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PUBLIC DIPLOMACY AS A TOOL TO CHANGE THE IMAGE OF A COUNTRY IN CRISIS

Author(s): Maria Vaxevanidou / Language(s): English Issue: 8/2016

The aim of this study is to explore the means, the methods, and the techniques of public diplomacy that a country in crisis, such as Greece, should use. The paper addresses the very issues of whether a country in crisis can conduct public diplomacy and whether it should be recognized as a legitimate and powerful actor in the field. In a broader sense, it focuses on the processes that a country should follow and how a better understanding and framing of its situation, principles, and policy can be provided. A crucial factor for such countries is the choice of communication channels, which includes traditional tools like press releases, letters to editor, editorials, interviews, or more active tools like social media, events, campaigns, and networking. In this paper, three dimensions of public diplomacy are examined, and appropriate tools to be developed in the short, medium and long-term are proposed. The results of the study are based on case studies, methods, and tools employed by Greece during the last years that the country has faced a huge economic crisis. There is a short presentation on the methods that Greece tries to adopt in order to enhance its image worldwide.

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Turkey’s refugees, Syrians and refugees from Turkey: a country of insecurity

Author(s): Ibrahim Sirkeci / Language(s): English Issue: 1/2017

The European Union (EU) has faced one of its biggest crises with the rise of population inflows through its Eastern and Southern neighbours as well as movements within the Union. In 2016, the main debate that dominated Europe was on restricting migration within and into the EU along with concerns and objections to the refugee quota systems and the sharing of the burden among member states. Turkey emerged as a ‘gate keeper’ in this crisis and has since been at the centre of debates because of the large Syrian refugee population in the country and billions of Euros it was promised to prevent refugees travelling to Europe. The Syrian crisis produced over 4.8 million refugees with over 2.8 million were based in Turkey by the end of 2016. Turkey with its generous support for Syrian refugees has been confirmed as a ‘country of security’. This shadows the darker side of affairs as the very same country has also produced millions of asylum seekers since the 1980 military coup. Current circumstances and fresh evidence indicate that there will be more EU bound refugees coming through and from Turkey.

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POLISH AND GERMAN VISIONS ON THE FUTURE OF THE NORTH ATLANTIC ALLIANCE

Author(s): Krzysztof Malinowski / Language(s): English Issue: 5/2014

The transformations of the North Atlantic Alliance in the wake of the 9/11 attacks and its mission in Afghanistan have proceeded hand in hand with the redefining of security interests in individual member states. Poland and Germany have also been affected by a polarization of views, particularly on the nature, place and role of NATO in today's world. The countries’ geopolitics and their varying visions of European security have significantly affected their positions.

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THE EUROPEAN UNION ROLE IN RESOLVING THE ARMED CONFLICT IN THE WESTERN SUDANESE PROVINCE OF DARFUR

Author(s): Karamalla-Gaiballa Nagmeldin / Language(s): English Issue: 5/2014

The article outlines the role of the EU in resolving the armed conflict in the western Sudanese province of Darfur, and explains the important role played by the EU in its engaged in peacekeeping and that guided his condition, as well as how it actions and decisions were received by the Darfurians and the government in Khartoum. Unfortunately, the nature and progress of the conflict, and above all, the great ignorance of the region and the population, makes all attempts to resolve the conflict are ineffective. Through these years, the EU has introduced a number of resolutions, declarations and sanctions. All this was not only to save the life of hundreds of thousands of civilians, but also opposition to the regime and impact on its interests. Unfortunately, there was no general coordination of EU the actions, not only in Darfur, but also in the whole of Sudan. That resulting chaos in actions related to the quality of cooperation between the EU bodies. There was no close co-operation aimed at planning of aid from the United Nations, also because it was a kind of rivalry between EU and UN organizations who want to be seen as a major mediator in peacekeeping.

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POLISH INVOLVEMENT IN PEACEKEEPING OPERATIONS AND STABILISATION MISSIONS FROM THE PERSPECTIVE OF THE FOREIGN POLICY

Author(s): Renata Podgórzańska / Language(s): English Issue: 5/2014

The involvement of Poland in the activities of the international community for strengthening peace, security and stability in conflict-prone states and regions was one of significant elements of the foreign policy pursued after 1989. It assumed various forms, from diplomatic initiatives and activities, to the direct participation in international peacekeeping operations and stabilisation missions. The involvement of Poland in the activities of the international community for strengthening peace, security and stability in conflict-prone states and regions was one of significant elements of the foreign policy pursued after 1989. It assumed various forms, from diplomatic initiatives and activities, to the direct participation in international peacekeeping operations and stabilisation missions.

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DISPUTE OVER EUROPEAN UNION AND EUROZONE CRISIS IN THE LIGHT OF SELECTED THEORIES OF EUROPEAN INTEGRATION

Author(s): Artur Staszczyk / Language(s): English Issue: 5/2014

The study tackles the issue of applying respective theories of European integration to explain the processes occurring in the EU, and in particular, in the debt-wrecked eurozone. In the author's view, the eurozone crisis revived the dispute over the shape of EU. On one hand, it is the supranational neofunctionalism and on the other, state-centric intergovernmentalism views clashing with one another. The author believes that the key theory that successfully explains the member states' behavior in face of eurozone crisis is the intergovernmentalism theory. It assumes the primacy of nation-state and its interests in the process of European integration. This is particularly apparent in the time of crisis when supranational mechanisms typical of neofunctionalist theory serve solely the purpose of legitimizing national interests of the economically strongest EU members.

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POLAND IN NATO – SOME GEOPOLITICAL AND PRAXIOLOGICAL REMARKS

Author(s): Benon Zbigniew Szałek / Language(s): English Issue: 5/2014

This paper presents some remarks on the situation of Poland in NATO. The problem of ‘predictability’ is analysed on the basis of a simple scheme (system, its environment, their interactions). The geopolitical analysis of this dynamic model leads to the conclusion that the future cannot be described as highly predictable, although some long-term scenarios seem to be relatively plausible and may be used in the construction of more realistic global and national/regional strategies. The results of this analysis suggest global cooperation and regional integration.

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TURKISH-UZBEKISTANI RELATIONS: HOW DO ISLAM KARIMOV'S REGIME AND HIS OPPONENTS AFFECT THE BILATERAL TIES BETWEEN ANKARA AND TASHKENT?

Author(s): Türk Fahri / Language(s): English Issue: 5/2014

This article examines the role of Karimov regime and his opponents in influencing Turkish-Uzbekistani relations in the 1990s and its consequences for later developments. Following the description of the characteristics of Turkish-Uzbekistani relations, it will be discussed how far had the opposition leaders such as Abdürrahim Polat and Muhammad Salih an impact on the worsening of the bilateral ties between Turkey and Uzbekistan. This article then stresses Turkey’s attitude towards Uzbek opposition leaders which finally addresses the reasons for worsening of Turkish-Uzbekistani relations such as the bombings of Tashkent, Uzbek students in Turkey, Gülen Movement as well as the ideology of Pan-Turkism.

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POLISH DEVELOPMENT AID TO TAJIKISTAN - THE DIFFICULT QUESTION CONCERNING THE MEANING OF HELP

Author(s): Katarzyna Zalas-Kamińska / Language(s): English Issue: 6/2015

No matter what the reasons are for providing development aid, the “how and where” of the countries doing it influences their image in international relations and testifies to the intelligent power of a country. Helping a country such as Tajikistan is difficult, and not only because of its geographic location or high level of poverty. It is hard to make some changes there (especially in the field of democracy) when a donor country has to face the despotic presidency of Rachmon and the high level of support for Putin's policies. Since 2004 Poland has been providing aid to this country (mainly with the participation of Polish NGOs), regardless of the fact as to whether it was on the list of priority countries or not. What are the main areas of Polish aid there? And what does Poland want and expect to achieve by helping the Tajiks? In this research and analysis the author looks for answers to these two questions.

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Феномен и схема. Подстъпи към една възможна критическа феноменология

Author(s): Kristiyan Enchev / Language(s): Bulgarian Issue: 3/2017

This article elucidates why the Kant’s transcendental scheme in its orthodox type is not a functionally reliable bridge in the transition from pure cognitive forms to real experiental “crystallizations”, and how this can be compensated by its transformation into a phenomenal structure including as its own elements regionally relevant kinaesthetic organization and “encoded ideas”. Ideas undergo deformalization – from “purely regulatory” schemes of reason, they go to constitutive structures that comprise regional figurative adhesions and as such receive regional “encoding” – contentful concretization. This type of rethinking of the transcendental scheme also leads to a significant change in the way in which local phenomena should be understood (such as, for example, socialization and education) so as to guarantee their rethinking in the transition from the empirical (but hermeneutically grasped manifold) to the phenomenal integrity in the encoded ideas as a regionally relevant, concrete “figurative kinship”.

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Beágyazott kritika: A Fordulat és reform kontextusa

Author(s): Ágnes Gagyi / Language(s): Hungarian Issue: 21/2014

The article presents a core moment in the history of political economy in Hungary. It demonstrates how the political economic criticism of state socialism changed accordingly to those structural junctures, which we identified in the introduction to the present issue as shaping the position of Hungary within the global world system. The case in question is that of the Pénzügykutatási Intézet [Financial Research Institute] and its employees, who, during the process of the Hungarian regime change, became known as the „reform economists”.

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THE ETHNIC CONFLICTS AND MASS MEDIA

Author(s): Graham Ebenezer Kurtis / Language(s): English Issue: 1/2018

The media have played and continue to play a significant role in many ethnic conflicts and wars that ever took place in history and through its reportage humankind has become informed and aware about ethnic-conflict on the globe through various forms. Irrespective of the increase in knowledge, media has negatively impacted the ethnic conflict by several escalations that took place because of the manner information that was provided. This study investigates what these negative impacts are by examining literature and sorting them to consider media location, outlets and presentation impact of media. An overlapping discovered has gingered the reclassification of the impact of media in the face of dilemmas. They are Psychoanalysis propaganda and profiteering, freedom and ethics, distortion of reality and public safety. The media tries to balance in order to choose the lesser consequential path to survive. However, they have all steered to an escalation of ethnic conflicts.

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Application of Educational Strategies in Studying the Dynamics of State Power Structures: Implementation of Formal and Informal Mechanisms of Influence

Author(s): Stoyan Denchev,Miriyana Pavlova,Steliana Yordanova / Language(s): English Issue: 4/2024

The specific force characteristics of state power structures play a major role when shaping the political and economic dynamics. They influence the processes of decision-making and they definitively define the distribution of public resources in each and every country or a group of formally united states.In this article, we will try to analyze how and in what way should be applied educational strategies for studying the complex interplay between the dynamic characteristics of the force structures of power, paying special attention to their formal and informal mechanisms of influence from different perspectives. Through analysis and subsequent synthesis of known theoretical frameworks, and based on empirical research, we will define a complex understanding of how power manifests itself both on the basis of formal organizational hierarchies and through contemporary informal social networks.The suggested research framework is based on the methodology of change, which is “enlightened” through the so-called architectural approach. This approach is applied inclusively in the complex and intricate dynamics of educational strategies, promoting its more equitable distribution of the power functions in the hierarchies of society as a whole and defining wider frameworks for coercive influence, through modern information and communication technologies.

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Военни характеристики на Китай през ХХI век

Author(s): Erol Buyukliev / Language(s): Bulgarian Issue: 4/2024

The article presents some basic military characteristics of China in the XXI century. This analysis outlines China’s military characteristics in the context of strategic rivalry with the United States of America. The conclusion summarizes China’s military capabilities, through which the Chinese political system demonstrates geopolitical superiority with the ambitions for global influence.

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Структурни предизвикателства в България пред приложимостта на теорията за ценностните полярности на демокрацията

Author(s): Venelin L. Stoychev / Language(s): Bulgarian Issue: 6/2024

The article presents the results of a pilot empirical study focused on the applicability in contemporary Bulgaria of William Benet’s polarities of democracy theory at organizations level. The pilot study compares three typologically different organizations – secondary schools, non-profit organizations and companies in the digital services sector. The results of the approbation of the approach of leverage of polar democratic values reveal that today in our country there are huge shortages of democratic practices introduced at organizations level. At the same time, the participants in the study simultaneously express: 1) a desire for more democratization of internal organizational life and 2) skepticism about the effectiveness and efficiency of democratic approaches to the management of the organizations they belong to. The paper provides arguments in support of the thesis that the “leverage of democracy values” approach is extremely relevant to the democratic development of the studied organizations, but that Benet’s five pairs of democratic values are rather not recognized in the current Bulgarian socio-cultural context as relevant value poles, between which organizations oscillate constantly. The pilot survey comes to the conclusion that not so much the “conscious leverage of value poles”, but rather the empowerment of the members of the studied institutions, the competitive environment and the establishment of a system of mutual control and power balance are prerequisites for democratization of the typologically different organizations included in the research.

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Свръхпотреблението на ресурси и „трагедията на общите блага“ на Гарет Хардин

Author(s): Daniela Penkova / Language(s): Bulgarian Issue: 4/2024

In the face of global environmental crises, the overconsumption of natural resources is one of the major economic challenges of the 21st century. Garrett Hardin is known for his essay “The Tragedy of the Commons”, which warns us about the damage that the rational individuals inevitably cause to the environment if the natural resources are commons. The purpose of this paper is to analyze his arguments. The thesis is that the premises of his theory and the examples he cites do not prove the „tragedy of the commons“ and the need to privatize or nationalize them.

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Bevezető a Fordulat 33. számához

Author(s): Laura Bozsik,Virág Buka,Adél Csűrök,Lilla Eredics,Ágnes Gagyi,Tamás Gerőcs,Eszter Horváth,Sára Lafferton,Klára Nagy,Kristóf Nagy,András Papp,Linda Szabó,Eszter Váradi / Language(s): Hungarian Issue: 33/2024

The 33rd issue of Fordulat deals with the recent era of China's growing international role, which has directly affected the post-regime Hungarian accumulation regimes, from a global and historical perspective. The organic antecedents of the present processes are China's socialist industrialisation attempts, its political and economic reforms in response to the internal contradictions of the system, and their linkage to the transformation of global capitalist production at the end of the 20th century, which was analysed by the Chuang collective in the previous issue of Fordulat, No. 32. This transformation sought to counteract the symptoms of the crisis of the post-World War II global economic boom that emerged in the 1970s by shifting Western production capacity to East Asian and later specifically Chinese industrial zones.

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ISSUES OF OTHERNESS IN CHINUA ACHEBE’S „ANTHILLS OF THE SAVANNAH” (1987)

Author(s): Adina Campu / Language(s): English Issue: 40/2025

This paper focuses on representations of Otherness in Chinua Achebe’s last and most modern novel – “Anthills of the Savannah”, first published in 1987. As opposed to previous literary works by the same author that mainly focused on the disastrous encounter between the African and the European cultures, the above-mentioned novel is chiefly concerned with African culture itself, the one that has developed in postcolonial times. I argue that “Anthills of the Savannah” relies on discourses of Otherness and Sameness in order to give an answer to the complex problem of identity construction and I focus on two of the most relevant representations of Otherness that I have identified in Achebe’s novel – on the one hand, the way in which Achebe uses the language in the novel not only as a class marker but also as a marker of the individuality of the Africans as opposed to Europeans and, on the other hand, the relevance of Western experience and how the novel questions the way in which the African elite, educated in Western countries can and should combine forces with the masses in order to create a just and fair society. The conclusion is not bleak but, Achebe makes it clear that, in order to bring about the eagerly awaited change the whole nation, not just the elite, needs to be adequately educated to that effect.

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THE START OF THE LEGATION OF THE KINGDOM OF ROMANIA IN ZAGREB IN 1941. FINANCIAL CHALLENGES

Author(s): Mihail-Gabriel Chiricheș / Language(s): Romanian Issue: 40/2025

Romanian-Croatian relations during 1941 were subjected to major pressures due to the permanent changes imposed by the war. The start of bilateral relations between the two states, Romanian and Croatian, had to overcome strong difficulties, but these were overcome through the care of the Romanian Legation in Croatia, which was established in May 1941. Although the Romanian diplomatic office constituted the first point of contact between the two capitals, the legation in Zagreb suffered numerous shortcomings, the cause of which was the absence of a strong interest in the Croatian state on the part of Romania and the modest or much delayed sums of money, which were directed from Bucharest for the functioning of the Romanian diplomatic mission opened in Zagreb.

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Theorization of Violence (Israeli-Palestine Conflict)

Author(s): Georgiana Monica Iorga / Language(s): English Issue: 3/2023

This paper is a text-applied comparative approach to some thematic aspects of the violence throughout theoretical texts belonging to philosophers like, for instance, Frantz Fanon (1925-1961, psychiatrist, philosopher, author from Martinique). Through violence decolonization is achieved, thus a new man is created. Violence is the native’s mean to an end: the formation of a just society. Colonizer’s violence (the violence of the colonial regime) versus Native’s violence (counter-violence). The appearance ot the settler represents the death of the aboriginal society, cultural lethargy and petrification of individuals. Rather than aiming at an exhaustive survey of this topic in English (almost an impossible task, given the amount of such writing that is being produced in the contemporary global age), I shall aim at focusing on a number of recurrent topics approached throughout the chosen theoretical work. My main intention will be to point out various ways in which the textuality of written texts reflect on issues related to ethnic conflict, self-identification, national movement, colonialist conflict, ideologies, religious dimension from a variety of theoretical perspectives, but situated mainly in a transnational and global light. Place and time are connected to memories and homeland as they represent important values for those who live in their homeland or in diaspora (place: where they were born and they spent their childhood or a part of their lives; time: events, customs and traditions associated to a certain moment in their lives).

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