritage. These objects are known as Judaica and their systematic appropriation by the Nazi regime, in Germany and throughout Europe, is referred to as “the looting of Judaica”. The paper examines the relation between these objects and the European cultural historical heritage while discussing potential paths of interdisciplinary study of the looted Judaica.
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Antisemitism is a dangerous and destructive ideology based on incitement to hatred of the Jewish people and is associated with their persecution, discrimination, and in the variation of Nazi antisemitism - with their physical destruction and extermination. Despite the destructive and absurd ideas of this stereotype of national and racial hatred, it is very persistent and people still sometimes experience its consequences. Apart from rumors, conspiracy theories and outdated and denied notions of "world Jewry", these ideas, which are detrimental to humanism and freedom, are sometimes disseminated in the form of "science" or "journalism", "opinion", very often using the power of contemporary media. The word antisemitism always means hatred against Jews in the context of modernity. An important element of contemporary antisemitism is the identification of Jews with finance, urbanization, and especially capitalism. Different "scientific" explanations about “interiorness” of the Jews have had a strong influence on German society since the first decades of the 20th century, an influence that underlies the ideology that led to the brutal policy of the "final decision". The danger of spreading such misanthropic ideas in the form of some kind of "education" and under the guise of "scientifically-based" antisemitism has not passed today. That is why the emphasis on education of students, doctoral students, etc. is extremely important: they should learn not only about the tragic events of the Holocaust, but also to build a critical view of all those preconditions - historical, social, cultural, intellectual – that led to the emergence of racial theories, "explaining" social processes and leading to catastrophic and horrific cruelty events.
More...The Institution, which had to Implement the Holocaust in Bulgaria
An old Jewish piece of wisdom runs: Not a single sheet of a book or document should remain unread and lost for the generations. This article presents the role of the institution of the Commissariat for Jewish Affairs in Bulgaria in its role of executing the policy of persecution of Jews. It tries to take a look and reconsider the past. To this day, however, there are unknown (or less familiar) documents patiently waiting their time to throw light on the facts revealing what happened. Once again, we have to face the ‘platitude of evil’, which was set as a whole and separately long before. The analysis is done in the context of more general picture of anti-Semitic laws in the Balkans and more generally in the European countries.
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