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The Massive Exchange of Elites as a Mean of Formation of the Authoritarian Regime

Author(s): Janusz Reykowski / Language(s): English Issue: 2/2017

After parliamentary election of 2015 in Poland the winning party (Law and Justice, PiS) initiated the major socio-political transformation labeled by its authors the “good change”. Its main characteristic is the process of the massive exchange of elites. The process of exchange of the elites has elaborated ideological justifications – broadly popularized legitimizing myth. Its main claim is the thesis about illegitimate origins of the Third Republic of Poland that was established after the fall of communism and about policies of the previous governments that were allegedly contrary to the basic interests of Poland. The practical realization of the idea of the massive exchange of elites might require certain conditions such as the existence of social groups that feel that the current system limits their chances for personal advancement, broad disappointment with the ruling elites, growing tolerance for authoritarian politics, social support for the change. It should be noted that some of these conditions exist, to the certain degree, in various countries of Europe and facilitate the development of the radical right wing movements. This paper describes some of the mechanisms of the change that on the abstract level are similar to processes of exchange of elites in other geo-political contexts.

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Authoritarian Tendencies in the Polish Political System

Author(s): Jerzy Jaskiernia / Language(s): English Issue: 2/2017

The author analyses some authoritarian tendencies which occur in the Polish political system after 2015 elections since one party (Law and Justice – PiS) has started to control the office of the President and both houses of parliament and has introduced changes in functioning of the Constitutional Tribunal and the judiciary. To some extent PiS represents social attitudes typical for the socialist (social-democratic) parties, with some populist message, but with the combination of a conservative approach to several issues and a nationalistic stand on perception of patriotic mood. To respond to the widely felt hardships and anxieties, PiS ran a campaign that called for vastly expanded public spending. It promised to increase the minimum wage and the personal income tax exemption; to offer a new child support payments (program Family 500+), housing subsidies (program Housing+), and free prescription drugs for seniors; and to lower the retirement age from the current 67 to 65 for men and 65 to 60 for women. PiS also exploited the European migrant crisis. It is too early to claim that the authoritarian tendencies, observed after 2015 elections, have dominated the Polish political system for a longer time. Still an important counterbalance offer the political opposition and mechanisms of the civil society. The Polish fundamental law still brings about the criteria to analyze a political practice and instruments to protect to some extent the balance of power and pluralistic values. The open question is what tendency would bring about the constitutional referendum proposed by President Andrzej Duda for 11 November 2018, on the 100th anniversary of independence of Poland. It might answer the question whether some autocratic tendencies would create the mood to change the constitution in that direction.

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Uchodźcy jako „podejrzana społeczność” (suspect community).

Author(s): Sławomir Łodziński / Language(s): Polish Issue: 1/2019

The purpose of this article is to analyze the results of a series of public opinion polls carried out by the Public Opinion Research Center in the period May 2015 – December 2018 which focus their attention on the attitudes towards refugees. I try to show that the admission of refugees in Poland has ceased to be seen as a kind of obligation to help this group whether from moral reasons, humanitarian (these people are found in the situation of war and ethnic persecution), legal (due to international agreements regarding the protection of their rights signed by Poland) or historical (in a sense of solidarity as we – Poles – were also refugees in the past). Refugees began to be seen primarily as a community that threatens us from the perspective of maintaining public security (threat of terrorist attacks), native culture (fear of religious fundamentalism and intolerant attitudes to other religions and customs, especially concerning women)and use of limited financial and social resources for our needy citizens.

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Nieudane samobójstwo polityczne – ustawa o powszechnym głosowaniu korespondencyjnym w wyborach prezydenckich 2020

Author(s): Jarosław Flis,Wojciech Ciszewski / Language(s): Polish Issue: 1/2020

The paper relates to main problems regarding the conducting of presidential election in Poland during the COVID-19 lockdown. The presidential elections in Poland were originally scheduled for May 2020, that is at the time when COVID-19 restrictions were in force.The ruling party in Poland – Law and Justice – decided to hold the elections in the form of universal postal vote. Unfortunately, due to many complications, the elections were finally postponed. In this paper the authors, firstly, describe the legal context of the election, and secondly, introduce a taxonomy of problems involved in the organization of the election.

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Mozgalmi szakszervezetiség és szolidáris gazdasági gyakorlatok Kelet-Európában

Author(s): Nóra Fülöp / Language(s): Hungarian Issue: 27/2020

The six organizations described in the following essay implement different practices of solidarity economy in Southern and Eastern Europe. The first initiative described is ROZA, which supports serbian women workers in labor law issues. Then the activity of Women's Foundation for Reconstruction from Belgrad will be described, which enable economic and political independence for progressive groups, as well as individuals who fight against women's oppression, ethnicity or militarism. In addition will be the Croatia based BRID presented, an initiative that develops trade unions and supports workers. The third section of the text describes a project, the Workers´ University, that supported a factory occupation in Bosnia and Herzegovina with the aim of getting the plant under self-management and restarting its production. The second last solidarity economy example will be Solidarity Network, which is uniting trade union struggles to increase the political power of organized workers in the precarious economic environment in Georgia. The essay is to be concluded with the case of the Croatian Cooperative for Ethical Financing, which aims the economic and energy independence of communities through the establishment of a cooperative and its ethical bank, that focuses on social reproduction and is about to fulfill the financial needs of cooperative members. The purpose of this essay is to inspire progressive people, as well as initiatives and encourage their cooperation.

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Az állam mi vagyunk

Author(s): Zoltán Sidó / Language(s): Hungarian Issue: 27/2020

According to international case studies on the topic, the rapid and efficient scaling of solidarity economy initiatives requires interventions from the state. This paper analyses three types of state interventions: first, changes in the financial and legal regulations of cooperatives and solidarity economy projects; second, policies that aim to relocalize the economy on a municipal level; and third, efforts to transform state infrastructure in a green and democratic way. We illustrate all three types of interventions with actual case studies.

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THE GUARDA NACIONAL REPUBLICANA 4S PATH: A STRATEGIC APPROACH FOCUSING ON HUMAN LIFE

Author(s): Adérito Rodrigues,Adriana Martins,Annabella Almeida / Language(s): English Issue: Suppl./2020

The pandemic caused by the SARS-COV-2 virus not only accentuated the responsibility of the Security Forces to protect human life but also challenged the ability to manage change that, in a highly demanding environment, lacks integrated approaches that would enhance the collective and cooperative effort to share a common commitment. The Portuguese Guarda Nacional Republicana has guided its action according to the 4S strategic path, based on security, safety, social and support pillars, and on integrated strategic planning that, achieved by joint, preventive, educational awareness-raising and intervention actions, and by current proximity patrolling, have enabled obtaining social support and protecting military personnel lives and citizens lives. These tools simultaneously improve operational synergies enhanced by close cooperation and collaboration relations with several partners, doing justice to the premise that together we are capable and thus preventing anyone from falling behind.

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THE WORLD HEALTH ORGANIZATION: THE COVID-19 PANDEMIC AND TRANSNATIONAL LAW

Author(s): Carla Piffer,Paulo Márcio Cruz / Language(s): English Issue: Suppl./2020

The reflections made in this writing, bring to discussion the importance of transnational law, in the face of the occurrence of the current pandemic. From this, considerations are made about the transnational law produced by the WHO against Covid-19. Also, an analysis is made of the central categories and their relationship with the prefix ‘trans-’ and transnational law. Subsequently, the WHO is discussed, its emergence and performance in the elaboration of a transnational legal framework to be considered when internalizing its guidelines by each Member State. In the context of final considerations, it is emphasized, in addition to the importance that should be attributed to transnational law that the work of the WHO, as a transnational actor, practices materialized acts such as transnational law, both in terms of guidance and in connection with public health matters. The methodology used was based on the inductive method, using the bibliographic research.

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Смяна на парадигмите: алтернативна журналистика е възможна

Author(s): Ilya Valkov / Language(s): Bulgarian Issue: 8/2020

For the last years in Bulgaria there are more and more examples about the capturing of the big media, indecent flirtation between the media, the government and the ruling parties, pressure on editorial content, expulsion of critical journalists in the media periphery. The public space is highly radicalized due to political and economic confrontations. This negative trend is also creating new forms of alternative, opposition journalism, which is even waging a guerrilla war with the powerful political and financial centers. And probably for the first time in Bulgaria we see an opportunity for changing the dominating model – new media platforms seek financial support from the citizens.

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„Parias”, broń atomowa oraz amerykańska dyplomacja: nieudane rozmowy z Koreą Północną (2009–2019)

Author(s): Solomiya Kharchuk / Language(s): English Issue: 2/2020

The proliferation of nuclear weapons is one of the major challenges of the modern world. It is also a challenge for the United States of America, which focuses its counterproliferation efforts on its adversaries’ nuclear programmes. Washington has gone to great lengths to curb Pyongyang’s nuclear programme during the last decade, albeit without achieving the desired result - the complete denuclearisation of North Korea. The purpose of this article is to identify the reason for this failure and, specifically, why the negotiations with North Korea failed. Used in this research are the historical analysis and content analysis methods. Content analysis was conducted using official documents, speeches, and press statements, which proved to be a valuable resource. The research was conducted in the light of offensive realism, and confirmed that the lack of trust between parties, which derives from the anarchical international system, made the complete denuclearisation of North Korea impossible.

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THE CURRENT POSITION OF THE FOREIGN TERRORIST FIGHTERS IN THE REPUBLIC OF NORTH MACEDONIA

Author(s): Ice Ilijevski,Katerina Krstevska Savovska / Language(s): English Issue: 1/2021

Terrorism with religious ideological background today is a serious global threat. The modern infrastructure and the communications of movement allowed terrorist organizations to be able to attack everywhere in the world. The issue that is a point of interest of this paper is the current situation of returning the foreign terrorist fighters to their home country or third countries and the security consequences that may arise if they are not treated properly. For a more detailed perception of this problem through the case analysis – an operative police action related to the foreign terrorist fighters, the functional aspects of the criminal prosecution bodies of the Republic of North Macedonia will be better perceived and studied. Also, a special emphasis will be placed on the strategy for the fight against violent extremism and the financing of terrorist fighters.

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Russian Society in the Search of a New Vision of Itself and Others: from the „National Inferiority Complex” to a New Identity

Author(s): Elena Shestopal / Language(s): English Issue: 1/2021

The paper is based on the results of a study of Russian citizens’ images of their own and foreign countries. Methodology included a survey with a number of open-ended questions, in-depth interviews, methods of cartography, semantic differentials and a projective test. The study has shown that such factors as an event context, cultural traditions, psychological conditions of Russian society and communication strongly influence country’s perception. Our results have proved that Russians in general do not share territorial expansionism. Recognition of the Russian culture and the value system by others is more important for them. Though at the current moment national „inferiority complex”, widely spread in 1980–2000s, still manifests itself, a new tendency, based on the growth of a national pride that started in 2014, strongly influences social moods. Our analysis of Russians’ perception of other countries enabled us to distinguish categorization mechanisms used by our citizens. So the images of other countries include „neighbors” (post-Soviet countries), „strategic partners” (India and China), „forgotten allies” (Latin America and Africa), „significant «other»” (individual European countries and a less significant EU), „enemy image” (USA) and the „tourist Mecca” (Turkey and Thailand).

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FACTORS AFFECTING THE SHARE OF FAKE NEWS ABOUT COVID-19 OUTBREAK ON SOCIAL NETWORKS IN VIETNAM

Author(s): Nghi Thanh Nguyen,Phuong Huu Tung,Nguyen Hoai Thu,Pham Dinh Kien,Nguyen Anh Nguyet / Language(s): English Issue: 3/2021

In recent days in Vietnam, the amount of fake news spreading online about the Covid-19 epidemic has shown signs of increasing, causing information confusion and complicating the situation. This fact has received significant attention from scientists. To supplement the evidence of previous studies, enrich the research literature and make policy recommendations to the Government, this study explores the factors influencing the sharing of fake news on social networks. This study was conducted through a cross-sectional survey using an intentional sampling technique (n = 200) multivariate linear regression analysis technique was applied to prove the hypotheses. Research results show that the factors of altruism, entertainment, socialization, self-promotion, and instant information sharing have a positive and meaningful impact on sharing fake news about Covid_19 on social networks.

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MIGRANTS AND THE PROLIFERATION OF SMALL ARMS AND LIGHT WEAPONS IN THIRD WORLD COUNTRIES: A STUDY OF NORTH-EASTERN NIGERIA SINCE 1999

Author(s): Theophilus Oyime Adejumo,Owa Egbara Owa,Ojie Abang Peter / Language(s): English Issue: 3/2021

This study examines the effects of the proliferation of SALWs on the security of the Nigerian state. Although this issue has seldom been tackled in regular or academic literature, it reflects the author’s keen awareness that, in an era of globalization, migrants have been identified as important agents in the proliferation of SALWs into third-world countries. The paper seeks to provide an insight into the socio-economic and political variables operating in the source and destination of such movements, with particular emphasis on migrants and arms proliferation. The study uses the qualitative approach for data analysis, it relies on upon, data gathered through secondary sources, and is reinforced with the argument on the liberal theoretical framework of analysis. The paper concludes that, while weapons play a significant role in intensifying conflict that exerts enormous human and economic costs, the causes of such conflicts lie in political, economic, ethnic, and religious differences and disparities. Finally, the paper looks at the appropriateness of examining the full implications of SALWs as a border management theme and the role of complementary measures for facilitating border control.

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EVALUATION OF TECHNOLOGICAL ADVANCEMENTS AND THEIR FUTURE IMPACT ON EXERCISING OF HUMAN RIGHTS IN SOCIETY AND POLITICS

Author(s): Krishanveer Singh,Ajit Singh Negi / Language(s): English Issue: Supp. 1/2021

This research focuses on evaluating the impacts of technological advancements and their extended future aspects on exercising human rights in society and politics. Furthermore, the current prospects of technological advancements contribute a great portion to the advancement of society and culture. However, it also emerges and involves politics in the scenario. The research aims to explore different aspects of modern technological advancements in terms of determining the possible implementations of technology in society and politics. As a part of the research methodology, it can be highlighted that the research follows a primary research method. It collects primary quantitative data through an online survey by following a random sampling procedure. The sample population of the online survey was 50, and the ultimate sample size of this research is 39. The significance of the research lies over the identification of the technological advancements as it is the major component that impacts the future social and political community.

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TOWARDS GRADUAL INTEGRATION OF THE WESTERN BALKANS INTO THE EUROPEAN UNION: THE CASE OF SERBIA

Author(s): Miloš Petrović / Language(s): English Issue: 1/2022

This paper examined whether the revised enlargement methodology represented another step in the direction of gradual EU membership of the Western Balkans. The research problem was based on considerations that the EU enlargement domain has for years been characterized by political stagnation. The research aimed to show that a differentiated accession approach might have been beneficial for Serbia, as a front-runner membership candidate. In terms of methods, the author analyzes the concepts and the applicability of the ‘three-tiered accession’ and ‘staged accession’, having in mind the recently altered enlargement methodology. The author argues that the gradual integration would have been beneficial for two reasons: 1) validating the candidates’ already achieved progress, offering tangible incentives, and potentially preventing the democratic backsliding; 2) taking the pre-scheduled accession dates off the table. Considering that the EU is unlikely to expand further, the author concludes that the gradual membership concept might apply solely to the WB, while also reassuring the Member States regarding the primacy of individual merits and excluding the speedy accessions proposals.

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Big data analysis: Ganjar Pranowo's political communication through social media Twitter

Author(s): Yunita Elianda,Muhammad IQBAL,Ali AKBAR,Nurhadiyanti Nurhadiyanti / Language(s): English Issue: 03/2021

In this modern era, advances in communication technology have spread to the lives of humanity. One form of advancement in communication technology is new media, which is known as digital technology, which then gave birth to social media. One political actor is the regional head. Ganjar Pranowo, as one of the local leaders, carried out political communication by establishing close relations with the community, collaborating with various parties to show the performance that had carried out by utilizing social media as a medium of contact with the public. The method used in this research is to use social media analysis with Nvivo 12 Plus. Based on the study from Nvivo stated that Ganjar Pranowo's Political Communication focuses on political and government matters. Ganjar Pranowo aggressively promotes #VisitJawaTengah and #JatengGayeng. Mention interactions from Twitter Ganjar Pranawo and Taj Yasin Maimoen are the most common interactions based on Word similarity. Based on this, it can see that Ganjar Pranowo provides information to the public by utilizing social media as a medium of political communication.

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Open data availability in Croatian local government:

Author(s): Robertina Zdjelar,Anamarija Musa,Nikolina Žajdela HRUSTEK / Language(s): English Issue: 03/2021

Turbulent times marked by fast societal changes and various people or nature induced crises point to the need to improve citizens’ quality of life (QoL). With the accelerated technological development, the information technology and data are becoming increasingly used as a tool for the improvement of QoL. The development of Open Data (OD) portals, which display vast amount of public sector data, is one of the means to help creating a new value for the society and economy. The goal of this paper is to assess the availability of local government OD through OD portals and its potential to improve the quality of life of the local community. This research focuses on the analysis of the availability and content of the OD on the OD portals will be carried out on the example local governments in Croatia. The paper explores (1) To what extent is local government OD available to users (citizens, private sector, civil sector) via OD portals? (2) Is there a potential for the available OD to improve the quality of life? The results show that only a minority of local governments (less than two percent) publish their datasets on the OD portals, that the number and technical features of datasets is modest, and that they lack wider applicability. Compared to Eurostat QoL typology, citizens’ everyday life is hardly to be improved, although available OD might positively affect political and economic dimension of QoL The findings open up new research questions for academics, but also have implications to practitioners indicating the shortcomings in the approach to OD. The paper innovatively links the availability of data with QoL typology, given that the improvement of citizens lives is at the core of concept of OD.

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The future of work in the smart city: Managing virtual work by leveraging smart cities to achieve organizational strategy

Author(s): Joshua Olusegun Fayomi,Zainab Abdulqadir Sani / Language(s): English Issue: 03/2021

The goal of the organization is to maintain and increase productivity of its resources including human capital. A clear assessment of all the available resources to management provides requisite information to enable them to allocate work tasks and monitor and assess outputs. The way work is done is changing across most industries and the future of work is one that has been celebrated and researched by experts and scholars alike. The ongoing COVID-19 pandemic has opened up the virtual work sphere as a paradigm for all organizations to explore, and many otherwise traditional work arrangements are beginning to innovate around how their work functions are achieved. This paper explores the concepts of smart cities, the future of work and virtual work. And through a mixed method of interviews and surveys identifies how organizations are leveraging on the advantages of smart cities in planning and implementing work arrangements for their employees in order to cope with the current pandemic and what their strategy would be overall when the situation comes back to normal. About 8 top managers were interviewed and 59 employees currently working virtually were surveyed. Responses were analysed and connectivity, flexibility and autonomy were identified as factors organizations considered as they planned and implemented virtual work arrangements. And their outlook for the future certainly included virtual work arrangement for at least a fraction of their employees as working from home, cafes, hotels etc has become a norm today and is generally accepted as a legitimate work arrangement between organizations and their employees.

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THE INCLUSION AND EXCLUSION OF CITIZENS IN THE EUROINTEGRATION PROCESS OF ALBANIA

Author(s): Joana Kosho,Elda Zotaj / Language(s): English Issue: 2/2022

Albania’s national interest is the integration into the European Union. To fulfill this objective, every state component, public institutions, civil society, the media, and the citizens, play a very important role. The main focus of this paper is the public sphere, the attitudes of Albanian citizens toward the EU membership, and their role in the process. By applying qualitative and quantitative methods, the main theories of the field, global and regional indexes, studies, surveys, interviews, and personal observations, we aim to focus on the citizens' attitudes toward the EU membership process. Our in-depth analyses have shown that the Albanian institutions, CSOs, and media to inform and include the citizens in the Europeanization process have not been effective enough. Thus, there is a knowledge gap between sensitive groups and the other part of society.

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