Plutarch i jego praktyczne znaczenie: bonae litterae Erazma z Rotterdamu

Author(s): Dawid Nowakowski / Language(s): Polish Issue: 2/2017

The present essay aims to study the peculiarities of Plutarch’s impact on the works of Erasmus of Rotterdam, and the importance of the Cheronean for the Erasmian concept of bonae litterae. The paper starts by tracing the origins and character of Erasmus’ acquaintance with Plutarch’s writings, then it emphasizes Erasmus’ regard for the moral aspect of the Cheronean legacy and the privileged position of the Greek moralist within Erasmian thought.

Better than a Rope of Sand: Cohesion in a Commercial Society

Author(s): Christopher J. Berry / Language(s): English Issue: 25/2017

Do Smith, Hume and other Scots have an argument to reject John Brown’s claim in his Estimate that a society based on self-interest lacks cohesion? And can they do so without accepting Hobbes’ argument that the necessary cohesion can only be provided by the threat of coercion from a sovereign? The research problem and methods: Problem: The eighteenth century debate on the nature of commercial society. Method: Analysis of key texts in the debate as it occurred in Scotland. The process of argumentation: The Scots argue that a society where every man lives by exchanging, operating on the assumption of self-interest, is a more peaceable, more equitable and thus more cohesive than that envisioned by Brown. When reinforced by the rule of law, self-interested behavior supports mutually supportive behavior. Ultimately this embodies a constant and universal principle of human nature. Human behavior is not random or chaotic and a commercial society not only exemplifies that fact but also sustains a form of societal life superior to any that has one before. Research results: Nostalgia for an earlier time is mis-placed. For all its vehemence Brown’s critique is mis-directed and thus unjustified. Conclusion, innovations and recommendations: This selection of the Scots should be widened to investigate whether Ferguson, Kames, Wallace among others have the same resources as Hume and Smith to rebut Brown.

„Făr’de treabă în politie”.Cerșetorii în secolul al XVIII-lea românesc

Author(s): Ligia Livadă-Cadeschi / Language(s): Romanian Issue: 1/2003

La naissance de I’État moderne en Europe occidentale s’est accompagnée de l’émergence de la pauvreté en tant que thème de Ia réflexion politique et des efforts pratiques du pouvoir politique d’écarter, même d’une façon violente, les mendiants de I’espace public. Au XVIe siècle sont énoncés les principes modernes de la réforme de I’assistance aux pauvres: interdire la quéte publique des aumônes, obliger tous les pauvres à travailler (même ceux atteints Par une infirmité moins grave), sécuriser exclusivement les invalides, les enfants et les vieillards, en raison de leur incapacité de travail. Les mendiants valides commencent à être considérés comme source de tous les désordres publics et sont voués à la répression (faite au nom même de Ia charité). Le grand enfermement du XVIIe siècle européen se propose d’écarter les pauvres de I’espace public et de les faire travailler (même des travaux forcés s‘ils refusent le marché libre). Cette évolution se produit en Valachie et en Moldavie au XVIIIe siècle. Au XVIIe et au début du XVIIIe siècle la mendicité des pauvres invalides et estropiés était tenue pour un métier licite. Dans les villes roumaines ceux-ci étaient organisés en corporations de gueux, autorisées par les princes régnants à vivre des aumônes. À Ia fin du XVIIIe siècle, ce sont les mêmes princes qu’interdisent la mendicité et ordonnent I’enfermement des pauvres malades aux monastères ou aux hôpitaux des pauvres malades (parus dès le début du XVIIIe siècle). Parallèlement, la merdicité des pauvres valides commence à être considérée un délit; on leurs ordonne de se faire embaucher sous peine de fouet. Parfois ils sont utilisés, toujours par ordre du prince, aux travaux publics. Toute mendicité publique est interdite en raison des dangers qui sont susceptibles de menacer la communauté envahie par les pauvres: maladies contagieuses, bagarres et désordres publiques, séditions populaires.

Kritička procjena jednog viđenja eugeničkog nasljeđa u biotehnološkom dobu

Author(s): Tonči Matulić / Language(s): Croatian Issue: 03/2005

The article is an expanded critical evaluation of a book Sudbina odabranih. Eugeničko nasljeđe u vrijeme genske tehnologije (The Fate of the Chosen: Eugenics’ Heritage in the Age of Gene Technology) by Darko Polšek. Taking into consideration that the author of the book a priori approves the idea of laissez-faire eugenics, i.e. of non-interventions into eugenics by the State, as his departure point, which means that total freedom of individual choice and decisions conceming the issues of birth, children and the quality of life - has been predicted, the author of the article tries to point out some unacceptable epistemological and ethical theses of such an approach to eugenics’ praxis. Namely, the author of the article demonstrates that the book does not offer convincing arguments, which should epistemologically, anthropologically, and, as a consequence, ethically, prove the main difference between the praxis of classical, so called, »rightist eugenics«, on one hand, and, so called, »new«, »private« or »leftist eugenics», on the other hand. In the article, the contents and the ideas of the book were followed. The author of the article makes efforts to mediate the main theses of the book, but sticking to its abovementioned defficiences, this results in critical examination and challenges to the book’s author visionary basic theses of laissez-faire eugenics.That fact, however, does not underestimate the value of the book as a pioneering work in Croatian language on eugenics, i.e. on libertarian concept of eugenics, and demands also significant intellectual and spiritual courage. According to the author of the article, in the context of libertarian concept, however, we have to deal with the certain praxis which transcends the border of specifically human and enters the spheres of in-human.

Naturrechtslehre jako ideologia: Hansa Kelsena odczytanie Tomasza Hobbesa nauki o prawach państwowych

Author(s): Anna Krzynówek-Arndt / Language(s): Polish Issue: 41/2021

RESEARCH OBJECTIVE: The article is an attempt to provide reconstruction of Kelsen’s reading of Hobbes’ theory of natural law in the context of Kelsenian critique of Naturrechtslehre. THE RESEARCH PROBLEMS AND METHODS: The article focuses on an analysis of the parallels and similarities in the recognition of the relation ship between natural and positive law between Kelsen’s critical positivism and Hobbes’ theory of natural law. The method applied is textual interpretation as consisted with Skinner’s historical contextualism. We do not trace “unit ideas” or “perennial problems” rather than individual answers to individual questions which nevertheless help to reveal similarities in using the concepts and modes of argument important in the context of contemporary disputes. THE PROCESS OF ARGUMENTATION: The article presents the basic outline of Kelsen’s pure theory of law, contemporary “therapeutic” and “secularistic” lectures of Hobbes’ political theory, Kelsenian critique of Hobbes’ “ideology of natural law” and examines the similarities between Kelsen’s and Hobbes’ line of arguments. RESEARCH RESULTS: The article concludes that Kelsen’s reading of Hob bes’ theory of natural law shows how the idea of justice “becomes a logical pattern”. Nevertheless, the tensions present in Kelsen’s and Hobbes’ theories of legal interpretation reveal the dubiousness of long-lasting attempts to construct political and legal theory unburdened by “religious and metaphysical mortgages”. CONCLUSIONS, INNOVATIONS, AND RECOMMENDATIONS: The intention of the article is to show that analysis of Kelsen’s and Hobbes’ critical contribution to natural law theory may broaden our understanding of the modern problem of judicial activism and relationship between law and politics.

FROM THE PRINCIPLE OF SUPREMACY OF LAW TO THE PRINCIPLE OF SUPREMACY OF LIBERTY

Author(s): Marius Andreescu,Andra Nicoleta Puran,Ramona-Florina Duminică / Language(s): English Issue: 1/2023

Any attempt in the sphere of humanities to characterize and explain man in his individuality, but also in the social existential context, relates to the issue of freedom. Freedom is essentially related to the human being, but also to the existential phenomenality of man. Man is the only created being whose fundamental ontological dimensions are freedom and spirit. In this study we briefly look onto the concept of freedom not only as a moral value or category, but also as an ontological dimension of man. In this way we make the distinction between ontological freedom and the legal freedoms established or recognized by the legal norms. The legal liberties are a phenomenal expression of human existence whose legitimacy and motivation is conferred by the ontological dimension of human freedom. In this context, the main features of the legal freedoms and the practical importance of the ontological meaning are to be found in the freedoms consecrated in the law. Conscience is a defining existential reality of man, whose meaning can be seen only through an interdisciplinary unceasing effort of thinking and knowledge. In this study, we propose to make such an analysis of the conscience as an ontological oundation and characteristic of man, in its individual and social dimension, whose basis is made up of philosophical, theological and legal ideas, concepts and theories. Freedom of conscience is the main feature of the manifestations of man as a person within the specific environment of his/her existence. From the legal point of view, freedom of conscience is a complex fundamental right requesting a wide legislative system in order to establish and guarantee it. In our opinion, both the basis and the legitimacy of the legal system protecting the freedom of conscience are given by the philosophical truths and the truths of faith, as expressed in theological writings and meditations. In this study, we identify the theological and philosophical bases of the freedom of conscience and their reflection in the legal field. In exceptional situations, such as the state of emergency or the state of alert established for a long time on the Romanian territory, the rulers have restricted the exercise of some essential fundamental rights, restrictions that seriously affect the private and social life of the people.

CZY, KIEDY I JAK? BADANIE I DOKUMENTOWANIE LOSÓW UCHODŹCZYŃ WOJENNYCH Z UKRAINY W POLSCE

Author(s): MAŁGORZATA ŁUKIANOW,Anna Wylegała / Language(s): Polish Issue: 3/2023

The paper describes the process of designing and implementing the methodological and ethical assumptions in the project “24.02.2022 5 am: Testimonies from the War”, which aims to collect accounts of women war refugees from Ukraine in Poland. The planning phase of the project, cooperation with various institutions, and the formation and management of the research team are presented, together with the rules for selecting the women participants and the research tool plus its application. There is a substantial section on the ethics of the research and its practical implications, followed by the organisational and methodological assumptions in the context of how they affect the collection of recordings. Finally, the ways in which the data are handled are described, from the perspective of digital hermeneutics — the process of research reflection on the dataset, on the participation of different people in the process, and on the shaping of an international base of refugee accounts.

The Importance of Symbols in the Sufi Tradition: An Example of the Concept of Justice

Author(s): Tuğçe Şensöz / Language(s): English Issue: 2/2023

The concept of justice is a concept that has been emphasized in every age, every religious and moral life style and every culture since the emergence of the philosophical way of thinking. In all social, religious or moral perspectives, the concept of justice is expressed with different symbols in a guiding nature. Symbols inspired by nature such as the sun, moon and stars are also examples of these. We see that the concept of justice is discussed and examined in the light of symbols in the Mayan civilization, Ancient Chinese teachings and Ancient Greek thought, as well as in the Islamic Sufi tradition. The concept of justice, which is the sum and integrator of the virtues, regulates their functioning and organizes the entire moral life within the framework of the principles of fairness and equality, has functioned like a sun or a pole star in the Islamic Sufi tradition. In this article, the place of the concept of justice in Islamic mysticism will be discussed through symbols. Considering justice as a natural figure, its effect on the Sufis' perception of spirituality will be examined, based on the original definition that emerged in Islamic Sufism. Thus, it is aimed to make this concept clear and understandable by showing the aspects of the concept of justice, which has a deep-rooted historical and cultural background, that contribute to both theoretical and practical life in Islamic Sufi thought.

The Act of Grieving in The Philosophy of Așik Veysel- The Role of Cultural Codes in the Healing Process in Spiritual Support and Guidance

Author(s): Emel Sünter,Nisan Şaşal / Language(s): English Issue: 2/2023

Aşık Veysel is an important representative of the minstrel tradition in the context of Turkish thought. Looking at the philosophical depth of his poems, it is possible to see a philosophy of life. The subject of this study is to analyse the meaning of the image/metaphor of the act of pouring trouble in one of his poems and to determine how this image is effective in the healing process in spiritual support and guidance. In other words, it is to examine the effect of cultural codes on people in an anthropological context. In this sense, it is an applied study. The study was carried out in a tent city in Adıyaman, one of the provinces damaged by the earthquake that occurred in 11 provinces on 6 February 2023. The study was conducted in two different time periods. Four different groups were studied. In this study, the impact of spiritual support and guidance activities on "adults" was presented. In summary, when we look at the effect of cultural codes on the healing process, it can be seen that it contributes greatly to the search for meaning in such extraordinary moments of crisis.

СРАВНИТЕЛЬНЫЙ АНАЛИЗ СОЦИАЛЬНЫХ ПОРТРЕТОВ ЖЕНЩИН И МУЖЧИН ТОПОВЫХ БЛОГЕРОВ (НА ПРИМЕРЕ СОЦИАЛЬНОЙ СЕТИ «ВКОНТАКТЕ»)

Author(s): Ekaterina Vladimirovna Pankratova,Ekaterina V. Tenchova / Language(s): Russian Issue: 3/2023

The subject of the analysis of this article are male and female bloggers, who have become a new phenomenon in Russian society. The authors present a social portrait of modern top female and male bloggers. The article emphasizes that the social portrait of a blogger forms social attitudes that determine the specifics of the social behavior of modern young people. The authors used the ranking of VKontakte bloggers of the company “Medialogy” as an empirical basis for the study. It was concluded that the images of top bloggers do not meet modern public demands for the moral education of young people.

The Stoic Conception of Philosophy as an Art of Living and the Pursuit of Moral Beauty

Author(s): Neşe Aksoy / Language(s): English Issue: 6/2023

The Stoics argue that philosophy as an art of living (techne) is not only a theoretical and intellectual pursuit of knowing the rational order and harmony (or logos) of nature/physics/God but it is also a practical activity that aims to transform and shape our lives in accordance with this knowledge. In this sense, the Stoics argue that philosophy is not an abstract subject to be considered but rather a practical matter that has a direct influence on our way of living. Based on this main Stoic conception of philosophy, in this paper, I fundamentally take issue with the general claim about the the Stoic moralism entails that philosophy is solely grounded on the purpose of achieving moral virtue, suggesting that all other elements are excluded from its purview. By arguing that Stoic moralism is not contrasted with the conception of moral beauty, I adopt the view that Stoic moralism is not free from the conception of beauty, such that it encapsulates the idea that beauty is within the virtuous. In light of this, I focus on the conception of philosophy and suggest that, for the Stoics, although the ultimate goal of philosophy is to lead a virtuous life that is grounded on our understanding of the rational order and harmony (or logos) of nature, the philosophical life does also correspond to a moral life, which has the aesthetic aspect of embellishing our lives with beauty, harmony, and order.

Ethics in the Thought of Dietrich Bonhoeffer

Author(s): Cristian Sandu / Language(s): English Issue: 1/2023

The purpose of this paper is to outline Dietrich Bonhoeffer’s ethical thought and examine how his work has been received by theologians over the years. These are preceded by a short biographical note, which serves as contextual background for the discussion. The justification for this study is provided by the renewed interest in Bonhoeffer’s writings in recent decades.

Social Ethics in a World of Consumption

Author(s): Iosif Riviș-Tipei / Language(s): English Issue: 1/2023

The purpose of this paper is to explore the implications of the postmodern consumerist society from the perspective of Christian ethical teaching. The argument shows that the consumerist culture is built on a worldview that originated in the Enlightenment and has acquired a foothold within Eastern Europe and the church. The paper highlights the challenges consumerism poses for living a truly ethical life within the community and proposes that the church, in an act of self-examination, can become a catalyst for change. It can be a voice and an example of alternative living for society at large.

A Cross-Cultural Analysis of Brand Journalism Ethics: User Perceptions in Serbia and Pakistan

Author(s): Ivana Stojanović Prelević,Zareesh Zehra / Language(s): English Issue: 1/2023

Given that there are different views on what brand journalism is, this article studies the ethics of brand journalism to provide a more thorough and accurate description. Not all cultures have adopted this phrase, including Serbia and Pakistan. The lack of research on user perceptions of and trust in brand journalism (Koch, Riehl & Viererbl, 2021) led scholars to poll young people, including 60 students from Pakistan and 50 from Serbia. According to Serbian and Pakistani student surveys, brand journalism is expected to grow in popularity as a career in these cultures. Additionally, it is not utilized; instead, terms like public relations or content marketing are used. The ethical aspects of brand journalism are the primary subject of the study. The findings demonstrate that brand journalism upholds ethical principles, while also occasionally violating them, including impartiality, objectivism, and independence.

İSKOÇ AYDINLANMA FİLOZOFU ADAM FERGUSON’A GÖRE İLERLEME DÜŞÜNCESİ

Author(s): Osman ELMALI,Ahmet Bingöl / Language(s): Turkish Issue: 60/2023

The development process of human beings from the day they emerged until today has been a subject of curiosity for science and philosophy. With the Reformation, the Renaissance, the Enlightenment and the modernization process, the adventure of humanity has gained more importance and has become a problem that scientists and philosophers have been pondering on. At this point, the idea of progress has been an important thesis put forward by modern Western thought. The concept of progress has become one of the fundamental concepts in the history of philosophy and especially in the philosophy of history. Progress has been conceived and put forward as a continuous development, change and improvement of civilizations, societies and people towards the future. During the Enlightenment, which represents an important period in the history of philosophy, the subject of progress was also given importance. The Scottish Enlightenment, one of the Enlightenment processes, and Adam Ferguson, an important representative of it, also dealt with the process of progress and tried to understand and make sense of this concept with the dynamics of the society in which he lived. This study aims to analyze Adam Ferguson's idea of progress from a philosophical perspective in the context of its relationship with morality and politics.

TÜKETİMDE ETİK HEDONİZMİN AMBALAJ TASARIMINA YANSIMASI: TONY'S CHOCOLONELY ÖRNEĞİ

Author(s): Selda FINDIKLI,Elif Sude SEVİM / Language(s): Turkish Issue: 4/2023

Consumption culture describes the consumption ecosystem created, maintained, transformed and shaped by socio-economic conditions, which includes experience and meaning. Hedonism is expressed as maximizing one's happiness, pleasure and arbitrariness. Ethical hedonism, on the other hand, can be interpreted as an important meeting point where consumers, who build their identities through consumption, catch ethical principles and pleasure together. At this meeting point, packaging design is not only a visual impact area, but also a place where communication takes place. Media such as visual communication tools, advertisements, television programs, movies and social media try to encourage people to buy products and services by using themes that will affect hedonism. In line with all this, the aim of the study is to analyze the symbolism and ethical discourse of the Tony's Chocolonely chocolate brand, which focuses on ethical production and commitment to social responsibility. The study examines the visual and linguistic elements of the brand within the scope of semiotic analysis, revealing the strategies to convey the messages that enjoy, activism and consumption and responsibility coexist in harmony. It also seeks to offer a comprehensive understanding of how brands transcend the superficial aesthetic to engage consumers with a deep discourse about ethics, equality, and responsible consumption.

Is There a Memory Crisis in Europe?

Author(s): Daniela Koleva / Language(s): English Issue: 51/2023

The Role of Educational Programmes and Their Effect on Self-Education

Author(s): Lukáš Malý / Language(s): English Issue: 2/2023

The role of educational programmes and their influence on personal development (self-education) is indisputable. The aim of this article is to reflect on my personal experiences from a summer school completed in July 2023 at Oxford University. Using a very specific example, I try to explain the motivations that led me to attend the summer school and the possible practical effects in my professional and personal life. Numerous discussions and debates with colleagues from very different cultural backgrounds were very beneficial during my stay in Oxford. As part of these debates, reflection of practice, sharing of experiences, but also guided activities within the educational programme, I will try to describe several areas in which I observe contribution and benefit. Finally, I will use a practical example (essay) to show how the discussions in this course influenced me in thinking about problems and stimuli in my professional life while working on a development co-operation project in Kenya.

FORENZIČKE NAUKE I ETIKA U ERI PRIMENE VEŠTAČKE INTELIGENCIJE

Author(s): Sanela Andrić,Aleksandar B. Ivanović / Language(s): Serbian Issue: 3-4/2023

Forensic sciences are an indispensable segment of criminal investigations. Forensics, as a dynamic science that is constantly developing, follows the development of modern scientific trends. The application of artificial intelligence has not bypassed forensic science, which by definition discovers modern scientific methods, adapts them and applies them with the aim of discovering and interpreting (expert) material traces from the scene of a crime. With the initial optimism of the application of artificial intelligence, especially in the development and application of information technologies in forensic databases, comes (un)justified caution. If artificial intelligence were to take over the simulation of shell, cognitive thinking and decision-making more and more over time, the question of ethical responsibility arises. This raises a number of questions, one of the most important of which is who is responsible in the event of an error in the analysis. Furthermore, if artificial intelligence also takes over the interpretations of forensic analyses, who in that case bears the responsibility for a possible complaint about the end result - the opinion. Our paper will deal with the mentioned problems, emphasizing that the European Union, through the ENFSI network, was the first to react in the direction of studying the application of artificial intelligence in forensic sciences, with the strategic document ENFSI - Vision of the European Forensic Science Area 2030 „Improving the reliability and validity of forensic science and encouraging implementation of new technologies“, the most important parts of which will be presented in the paper.

Nacionalna endogamija i dvostruki standardi: seksualnost i nacionalizam u istočnoj središnjoj Europi tijekom 19. stoljeća

Author(s): Alexander Maxwell / Language(s): Croatian Issue: 23/2023

Tijekom „dugoga devetnaestog stoljeća“ nacionalizam je počeo prodirati u sve aspekte europskog društva, a ujedno i u stavove prema ljudskoj seksualnosti. Seksualnost, kao i nacionalizam, kompleksni su fenomeni koji se isprepliću na bezbroj načina. Ipak, nacionalna endogamija vjerojatno je najkarakterističnije nacionalna od svih seksualnih atributa: kvalitete poput čednosti ili vjernosti, koje su se često smatrale tipičnim za određenu nacionalnu skupinu, imaju religiozna i društvena obilježja neovisno o nacionalizmu. Osoba koja nacionalnost učini odlučujućim faktorom kod izbora seksualnih partnera ne samo da određeni koncept nacije čini osnovnim obilježjem seksualne vrline, nego i naciju implicitno definira u smislu seksualnosti. Ovaj rad istražuje nacionalnu seksualnu endogamiju u središnjoj i istočnoj Europi tijekom 19. stoljeća. Rad raspravlja o domoljubima koji su se zalagali za nacionalnu endogamiju: njihovim idealima, seksualnom životu te pokušajima da dovedu u sklad često nesuglasje između jednoga i drugoga. Nekoliko je domoljuba naciju definiralo kroz seksualnost, pri čemu je ženska seksualnost igrala posebnu ulogu. Možda nacija jest bila „nacionalno bratstvo“, no njezin je opstanak ovisio o ženskoj seksualnosti: kao što su primijetile Yuval-Davis i Floya Anthias, žene su bile „biološki reproducenti etničkih kolektiva“. Nacionalno majčinstvo za pretpostavku ima seksualno aktivne nacionalno osviještene žene te stoga opsežna literatura o nacionalnom majčinstvu nacionalnu seksualnost implicitno prepoznaje kao uvod u nacionalno rađanje i odgoj djece. Nekolicina znanstvenika je, pak, istražila „nacionalizaciju“ seksualne želje kao takve. Ova analiza pažnju usmjerava na tekstove koji obrađuju seksualnost, uključujući brak, ne obazirući se na nacionalizaciju roditeljstva ili djetinjstva.